Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Tiông-chhun-chhī

|  |
| --- |
| **Tiông-chhun-chhī** |
| —  **Hù-séng-kip siâⁿ-chhī**  — |
| **长春市** |
| Tiông-chhun-chhī
 |
| Tiông-chhun-chhī tī Kiat-lîm-séng ê ūi-tì ê uī-tìTiông-chhun-chhī tī Kiat-lîm-séng ê ūi-tì |
| Tiông-chhun-chhī |
| Keng-hūi-tō͘: ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Kok-ka
  |  Tiong-kok
 |
| Séng
 | Kiat-lîm
 |
| Chèng-hú só͘-chāi | Lâm-koan-khu |
| **Bīn-chek** |
|  - Lóng-chóng
  | 20,604 km2 |
| **Jîn-kháu** (2010) |
|  - Lóng-chóng | 7,674,439 lâng |
| Sî-khu | Tiong-kok Piau-chún Sî-khu (UTC+8)
  |
| Bāng-chām | www.changchun.gov.cn |

**Tiông-chhun-chhī** (Hàn-jī: 長春市; Hàn-gú Pheng-im: Chángchūn Shì) sī Tiong-kok Kiat-lîm-séng ê chi̍t-ê hù-séng-kip siâⁿ-chhī kiam séng-to͘.

Tiông-chhun kha-chá pat sī Boán-chiu-kok ê siú-to͘, hit-chūn kiò Sin-kiaⁿ (新京).

## Hêng-chèng-khu

* Lâm-koan-khu (南關區)
* Khoan-siâⁿ-khu (寬城區)
* Tiâu-iông-khu (朝陽區)
* Jī-tō-khu (二道區)
* Le̍k-hn̂g-khu (綠園區)
* Siang-iông-khu (雙陽區)
* Kiú-tâi-khu (九台區)
* Jiû-chhiū-chhī (榆樹市)
* Tek-hūi-chhī (德惠市)
* Lông-an-koān (農安縣)
# Kéng-tek-tìn-chhī

**Kéng-tek-tìn-chhī** (景德鎮市) sī Tiong-kok Kang-sai-séng ê 1 ê tē-kip-chhī.

## Hêng-chèng-khu

* Chhiong-kang-khu (昌江區)
* Chu-san-khu (珠山區)
* Lo̍k-pêng-chhī (樂平市)
* Phû-liông-koān (浮梁縣)
# Thài-an-chhī

**Thài-an-chhī** (泰安市) sī Tiong-kok Soaⁿ-tang-séng ê 1 ê tē-kip-chhī.

## Hêng-chèng-khu

* Thài-san-khu (泰山區)
* Tāi-ga̍k-khu (岱嶽區)
* Sin-thài-chhī (新泰市)
* Pûi-siâⁿ-chhī (肥城市)
* Lêng-iông-koān (寧陽縣)
* Tong-pêng-koān (東平縣)
# Chù-bé-tiàm-chhī

**Chù-bé-tiàm-chhī** (駐馬店市) sī Tiong-kok Hô-lâm-séng ê 1 ê tē-kip-chhī.

## Hêng-chèng-khu

* Ia̍h-siâⁿ-khu (驛城區)
* Se-pêng-koān (西平縣)
* Siōng-chhoà-koān (上蔡縣)
* Pêng-û-koān (平輿縣)
* Chèng-iông-koān (正陽縣)
* Khak-san-koān (確山縣)
* Pì-iông-koān (泌陽縣)
* Jú-lâm-koān (汝南縣)
* Sūi-pêng-koān (遂平縣)
* Sin-chhoà-koān (新蔡縣)
# Ngá-an-chhī

**Ngá-an-chhī** (雅安市) sī Tiong-kok Sù-chhoan-séng ê chi̍t-ê tē-kip-chhī.

## Hêng-chèng-khu

* Ú-siâⁿ-khu (雨城區)
* Bêng-san-khu (名山區)
* Êng-keng-koān (滎經縣)
* Hàn-goân-koān (漢源縣)
* Chio̍h-biân-koān (石棉縣)
* Thian-choân-koān (天全縣)
* Lô͘-san-koān (蘆山縣)
* Pó-heng-koān (寶興縣)
# Tâng-jîn-chhī

**Tâng-jîn-chhī** (銅仁市) sī Tiong-kok Kùi-chiu-séng ê 1 ê tē-kip-chhī.

## Hêng-chèng-khu

* Phek-kang-khu (碧江區)
* Bān-san-khu (萬山區)
* Kang-kháu-koān (江口縣)
* Chio̍h-chhian-koān (石阡縣)
* Su-lâm-koān (思南縣)
* Tek-kang-koān (德江縣)
* Gio̍k-pîn Tong-cho̍k Chū-tī-koān (玉屏侗族自治縣)
* Ìn-kang Thó͘-ka-cho̍k Biâu-cho̍k Chū-tī-koān (印江土家族苗族自治縣)
* Iân-hô Thó͘-ka-cho̍k Chū-tī-koān (沿河土家族自治縣)
* Siông-thô Biâu-cho̍k Chū-tī-koān (松桃苗族自治縣)
# Pe̍k-san-chhī

**Pe̍k-san-chhī** (白山市) sī Tiong-kok Kiat-lîm-séng ê 1 ê tē-kip-chhī.

## Hêng-chèng-khu

* Hûn-kang-khu (渾江區)
* Kang-goân-khu (江源區)
* Lîm-kang-chhī (臨江市)
* Hú-siông-koān (撫松縣)
* Chēng-ú-koān (靖宇縣)
* Tiông-pe̍k Tiâu-sián-cho̍k Chū-tī-koān (長白朝鮮族自治縣)
# Kam-lâm Chōng-cho̍k Chū-tī-chiu

