Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Kok-thó͘ Kau-thong Séng

Kok-thó͘ Kau-thong Séng| 国土交通省 こくどこうつうしょう Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism |
|  |
|  Tsóng-pōo |
| Ki-koan chu-sìn |
| Sêng-li̍p | 2001 nî（Pêng-sêng 13 nî）1 goe̍h 6 ji̍t |
| Jurisdiction |  Ji̍t-pún |
| Chóng-pō͘ |  Ji̍t-pún Tang-kiaⁿ-to͘ Tiyoda-khu |
| Bāng-chām | www.mlit.go.jp |

**Kok-thó͘ Kau-thong Séng** (国土交通省; Eng-gí: *Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism* "Thó͘-tē, Ki-té-kò͘-chō, Kau-thong kap Koan-kong Pō͘") sī Ji̍t-pún ê hêng-chèng ki-koan chi it. In choan-bûn tī kok-thó͘ ê lī-ēng, khai-hoat, pó-choân, kau-thong chèng-chhek, khì-siōng, hái-siōng an-choân téng hong-bīn ê gia̍p-bū.
# Hiong-káng Te̍k-pia̍t Hêng-chèng-khu Chèng-hú

Hiong-káng Chèng-hú ê phiau-chì
**Hiong-káng Te̍k-pia̍t Hêng-chèng-khu Chèng-hú** (香港特別行政區政府), it-poaⁿ kán-chheng chò **Hiong-káng Te̍k-khu Chèng-hú** (香港特區政府) he̍k-chiá sī **Káng-hú** (港府), sī Tiong-kok Hiong-káng Te̍k-pia̍t Hêng-chèng-khu ê hêng-chèng pō͘-bûn ê thóng-chheng. Tī 1997 nî 7 goe̍h 1 hō chìn-chêng, Eng-sio̍k Hiong-káng ê hêng-chèng ki-koan hō-chò **Hiong-káng Chèng-hú** (Eng-bûn: *Hong Kong Government*). Kin-kì *Hiong-káng Ki-pún Hoat* ê kui-tēng, Hiong-káng Te̍k-khu Chèng-hú chiàu-goân sú-iōng toā-pō͘-hūn goân-iú ê chè-tō͘. Hiong-káng Chèng-hú ê siú-tiúⁿ sī Hêng-chèng Tióng-koaⁿ, koán-hat ē-kha iû chē-chē ūi kiōng-tiúⁿ só͘ koán-lí ê kok chèng-hú pō͘-bûn.
# Favorlang-gí

**Favorlang-gí** sī chi̍t khoán bia̍t-choa̍t gí-giân, i kap Babuza-gí hui-siông óa-kīn, sī Lâm-tó gí-giân ē-té ê Formosa gí-giân chi it. Favorlang-gí tī 17 sè-kì ê bûn-su kì-lio̍k tiong sî-siông chhut-hiān, O-lân-lâng Gilbertus Happart pat ūi i pian jī-tián: *Woorden boek der Favorlangsche Taal*  (1650), pēng-chhiá ū chi̍t kóa Favorlang-gí bûn-chiong, pau-koat Sèng-keng chi̍t pō͘-hūn, thôa-kàu mn̄g-ta̍t (catechism) téng-téng.
# Tâi-oân Chhiú-gí

**Tâi-oân Chhiú-gí/Chhiú-gú** (Eng-gú：Taiwan Sign Language) sī chú-iàu tī Tâi-oân thong-hêng ê chhiú-gí. Tâi-oân chhiú-gí ē-tàng tāi-khài khu-hun pak-pō͘ kap lâm-po͘ ê hong-giân, in kò-pia̍t hoán-èng Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi nn̄g keng a lông-a ha̍k-hāu só͘ kà Tang-kiaⁿ-sek kap Tāi-pán-sek Ji̍t-pún Chhiú-gí. Tâi-oân Chhiú-gí kap Ji̍t-pún Chhiú-gí tāi-khài ū 60 pha-sén sû-lūi sio-thong.