**Kam-lâm Chōng-cho̍k Chū-tī-chiu** (甘南藏族自治州) sī Tiong-kok Kam-siok-séng ê chi̍t-ê chū-tī-chiu.

## Hêng-chèng-khu

* Ha̍p-chok-chhī (合作市)
* Lîm-thâm-koān (臨潭縣)
* Jonê-koān
* Zhugqu-koān
* Têwo-koān
* Maqu-koān
* Luqu-koān
* Sangqu-koān
# Chheng-kok

| Tāi-chheng-kok大清國 ᡩᠠᡳᠴᡳᠩ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ |
| --- |
| 1636 nî–1912 nî |
|
kok-kî (1889–1912)

hông-tè ê ìn-á

 |
| **Kok-koa:** 鞏金甌 Kióng-kim-au (1911–1912)  |
| Chheng-kok ê pán-tô͘ |
| Siú-to͘ | Mukden (Sím-iông) (1636–1644) Pak-kiaⁿ (1644–1912) |
| Koaⁿ-hong gí-giân | Boán-chiu-gí |
| Thong-iōng gí-giân | Boán-chiu-gí, Hàn-gí, Bông-kó͘-gí, Chōng-gí, Chagatai-gí |
| Chèng-hú | kun-chú-chè |
| Le̍k-sú |   |
|  |
| • Kiàn-li̍p  | 1636 nî  |
| • Pang-hoāi  | 1912 nî  |
|  |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| **í-chêng kok-ka** | **í-āu kok-ka** |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Hō͘ Kim |
|  | Tāi Sūn |
|  | Lâm Bêng |
|  | Dzungar Hān-kok |

 |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok |  |
| Se-chōng Ông-kok |  |
| Tāi Bông-kó͘-kok |  |
| Uryankhay Kiōng-hô-kok |  |
| Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok |  |
| Chí-kìm-siâⁿ sió-tiâu-têng |  |

 |

 |
| Taⁿ siok-tī |
Lia̍t-toaⁿ
* Tiong-kok  Bông-kó͘  Tâi-oân  Lō͘-se-a  Ìn-tō͘  Pakistan  Bián-tiān  Kazakhstan  Kyrgyzstan  Tajikistan
 |

**Chheng-kok** (清國, Boán-chiu-gí: ᡩᠠᡳᠴᡳᠩ
ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ), sī tī 1644 nî kàu 1911 nî thóng-tī chha-put-to hiān-chhú-sî Tiong-kok khu-he̍k ê tè-kok. Tī sù-siông ê Tiong-kok le̍k-sú-chheh lāi-té, sī siōng-boé 1-ê tiâu-tē.

Chheng Tiâu ê thóng-tī-chiá sī Boán-cho̍k ê Aisin Gioro-sī , 1616 nî Nurhaci kiàn-li̍p ông-kok, kok-miâ hō-chò Tāi-kim (大金), 1636 nî Nurhaci ê hāu-siⁿ Hong Taiji kā kok-miâ kái-chò Tāi-chheng (大清), chē-ūi chò hông-tè.

1644 nî, Lí Chū-sêng sut-niá ê lông-bîn kun-tūi phah-ji̍p-khì Pak-kiaⁿ, Tāi-bêng Tè-kok hông-tè Chiông-cheng chū-sat, Lí Chū-sêng khí-kok hō-chò Tāi-sūn .

Āu--lâi Tāi-chheng Tè-kok soè-ho̍k Tāi-bêng Tè-kok ê chiong-kun Gô͘ Sam-kùi , i chhoā Chheng-kok ê kun-tūi ji̍p-lâi Bān-lí Tn̂g-siâⁿ lāi-té, koh phah-iâⁿ Lí Chū-sêng, liáu-āu Dorgon kā Chheng-kok ê Sūn-tī Hông-tè chih lâi tī Pak-kiaⁿ, Pak-kiaⁿ chiâⁿ-chò Tāi-chheng Tè-kok sin ê siú-to·.

1911-nî hoat-seng Sin-hāi Kek-bēng, tè-kok lāi-té ê ta̍k-séng tn̂g-tn̂g té-té soan-pò· to̍k-li̍p, tè-kok hông-tè Phó͘-gî tī 1912-nî lo̍h-tâi, Tāi-chheng Tè-kok choaⁿ-á bia̍t-bông, liân Tāi-kim kok kè-kiōng ū 13-ê hông-tè, lóng-chóng 297-tang.

## Chheng-tiâu ê nî-hō

1. Thian-bēng (1616 nî - 1626 nî)
2. Thian-chhong (1627 nî - 1636 nî)
3. Chiông-tek (1636 nî - 1643 nî)
4. Sūn-tī (1644 nî - 1661 nî)
5. Khong-hi (1661 nî - 1722 nî)
6. Eng-chèng (1723 nî - 1735 nî)
7. Khiân-liông (1736 nî - 1795 nî)
8. Ka-khèng (1796 nî - 1820 nî)
9. Tō-kong (1821 nî - 1850 nî)
10. Hâm-hong (1851 nî - 1861 nî)
11. Tông-tī (1862 nî - 1875 nî)
12. Kong-sū (1875 nî - 1908 nî)
13. Soan-thóng (1909 nî - 1912 nî)

## Koh Khoàⁿ

* Chheng-kok hông-tè
# Ti-ko-liāng

**Ti-ko-liāng** (豬哥亮; 1946 nî 12 goe̍h 5 ji̍t – 2017 nî 5 goe̍h 15 ji̍t), chū-té ê pún-miâ hō-chò **Siā Sin-ta̍t** (謝新達), lo̍h-bóe ho̍k-chhut sî kái-miâ chò **Siā Iú-cheng** (謝友偵), tī Ko-hiông-chhī Chó-iâⁿ-khu chhut-sì. I sī ū-miâ ê Tâi-oân chiat-bo̍k chú-chhî-jîn kiam ián-oân, iā sī chá-kî ê sió͘-tiûⁿ thian-ông.

Ti-ko-liāng khah chia̍p ēng Tâi-gí kóng-ōe; tī Tâi-oân cháu-âng liáu-āu, Ti-ko-liāng tī kóng Hok-kiàn-ōe ê siā-khu lāi mā chiâⁿ ū ti-miâ-tō͘. I chá-kî ê *Ti-ko-liāng Koa-thiaⁿ-sió͘* kap kî-thaⁿ sió͘-tiûⁿ ê lo̍k-iáⁿ-tòa kap kong-tia̍p, tī hit-tang-chūn tì-hūi châi-sán-khoân koan-liām iáu-bōe phó͘-ki̍p ê nî-tāi, tī Choân-chiu, Chiang-chiu, Ē-mn̂g téng Bân-lâm tē-khu mā ū chē-chē tō-pán-phín thui-chhut, koh chiâⁿ siū hoan-gêng, tong-tāi ê iú-sòaⁿ tiān-sī mā bat ûi-hoat hòng-sàng--kòe i-ê koa-thiaⁿ-sió͘ chiat-bo̍k. Bân-lâm tē-khu ū bē-chió koan-chiòng sè-hàn lóng sī cho͘ Ti-ko-liāng ê lo̍k-iáⁿ-tòa tōa-hàn--ê, kàu-taⁿ iu-goân ē-tàng tī kong-tia̍p-tiàm cho͘ tio̍h Ti-ko-liāng ê sió͘-tiûⁿ iáⁿ-phìn.

1993 nî, Ti-ko-liāng ná-chhiūⁿ in-ūi siáu tāi-ke-lo̍k kap lio̍k-ha̍p-chhái siáu liáu siuⁿ kòe-thâu, khiàm-siàu khiàm kah ài cháu-lō͘ siám-bih chè-chú tui-thó. 1997 nî, i bat ho̍k-chhut--kòe, tān-sī kàu 1999 nî koh lī-khui ián-gē-khoan 10-gōa tang. 2009 nî, Ti-ko-liāng pī kì-chiá hoat-hiān tio̍h hêng-chong, 4 goe̍h 24 hō i koh-chài ho̍k-chhut, thè Chhàn-khun 3C hip tiān-sī kóng-kò, i ka-kī kóng cháu-lō͘ kúi-nā tang sī "chhut-kok chhim-chō" (出國深造). Kāng-nî 8 goe̍h chhe 1, Ti-ko-liāng ho̍k-chhut ián-gē-khoan liáu-āu, só͘ chú-chhî ê tē-it ê chong-gē chiat-bo̍k sī Bîn-sī ê *Ti-ko Hōa-siā*, siu-sī-lu̍t bat tu̍t-phòa 10%. 2010 nî 10 goe̍h 22 hō, Ti-ko-liāng chham Hâu Î-kun in-ūi kiōng-tông chú-chhî *Ti-ko Hōa-siā* lâi tit-tio̍h tē-45 kài Kim-cheng-chióng ê *Chong-gē Chiat-bo̍k Chú-chhî-jîn Chióng* (綜藝節目主持人獎).

## Siong-koan chu-liāu

* 紀佑明 (2007-10-06). *豬哥亮tī《豬哥亮與廖添丁》內底ê語言風格* (PDF). 2007 台語文學學術研討會. Tâi-tiong-chhī: 中山醫學大學 台灣語文學系.
# Miâ-chhùi

**Miâ-chhùi**(名喙), thong-siông sī hêng-iông pí-kàu chhut-miâ ê tiān-sī chiat-bo̍k ia̍h tiān-tâi sî-sū chèng-lūn ê phêng-lūn-chiá ia̍h chú-chhî-jîn.

## Sū-kiāⁿ

### Tâi-oân

Tī Tâi-oân, in-ūi chèng-lūn chiat-bo̍k chiām-chiām iû tiong-li̍p piàn-sêng nâ-le̍k li̍p-tiûⁿ hun-bêng, sīm-chì chek-ke̍k kài-ji̍p chèng-tī kap soán-kí. 2009 nî, bat ū kiàn-gī siong-koan hoat-lēng siu-kái "Oē-chheⁿ Kóng-pò͘ Tiān-sī Hoat" lâi kui-hoān chú-chhî-jîn ê giân-lūn, tān-sī pō͘-hūn muî-thé jîn-sū tam-iu kap chit-gî che sī khan-chè giân-lūn chū-iû, só͘-í hō-chò "miâ-chhùi tiâu-khoán".

## Chham-khó
# Oa̍t-lâm-lâng

**Oa̍t-lâm-lâng**, mā thang hō choè **Oa̍t-cho̍k** (Oa̍t-lâm-gí: người Việt / 𠊚越) kap **King-cho̍k** (Oa̍t-lâm-gí: người Kinh / 𠊚京), sī Tang-lâm-a ê 1 ê bîn-cho̍k, chú-iàu seng-oa̍h tī Oa̍t-lâm.
# De facto

De facto sī Latin-gí "chāi sū-si̍t" ê ì-sù, piáu-sī chi̍t kóa hiān-si̍t tang-tiong ê si̍t-chè chêng-hêng, chia ê chêng-hêng chóng-sī bô it-tēng siū tio̍h hoa̍t-lu̍t ê sêng-jīn.