Tâi-oân chhiú-gí lēng-gōa chi̍t hong-bīn, te̍k-pia̍t sī sû-lūi ê pō͘-hūn, mā siū chiàn-āu thoân--kòe ê Tiong-kok Chhiú-gí éng-hióng.

2018 nî 12 goe̍h 25 hō,《Kok-ka Gí-giân/Gú-giân Hoat-tián Hoat》li̍p-hoat kong-pò͘, Tâi-oân Chhiú-gí/ Chhiú-gú mā lia̍t-ji̍p Tâi-oân ê Kok-ka Gí-giân/ Gú-giân.

## Kán-kài

Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi, Ji̍t-pún tī Tâi-pak, Tâi-lâm siat-li̍p Im-a (é-kháu) ha̍k-hāu. Tâi-pak sī "Ba̍k-chhun Bông-A Kàu-io̍k-só͘", sī chi̍t-ê thòe-hiu ê hái-kun i-koaⁿ Ba̍k-chhun Kín-Ngô͘ Archived 2022-09-29 at the Wayback Machine. tī 1889 nî só͘ chhòng-pān. Tâi-lâm ū "Su-li̍p Tâi-lâm Bông-A Ha̍k-hāu", sio̍k-tī chû-siān ki-kò͘ Chû-hūi Īⁿ, lāi-pō͘ ū "Lông-A Pō͘", chian-sin sī Eng-kok soan-kàu-su Kam Ûi-lîm tī 1889 nî siat-li̍p ê Hùn-Bông Īⁿ, tī 1915 nî kái chheng-chò Bông-A Ha̍k-hāu. Che 2 keng ha̍k-hāu iōng chhiú-gí kàu-ha̍k, hō͘ Ji̍t-pún chhiú-gí phó͘-ki̍p tī Tâi-oân ê thiaⁿ-chiòng jîn-sū tiong-kan. Bêng-tī sî-kî kàu-io̍k hong-hoat hun-chò Tang-kiaⁿ kap Tāi-pán 2 tōa phài, Tang-kiaⁿ phài ê ha̍k-chiá tī pak-pō͘, Tāi-pán phài ê ha̍k-chiá tī tiong-lâm-pō͘.

Chiàn-āu ê thiaⁿ-chiòng kàu-io̍k tōa-liōng sú-iōng ùi Tiong-kok lâi ê chhiú-gí. In-ūi Tiong-kok ê su-chu tāi-to-sò͘ lâu-tī pak-pō͘, só͘-í Tâi-pak Khé-chhong Ha̍k-hāu sú-iōng chin-chōe Tiong-kok ê chhiú-gí sû, Tâi-lâm Khé-chhong Ha̍k-hāu kap Tâi-tiong hun-hāu tō khah chió siū-tio̍h éng-hióng. Tiong-kok su-chu ùi Pak-kiaⁿ, Lâm-kiaⁿ, Siōng-hái, Tiōng-khèng, Hâng-chiu téng-téng só͘-chāi, só͘ iōng ê chhiú-gí tāi-khài chha bô jōa-chōe.

## Tâi-oân Chhiú-gí/Chhiú-gú ê Hun-lūi

### Chū-jiân Chhiú-gí/Chhiú-gú

Chū-jiân Chhiú-gí/ Chhiú-gú sī lông-jîn ê bó-gú, gú-hoat kap thiaⁿ-jîn (chí ōe-tàng thiaⁿ-tio̍h siaⁿ-im kong-ōe ê lâng) koàn-sè sú-iōng ê kháu-gí gú-hoat hui-siông bô kâng, sī iōng chhiú-sè, chu-sè kap piáu-chêng só͘ cho͘-sêng--ê.