## Siong-koan

* *De jure*
# Kun-ka-ōe

| Kun-ka-ōe |
| --- |
| 軍家話 |
| Goân-chū kok-ka | Tiong-hôa Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok Tâi-oân |
| Sú-iōng tē-khu | Tâi-oân: Thô-hn̂g-chhī Kńg-tang-séng: Hūi-chiu-chhī, Lio̍k-hong-chhī Hái-lâm-séng: Sam-a-chhī, Chhiong-kang, Tam-chiu-chhī, Tang-hng-chhī, Lîm-ko-koān Kńg-sai Hok-kiàn-séng tt. |
| bú-gí sú-iōng-chiá | ~150,000 lâng |
| Gí-hē | Hàn-Chōng gí-hē
* Hàn-gú-cho̍k
	+ Hàn-gí Koaⁿ-ōe
		- **Kun-ka-ōe**
 |
| Gí-giân tāi-bé |
| ISO 639-3 | *Bô* (`mis`) |
| ISO 639-6 | `jnha` |
| Glottolog | *Bô* |

**Kun-ka-ōe** (軍家話), mā kiò **Kun-ōe** (軍話) ia̍h **Kun-siaⁿ** (軍聲), sī thòaⁿ tī Kńg-tang, Hái-lâm, Kńg-sai, Hok-kiàn, kap Tâi-oân téng só͘-chāi ū hong-giân-tó sèng-chit ê Koaⁿ-ōe hong-giân. Chit-má tāi-iok ū kúi-nā cha̍p bān lâng sú-iōng. It-poaⁿ jīn-ûi che sī lâm-hong Hàn-gí khu pau-ûi hā ê Koaⁿ-ōe hong-giân-tó. Tī Hái-lâm tāi-khài ū 10 bān lâng sú-iōng.

## Chù-kái
# Chìn-gí

| Chìn-gí |
| --- |
| 晋语 |
| Goân-chū kok-ka |  Tiong-kok |
| Sú-iōng tē-khu | Soaⁿ-sai-séng; Lāi Bông-kó͘ Chū-tī-khu tiong-pō͘; Hô-pak-séng, Hô-lâm-séng, Siám-sai-séng pō͘-hūn tē-khu |
| bú-gí sú-iōng-chiá | 63.05 pah-bān (2012) |
| Gí-hē | Hàn-Chōng gí-hē
* Hàn-gí-cho̍k
	+ **Chìn-gí**
 |
| Bûn-jī hē-thóng | Hàn-jī |
| Gí-giân tāi-bé |
| ISO 639-3 | `cjy` |
| Glottolog | `jiny1235` |
| Linguasphere | `79-AAA-c` |
|  |
|

**Chìn-gí** (晉語), mā kiò choè **Soaⁿ-sai-oē** (山西話), sī 1 chióng gí-giân. Kòng chiah oē ê lâng chú-iàu hun-pò͘ tī Tiong-kok ê Soaⁿ-sai-séng.
# Sòaⁿ-thâu-ōe

**Sòaⁿ-thâu-ōe** (汕頭話) sī chú-iàu tī Kńg-tang Sòaⁿ-thâu tē-hng liû-hêng ê giân-gí, sǹg sī Bân-lâm-gí ê hun-ki chi̍t khoán, kap Tiô-chiu-ōe khah óa, nn̄g-ê thang ha̍p chò chi̍t-ê kiò Tiâu-sòaⁿ-ōe ê hun-lūi.
# Bân-lâm hàn-jī

**Bân·lâm hàn·jī** sī the̍h·lâi siá Bân·lâm·gí pe̍h·uē ê hàn·jī. Bân·lâm hàn·jī tī Tâi·uân hui·siông liû·hîng, lı̍k·sú ê guân·thâu mā tsin tsá, tsē·tsē kīn·tāi ê Bân·lâm·gí thong·sio̍k bûn·ha̍k tsok·phín lóng tshut·hiān tī Tâi·uân, sóo·í tsit khuán hàn·jī mā hō·tsò **Tâi·uân·jī** ia̍h **Tâi·gí hàn·jī**. Bân·lâm hàn·jī ê piau·tsún·huà pí Huâ·gí bān. Tē·it pái iû kuann·hong tsìng·hú thui·tōng ê Bân·lâm hàn·jī piau·tsún·huà ūn·tōng sī 2009 nî tī Tâi·uân ê Tiong·huâ Bîn·kok tsìng·hú
sóo tsíng·lí huat·piáu ê Tâi·uân Bân·lâm·gí Thui·tsiàn Iōng·jī, put·kò tsí·sī "thui·tsiàn" sìng·tsit, pīng bô kiông·tsè thóng·it. In·tshú, hām Pe̍h·uē·jī sio·pí, Bân·lâm hàn·jī ê tsiànn·jī iu·guân ū tn̂g·lōo ài kiânn.
# Kńg-tang-ōe pheng-im

**Kńg-tang-ōe pheng-im** chē khoán, sī Kńg-chiu-ōe ûi chú Oa̍t-gí ê kok khoán pheng-im hē-thóng.

## Pí-kàu

### Seng-bó

| Hiong-káng Giá-giân-ha̍k Ha̍k-hōe | Yale | N̂g Sek-lêng (黃錫凌) | IPA | Kńg-chiu (廣州) | Lâu Sek-siông (劉錫祥) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| b | b | b | p | b | b |
| c | ch | ts | tʃ' | c | ch |
| d | d | d | t | d | d |
| f | f | f | f | f | f |
| g | g | g | k | g | g |
| gw | gw | gw | kw | gu | gw |
| h | h | h | h | h | h |
| j | y | j | j | y | y |
| k | k | k | k' | k | k |
| kw | kw | kw | kw' | ku | kw |
| l | l | l | l | l | l |
| m | m | m | m | m | m |
| n | n | n | n | n | n |
| ng | ng | ŋ | ŋ | ng | ng |
| p | p | p | p' | p | p |
| s | s | s | ʃ | s | s |
| t | t | t | t' | t | t |
| w | w | w | w | w | w |
| z | j | dz | tʃ | z | j |

### Ūn-bó

| Hiong-káng Giá-giân-ha̍k Ha̍k-hōe | Yale | N̂g Sek-lêng (黃錫凌) | IPA | Kńg-chiu (廣州) | Lâu Sek-siông (劉錫祥) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| aa | a | a | a | a | a |
| aai | aai | ai | ai | ai | aai |
| aau | aau | au | au | ao | aau |
| aam | aam | am | am | am | aam |
| aan | aan | an | an | an | aan |
| aang | aang | aŋ | aŋ | ang | aang |
| aap | aap | ap | ap | ab | aap |
| aat | aat | at | at | ad | aat |
| aak | aak | ak | ak | ag | aak |
| ai | ai | ɐi | ɐi | ei | ai |
| au | au | ɐu | ɐu | eo | au |
| am | am | ɐm | ɐm | em | am |
| an | an | ɐn | ɐn | en | an |
| ang | ang | ɐŋ | ɐŋ | eng | ang |
| ap | ap | ɐp | ɐp | eb | ap |
| at | at | ɐt | ɐt | ed | at |
| ak | ak | ɐk | ɐk | eg | ak |
| e | e | ɛ | ɛ | é | e |
| ei | ei | ei | ei | éi | ei |
| eu |   |   | ɛu |   |   |
| em |   |   | ɛm |   |   |
| eng | eng | ɛŋ | ɛŋ | éng | eng |
| ep |   |   | ɛp |   |   |
| ek | ek | ɛk | ɛk | ég | ek |
| i | i | i | i | i | i |
| iu | iu | iu | iu | iu | iu |
| im | im | im | im | im | im |
| in | in | in | in | in | in |
| ing | ing | iŋ | Iŋ | ing | ing |
| ip | ip | ip | ip | ib | ip |
| it | it | it | it | id | it |
| ik | ik | ik | Ik | ig | ik |
| o | o | ɔ | ɔ | o | oh |
| oi | oi | ɔi | ɔi | oi | oi |
| ou | ou | ou | ou | ou | o |
| on | on | ɔn | ɔn | on | on |
| ong | ong | ɔŋ | ɔŋ | ong | ong |
| ot | ot | ɔt | ɔt | od | ot |
| ok | ok | ɔk | ɔk | og | ok |
| oe | eu | œ | œ | ê | euh |
| oeng | eung | œŋ | œŋ | êng | eung |
| oek | euk | œk | œk | êg | euk |
| eoi | eui | œy | øy | êu | ui |
| eon | eun | œn | øn | ên | un |
| eot | eut | œt | øt | êd | ut |
| u | u | u | u | u | oo |
| ui | ui | ui | ui | ui | ooi |
| un | un | un | un | un | oon |
| ung | ung | uŋ | ʊŋ | ung | ung |
| ut | ut | ut | ut | ud | oot |
| uk | uk | uk | ʊk | ug | uk |
| yu | yu | y | y | ü | ue |
| yun | yun | yn | yn | ün | uen |
| yut | yut | yt | yt | üd | uet |
| m | m | m̩ | m̩ | m | m |
| ng | ng | ŋ̩ | ŋ̩ | ng | ng |

### Siaⁿ-tiāu

| Hiong-káng Giá-giân-ha̍k Ha̍k-hōe | Yale | N̂g Sek-lêng (黃錫凌) | IPA | Kńg-chiu (廣州) | Lâu Sek-siông (劉錫祥) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | ˉ | ˈ | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | ⸍ | ⸍ | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| 3 |   | ˉ | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| 4 | ⸌ h | ˌ | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| 5 | ⸍ h | ⸝ | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| 6 | h | ˍ | 6 | 6 | 6 |

## Liân-kiat

* Hiong-káng Gí-giân-ha̍k Ha̍k-hōe
# Kiàn-lêng Lô-má-jī

Kiàn-lêng Lô-má-jī
**Kiàn-lêng-hú Thó͘-khiuⁿ Lô-má-jī** (Bân-pak-gí: Gṳ̿ing-nǎing-hǔ Gâ̤ Tǔ-kióng Lô̤-mǎ-cī), mā kiò choè **Kiàn-lêng Lô-má-jī**, **Kiàn-chiu Lô-má-jī** kap **Kiàn-au-oē Lô-má-jī**, sī se-iûⁿ thoân-kàu-sū thè Bân-pak-gí Kiàn-au-oē siat-kè ê 1 chióng Lô-má-jī.
# Hā-bûn-ōe La-teng-hòa Sin Bûn-jī

**Hā-bûn-ōe La-teng-hòa Sin Bûn-jī** (廈門話拉丁化新文字; **Habhunwe Ladingxua Sin Bhundzi**) sī chi̍t chióng ēng lô-má-jī su-siá ê Bân-lâm-gí Ē-mn̂g-ōe chiàⁿ-jī-hoat. Hā-bûn-ōe La-teng-hòa Sin Bûn-jī tī Bîn-kok sin bûn-jī ūn-tōng sî-kî chè-tēng, sī hit-tang-chūn Tiong-kok sì-kè 13-thò La-teng-hòa Sin Bûn-jī ê kî-tiong chi̍t thò, bô piau siaⁿ-tiāu, ài chū-hêng phòaⁿ-toàn.