* **Pak-pō͘ Chhiú-gí**：Ùi Tang-kiaⁿ hē-thóng lâi ê Ji̍t-pún Chhiú-gí kap Tiong-kok Chhiú-gí
* **Tiong-pō͘ Chhiú-gí**：Tāi-pō͘-hūn lâi-chū Lâm-pō͘ Chhiú-gí
* **Lâm-pō͘ Chhiú-gí**：Ùi Tāi-pán hē-thóng lâi ê Ji̍t-pún Chhiú-gí kap chi̍t-pō͘-hūn ê Tiong-kok Chhiú-gí

## Chham-chiàu

* Susan Fischer & Qunhu Gong (2010). "Variation in East Asian sign language structures". Chū Diane Brentari. *Sign Languages*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-71301-9. CS1 pó-ióng: Ēng authors chham-sò͘ (link)
# Hui-li̍p-pin gí-giân

*Koan-hē Hui-li̍p-pin kok-lāi kok khoán sú-iōng ê gí-giân, chham-khó Hui-li̍p-pin ê gí-giân.*
**Hui-li̍p-pin gí-giân** (Eng-gí: *Philippine languages*) sī gí-giân-ha̍k chiam-tùi Lâm-tó gí-giân lāi-té só͘ hun ê chi̍t lūi, i pau-koat Hui-li̍p-pin, tōa-pō͘-hūn Sulawesi, kap chió pō͘-hūn Palawan ê gí-giân, lēng-gōa Âng-thâu-sū ê Tao-gí mā sǹg sī i-ê chi̍t hūn-chú.
# Samuel Wells Williams

**Samuel Wells Williams** (1812 nî 9 goe̍h 22 ji̍t – 1884 nî 2 goe̍h 16 ji̍t) sī Bí-kok ê giân-gí-ha̍k-ka, Hàn-ha̍k-ka, soan-tō-su.

## Liân-kiat

* Samuel Wells Williams (1844) *English and Chinese Vocabulary in the Court Dialect*
# Thomas Edison

Thomas Edison chham liû-siaⁿ-ki.
*A Day with Thomas Edison* (1922)
**Thomas Edison** (1847 nî 2 goe̍h 11 ji̍t - 1931 nî 10 goe̍h 18 ji̍t) sī Bí-kok ê hoat-bêng-ka ia̍h si̍t-gia̍p-ka, sī si̍t-iōng ê tiān-hóe-pho, liû-siaⁿ-ki téng-téng khì-khū ê hoat-bêng-lâng. I èng-iōng tāi-liōng seng-sán lâi chè-chō i ê hoat-bêng, jî-chhiáⁿ léng-tō thôan-tūi lâi hoat-tián sū-gia̍p.
# Nikola Tesla

Nikola Tesla
**Nikola Tesla** (Serbia-gí: Никола Тесла, 1856 nî 7 goe̍h 10 ji̍t – 1943 nî 1 goe̍h 7 ji̍t) sī hoat-bêng-ka, bu̍t-lí-ha̍k-ka, ki-hâi kang-têng-su, kiam tiān-ki kang-têng-su. Tesla tī Croatia Smiljan (Смиљан) chhut-sì, sǹg sī Serbia-lâng, lō͘-boé chiâⁿ-chò Bí-kok kong-bîn. Tesla tùi tiān-chû-ha̍k ê hoat-tián ū toā kòng-hiàn. I ê choan-lī kap lí-lūn sī hiān-tāi kau-liû-tiān (AC) tiān-le̍k hē-thóng ê ki-chio̍h, chhan-chhiūⁿ to-siòng-ūi (polyphase) phoè-tiān (power distribution) hē-thóng kap AC mò͘-tah; ē-tàng kóng sī Tē 2 Pái Kang-gia̍p Ke̍k-bēng (Second Industrial Revolution) ê khí-tì. Ū lâng kóng Tesla sī "chhòng-chō 20 sè-kí ê kioh-siàu", "tiān ê siú-hō͘ sèng-jîn (patron saint)".

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat

* NikolaTesla.fr Archived 2011-10-01 at the Wayback Machine. - More than 1,000 documents on Tesla
# Piau-tiám

|  |
| --- |
| Piau-tiám |
| * Hián
* Lūn
* Pian
 |

**Piau-tiám** (Eng-gí: *punctuation*), khah kū-sek ê kóng-hoat sī **tiám-kù**, sī sú-iōng khang-ūi, kì-hō, ia̍h sī kî-tha hong-hoat, lâi pang-chō͘ chèng-khak lí-kài bûn-chiong ê kang-hu, pau-koat ēng chhiú-siá, ìn-soat, he̍k-chiá sī tha̍k-chhut siaⁿ-im lâi tián-hiān. Khah phó͘-thong ê tiám-kù tio̍h sī sú-iōng phiau-tiám hû-hō ê hē-thóng tī bûn-pún téng-bīn chò kì-hō.

Tī chin chē su-siá hē-thóng, hâm hiān-tāi Hō-ló-ōe bûn-jī chāi-lāi, phiau-tiám hû-hō (tiám-kù ê kì-hō) í-keng sī siá bûn-kù ê sî pì-iàu ê sêng-hūn. Nā-sī tī chi̍t kóa kó͘ bûn-su, pí-lūn khah-chá ê Hàn-bûn, chèng-sek ê bûn-su pún-sin tiāⁿ sī bô tàu tiám-kù kì-hō--ê, su-iàu tha̍k-chiá ēng tiám-kù ê kang-hu lâi lēng-gōa tha̍k.

**Piau-tiám hû-hō**, ia̍h kán-tan kóng **piau-tiám**, sī bûn-jī hē-thóng ê te̍k-sû kì-hō. Ū bûn-jī ê gí-giân iōng phiau-tiám kì-hō cho͘-chit bûn-kù kap khak-tēng ì-sù.

Sú-iōng phiau-tiám ê kang-hu hō-chò piau-tiám ia̍h tiám-kù, chóng-sī tiám-kù bô it-tēng ài siá chhut kì-hō.

Kó͘-chá bûn-giân-bûn-sek ê Hàn-bûn bô tàu piau-tiám, ū-ē bûn-chiuⁿ lāi-té tiám hō-chò kù-tāu ê piau-tiám, lâi lī-piān tha̍k-chiá chai-iáⁿ ì-sù.

## Piau-tiám hû-hō kí-lē

* Khoàⁿ template: Punctuation marks.

## Siang-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ

* Chiàⁿ-jī-hoat

## Chhham-khó
# З

| З |
| --- |
| Tōa-siá | З |
| Sió-siá | з |
| Unicode | tōa-siá: U+0417 sió-siá: U+0437 |
| Kilil sò͘-jī | 7 |
| Kilil jī-bió |
| Slav gí-giân jī-bió |
|

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| А
 | Б
 | В
 | Г
 | Ґ
 | Д
 | Ђ
 |
| Ѓ
 | Е
 | Ѐ
 | Ё
 | Є
 | Ж
 | З
 |
| З́
 | Ѕ
 | И
 | Ѝ
 | І
 | Ї
 | Й
 |
| Ј
 | К
 | Л
 | Љ
 | М
 | Н
 | Њ
 |
| О
 | П
 | Р
 | С
 | Т
 | Ћ
 | Ќ
 |
| У
 | Ў
 | Ф
 | Х
 | Ц
 | Ч
 | Џ
 |
| Ш
 | Щ
 | С́
 | Ъ
 | Ы
 | Ь
 | Э
 |
| Ю
 | Я
 |  |  |  |  |  |