## Siong-koan

* La-teng-hòa Sin Bûn-jī
# Má-chó͘ Bân-tang-gí (Hok-chiu-ōe) Chù-im hû-hō

**Má-chó͘ Bân-tang-gí (Hok-chiu-ōe) Chù-im hû-hō** (馬祖閩東（福州）語注音符號), sī chi̍t-thò iōng-lâi piáu-chú Bân-tang-gí Má-chó͘-ōe ê Chù-im hû-hō, sī-iû Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok Liân-kang-koān chèng-hú tī 2009 nî 11 goe̍h pan-pò͘. Chú-iàu í kok-gí chù-im hû-hō chò ki-chhó͘ , lî-chhiáⁿ chēng-ka chi̍t-koá-á kok-gú lāi-té só͘ bú-ê hoat-im hû-hō. Liân-kang-koān chèng-hú koh tông-sî pan-pò͘ "Má-chó͘ Bân-tang-gí (Hok-chiu-ōe) Lô-má-jī pheng-im hong-àn" (馬祖閩東 (福州) 語羅馬字拼音方案), Kán-chheng "Má-pheng" (馬拼).

## Chham-khó chu-liāu

* 中華民國連江縣政府：《馬祖福州語常用一千詞Archived 2019-01-23 at the Wayback Machine.》，連江：連江縣政府，2009年11月。 (Hàn-gí)
* 賀廣義主編，陳高志、廖偉成、王美玲編輯：《齊講馬祖話120句口袋書 (Hàn-gí)Ia̍h-bīn chûn-àn pī-hūn
》，連江：連江縣政府，2013年12月20日。 (Hàn-gí)
* 吳志誠：《馬祖福州話口語速成（修訂版）》，臺中：福建文敎工作室，2013年12月。 (Hàn-gí)
* 連江縣本土教學資源網：本土語言教學 (Hàn-gí)
* 陳高志：《連江縣志【伍】語言志Archived 2020-10-11 at the Wayback Machine.》，連江：連江縣政府，2014年12月。 (Hàn-gí)

## Kho khoòⁿ

* Hō͘-liân-bāng lūn-tôaⁿ (Internet forum)

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat

* 馬祖話標音說明 (Hàn-gí)
* 本土語言教學輔導網: 閩資源 (Hàn-gí)
* 烏衣行馬祖福州話小小輸入法 Archived 2022-07-03 at the Wayback Machine. (Hàn-gí)
# Amis-gí

**Amis-gí** sī chi̍t khoán Lâm-tó giân-gí, sī Amis-cho̍k ê chāi-tē giân-gí. In sī hiān-taⁿ Tâi-goân goân-chū-bîn giân-gí lāi-bīn siāng chē sú-iōng jîn-kháu ê chi̍t khoán.

## Chham-khòaⁿ

Wikipedia
Wikipedia ū  Amis-gí ê pán-pún.
# Hiong-káng Siâⁿ-chhī Tāi-ha̍k

Hiong-káng Siâⁿ-chhī Tāi-ha̍k
**Hiong-káng Siâⁿ-chhī Tāi-ha̍k** (香港城市大學; *City University of Hong Kong*), kán-chheng chò **Siâⁿ-tāi** (城大), sī Hiong-káng ê chi̍t keng gián-kiù-hêng kong-li̍p tāi-ha̍k.
# Hân-kok Kho-ha̍k Ki-su̍t-īⁿ

KAIST
**Hân-kok Kho-ha̍k Ki-su̍t-īⁿ** (韓國科學技術院 / 한국과학기술원 *Hanguk Gwahak Gisurwon*; **KAIST**) sī chi̍t keng khiā tī Hân-kok Tāi-tiân Kóng-he̍k-chhī ê kong-li̍p gián-kiù-hêng chong-ha̍p tāi-ha̍k; tī 1971 nî iû Hân-kok chèng-hú sêng-li̍p.
# Kang-so͘ Tāi-ha̍k

Kang-so͘ Tāi-ha̍k
**Kang-so͘ Tāi-ha̍k** (江苏大学) sī chi̍t keng ūi-tī Tiong-kok Kang-so͘-séng Tìn-kang-chhī ê chong-ha̍p tāi-ha̍k.

 *Che sī chi̍t phiⁿ hām tāi-ha̍k kàu-io̍k siong-koan ê phí-á-kiáⁿ. Chhiáⁿ tàu khok-chhiong.*
# Lí Hûn-te̍k

| Lí Hûn-te̍k |
| --- |
|  |
| Ián-chàu-chiá |
| Goân-bûn miâ | 李雲迪  |
| Kok-che̍k |  Tiong-kok |
| Chhut-sì | 1982 nî 10 goe̍h 7 ji̍t （1982-10-07）(43 hòe) Tiong-kok Tiōng-khèng-chhī |
| Chit-gia̍p | Kó͘-tián kǹg-khîm-ka |
| Pē-bú | lāu-pē: Lí Chhoan (李川) lāu-bú: Tiuⁿ Siáu-ló͘ (張小魯) |
| Bāng-chām | www.yundimusic.com |

**Lí Hûn-te̍k** (李雲迪; 1982 nî 10 goe̍h 7 ji̍t chhut-sì 40) sī Tiong-kok Tiōng-khèng-chhī chhut-sin ê chi̍t ūi kó͘-tián kǹg-khîm-ka
.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
# Tiong-thian Tiān-sī

Tiong-thian Tiān-sī tōa-lâu
**Tiong-thian Tiān-sī** (中天電視), kán-chheng **Tiong-thian** (中天), sī Tâi-oân ê chi̍t keng tiān-sī-tâi ê keng-êng-chiá; kî-hā ū Sin-bûn-tâi, Chong-ha̍p-tâi kap Gû-lo̍k-tâi 3 ê Tâi-oân ê kéng-lāi pîn-tō, lēng-gōa iáu-koh ū A-chiu-tâi kap Pak-bí-tâi 2 ê kéng-gōa pîn-tō.
# Tong-sim Tiān-sī

**Tong-sim Tiān-sī** (東森電視 / **ETTV**), choân-chheng **Tong-sim Tiān-sī-sū-gia̍p Kó͘-hūn-iú-hān Kong-si** (東森電視事業股份有限公司), sī Tâi-oân chi̍t keng tōa-hêng ê iú-sòaⁿ tiān-sī mûi-thé.

Tong-sim Tiān-sī
# New York Chèng-kǹg Kau-e̍k-só͘

New York Chèng-kǹg Kau-e̍k-só͘.
**New York Chèng-kǹg Kau-e̍k-só͘** (Eng-gí: *New York Stock Exchange*, **NYSE**), chē-chí tī New York Chhī Manhattan ê Wall Street. Nā chiàu só͘-ū chiūⁿ-chhī kong-sī chóng-hô ê chhī-tiûⁿ chu-pún-gia̍h (*market capitalization*) lâi sǹg, NYSE sī thong-sè-kài siāng toā ê kó͘-phiò chhī-tiûⁿ.
# Khai-thài (Liâu)

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| 開泰**Khai-thài**

|  |
| --- |
| 1012 nî ~ 1021 nî |

 |
| **Kok-ka** | Liâu-tiâu |
| **Kun-chú** | Sèng-chong |
| **Tn̂g-té** | 10 tang |

**Khai-thài** (開泰; 1012 nî ~ 1021 nî) sī Liâu-tiâu Sèng-chong ê liân-hō; chêng-āu 10 tang.

## Tōa Tāi-chì

## Chham sin-le̍k kap kan-chi ê tùi-chiàu-pió

## Siong-koan

* Tiong-kok ê liân-hō

|  |
| --- |
| **Khai-thài (Liâu)** |
| Chiap-sio̍k Thóng-hô | **Liâu-tiâu ê liân-hō** | Kè-sio̍k Thài-pêng |
# Bêng Jîn-chong

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Hông-hi Hông-tè 洪熙皇帝 |  |

 |
| *Tāi Bêng ê hông-tè* |
|  |
| Tāi Bêng ê hông-tè |
| Chāi-ūi | 1424 nî 9 goe̍h 7 ji̍t – 1425 nî 5 goe̍h 29 ji̍t |
| Chêng-jīm | Bêng Sêng-chó͘ |
| Kè-jīm | Bêng Soan-chong |
|  |
|

| Choân-miâ |
| --- |
| Chu Ko-chhì (朱高熾) |
| Liân-hō kap sî-kan |
| Hông-hi (洪熙): 1425–1426 |
| Sē-hō |
| Chiau Hông-tè (昭皇帝) |
| Biō-hō |
| Jîn-chong (仁宗) |

 |
| Lāu-pē | Bêng Sêng-chó͘ |
| Lāu-bú | Jîn-hàu Soan Hông-hiō |
| Chhut-sì | 1378 nî 8 goe̍h 16 ji̍t(1378-08-16) |
| Kòe-sin | 1425 nî 5 goe̍h 29 ji̍t (46 hòe) Pak-kiaⁿ |

**Bêng Jîn-chong** (明仁宗; 1378 nî 8 goe̍h 16 ji̍t – 1425 nî 5 goe̍h 29 ji̍t) sī Tiong-kok Bêng-tiâu ê tē 4 tāi hông-tè.
# Sin-thiú Tiâu-iok

Sin-thiú Tiâu-iok
**Sin-thiú Tiâu-iok** (辛丑條約) he̍k-chiá **Pak-kiaⁿ Gī-tēng-su** (北京議定書) sī Tiong-kok Chheng-tiâu chèng-hú hām Eng-kok, Bí-kok, Ji̍t-pún, Lō͘-se-a, Hoat-kok, Tek-kok, Ò-hiong, Pí-lī-sî, Se-pan-gâ iáu-ū Hô-lân 11 ê kok-ka tī Gī-hô-thoân kiat-sok, peh-kok liân-kun kong-chiàm Pak-kiaⁿ liáu-āu só͘ chhiam-tēng ê hô-pêng tiâu-iok. Sin-thiú Tiâu-iok sī chū Tē-it Chhù A-phiàn Chiàn-cheng Chheng-kok chiàn-su í-lâi ê kî-tiong chi̍t ê put-pêng-téng tiâu-iok. Tiâu-iok chhiam-sú ê ji̍t-kî sī Kong-sū jī-si̍p-chhit liân (1901 nî) sin-thiú-liân chhit goe̍h jī-si̍p-ngó͘ ji̍t (9 goe̍h 7 ji̍t).
# Koâⁿ-thiⁿ

Koâⁿ-thiⁿ lo̍h-seh ê hong-kéng
**Koâⁿ-thiⁿ** (寒天), ia̍h sī kiò chò **koâⁿ-lâng** (寒儂), sī chi̍t-nî lāi-bīn ê siōng-bóe chi̍t-ê kùi-chiat, chiap-sio̍k tī chhiu-thiⁿ ê āu-piah, keh-tńg-tang chhun-thiⁿ ê thâu-chêng. Kôaⁿ-thiⁿ sī it-poaⁿ ê pe̍h-ōe, khah bûn-giân ê kóng-hoat sī **tang** (冬) kap **tang-thiⁿ** (冬天).
# Tirana

|  |
| --- |
| **Tirana Tiranë** |
|  |
| Tirana |
| Keng-hūi-tō͘: ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Kok-ka
  | Albania
 |
| Koān
 | Tirana Koān
 |
| Khu
 | Tirana Khu
 |
| Khí-chō | 1614 |
| **Bīn-chek** |
|  - Lóng-chóng
  | 41.8 km2 |
| **Koân-tō͘** |
110 m |
| Sî-khu | CET (UTC+1)
  |
|  - Joa̍h-tang | CEST (UTC+2) |
| Bāng-chām | www.tirana.gov.al |

**Tirana** sī Albania ê siú-to͘ kap siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī.
# Bí-kok Kok-bū Pō͘-tiúⁿ

**Bí-kok Kok-bū Pō͘-tiúⁿ** (美國國務部長, Eng-gí: United States Secretary of State), Hàn-bûn mā ū hoan chò **Kok-bū-kheng** (國務卿), sī Bí-kok chú-koán goā-kau sū-bū ê Bí-kok Kok-bū Pō͘ siú-tiúⁿ.

Tùi 2013 nî 2 goe̍h khai-sí ê pō͘-tiúⁿ sī John Kerry, i-ê chêng 1 jīm sī tùi 2009 nî khai-sí ê Hillary Clinton.
# Ē-mn̂g Ōe-sī

**Ē-mn̂g Ōe-sī** (廈門衛視) sī chò-ûi sêng-tam Tiong-kok tāi-lio̍k tùi Tâi-oân ê soan-thoân jīm-bū só͘ phe-chún siat-tì ê siâⁿ-chhī chân-kip ê hong-giân ōe-chhiⁿ tiān-sī-tâi. Lē-sio̍k tī Ē-mn̂g Kóng-pò͘ Tiān-sī Chi̍p-thoân. Ē-mn̂g Ōe-sī í Bân-lâm-gú Ē-mn̂g-ōe ê chiat-bo̍k ûi-chú, pau-hâm gû-lo̍k, bûn-hòa, gē-su̍t kap sin-bûn chu-sìn téng-téng lōe-iông, bo̍k-chiân ta̍k-kang hòng-sàng chiat-bo̍k 18 tiám-cheng.

Pang-bô͘:Hok-kiàn ê tiān-sī-tâi
# Siōng-hái Chèng-kǹg Kau-e̍k-só͘

**Siōng-hái Chèng-kǹg Kau-e̍k-só͘** (上海證券交易所), kán-chheng **Siōng-kau-só͘** (上交所), sī Tiong-kok ê chi̍t ê chèng-kǹg kau-e̍k-só͘, tiàm tī Siōng-hái-chhī Phó͘-tong Sin-khu. Siōng-kau-só͘ ê kó͘-phiò chí-sò͘ ū Siōng-hái Chong-ha̍p Chí-sò͘.
# Yahoo!

Yahoo! ê siong-phiau.
**Yahoo!** (Eng-gí: Yahoo! Inc., NASDAQ: YHOO) sī 1 ê Bí-kok ê kok-chè bāng-lō͘ kong-si kap ji̍p-kháu bāng-chām.

2016 nî, Verizon thong-sìn kong-si chiong Yahoo ê Internet sū-gia̍p tōa-hūn siu-bé.

## Goa-pō͘ liân-kiat

* Yahoo!
# Hun-chú-liōng

**Hun-chú-liōng** (分子量) sī hun-chú ê chit-liōng, eng-bûn hō-chòe **molecular mass** ia̍h-sī **molecular weight**. Hun-chú-liōng sī chi̍t-ê hun-chú lāi-tóe só͘-ū gôan-sò͘ kok-chū-ê gôan-chú-liōng ê chóng-hô.

## Tēng-gī

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | atomic mass | total mass |
| C | 12.011 | 12.011 |
| H | 1.00794 | 4.03176 |
| CH4 |  | 16.043 |

## Chham-khó

## Pó͘-chhiong

* A Free Android application for molecular and reciprocal weight calculation of any chemical formula
* Stoichiometry Add-In for Microsoft Excel Archived 2011-05-11 at the Wayback Machine. for calculation of molecular weights, reaction coefficients and stoichiometry.
# Hàm-kiàⁿ

**Hàm-kiàⁿ** sī 1 tè phòng-kiàⁿ (phòng-bīn-kiàⁿ), iōng lâi kā 1 ê mi̍h ê iáⁿ-siōng hòng-toā. Kiàⁿ-phìⁿ it-poaⁿ sī koà toà kheng lāi-té, kheng ū 1 ki pèⁿ thang gia̍h.