 |
| hui Slav gí-giân jī-bió |
|

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ӑ
 | А̄
 | А̊
 | А̃
 | Ӓ
 | Ӓ̄
 | Ә
 |
| Ә́
 | Ә̃
 | Ӛ
 | Ӕ
 | Ғ
 | Г̧
 | Г̑
 |
| Г̄
 | Ҕ
 | Ӻ
 | Ӷ
 | Ԁ
 | Ԃ
 | Ꚃ
 |
| Ꚁ
 | Ꚉ
 | Ԫ
 | Ԭ
 | Ӗ
 | Е̄
 | Е̃
 |
| Ё̄
 | Є̈
 | Ӂ
 | Җ
 | Ꚅ
 | Ӝ
 | Ԅ
 |
| Ҙ
 | Ӟ
 | Ԑ
 | Ԑ̈
 | Ӡ
 | Ԇ
 | Ӣ
 |
| И̃
 | Ҋ
 | Ӥ
 | Қ
 | Ӄ
 | Ҡ
 | Ҟ
 |
| Ҝ
 | Ԟ
 | Ԛ
 | Ӆ
 | Ԯ
 | Ԓ
 | Ԡ
 |
| Ԉ
 | Ԕ
 | Ӎ
 | Ӊ
 | Ң
 | Ԩ
 | Ӈ
 |
| Ҥ
 | Ԣ
 | Ԋ
 | Н̃
 | О̆
 | О̃
 | О̄
 |
| Ӧ
 | Ө
 | Ө̄
 | Ӫ
 | Ҩ
 | Ԥ
 | Ҧ
 |
| Р̌
 | Ҏ
 | Ԗ
 | Ҫ
 | Ԍ
 | Ꚑ
 | Ҭ
 |
| Ꚋ
 | Ꚍ
 | Ԏ
 | У̃
 | Ӯ
 | Ӱ
 | Ӱ́
 |
| Ӳ
 | Ү
 | Ү́
 | Ұ
 | Х̑
 | Ҳ
 | Ӽ
 |
| Ӿ
 | Һ
 | Ԧ
 | Ꚕ
 | Ҵ
 | Ꚏ
 | Ҷ
 |
| Ӵ
 | Ӌ
 | Ҹ
 | Ꚓ
 | Ꚗ
 | Ꚇ
 | Ҽ
 |
| Ҿ
 | Ы̆
 | Ы̄
 | Ӹ
 | Ҍ
 | Э̆
 | Э̄
 |
| Э̇
 | Ӭ
 | Ԙ
 | Ӭ́
 | Ӭ̄
 | Ю̆
 | Ю̈
 |
| Ю̈́
 | Ю̄
 | Я̆
 | Я̄
 | Я̈
 | Ԝ
 | Ӏ
 |

 |
| Chá-kî jī-bió |
|

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ꙁ
 | Ꙃ
 | Ꙅ
 | Ꙇ
 | Ꙉ
 | Ҁ
 | Ѻ
 |
| ОУ | Ꙋ
 | Ѡ
 | Ѽ
 | Ꙍ
 | Ѿ
 | Ꙏ
 |
| Ѣ
 | Ꙑ
 | Ꙓ
 | Ꙕ
 | Ꙗ
 | Ѥ
 | Ѧ
 |
| Ꙙ
 | Ѫ
 | Ꙛ
 | Ѩ
 | Ꙝ
 | Ѭ
 | Ѯ
 |
| Ѱ
 | Ѳ
 | Ѵ
 | Ѷ
 | Ꙟ
 | Ꙡ
 | Ꙣ
 |
| Ꙥ
 | Ꙧ
 | Ꙩ
 | Ꙫ
 | Ꙭ
 | ꙮ
 | Ꚙ
 |
| Ꚛ
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

 |
|
Kilil jī-bó le̍t-tuañ |
| * Hián
* Lūn
* Pian
 |

**З, з** sī chi̍t-ê Slav gí-giân chia̍p-chia̍p sú-iōng ê Kyril jī-bó.

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat

* The dictionary definition of *З* at Wiktionary
* The dictionary definition of *з* at Wiktionary
# Tâi-gí-bûn

**Tâi-gí-bûn** (台語文), iā kiò **Tâi-oân-ōe-bûn** (台灣話文), **Tâi-gí pe̍h-ōe-bûn** (台語白話文) ia̍h **Tâi-bûn** (台文), sī chi̍t chióng hû-ha̍p pēng iông-ha̍p Tâi-gí gí-hoat kap sû-lūi ê su-bīn-bûn hē-thóng, chú-iàu tī Tâi-oân, Tiong-kok Hok-kiàn kap Kńg-tang, Sin-ka-pho í-ki̍p Má-lâi-se-a. Thoân-thóng ê Tâi-gí-bûn hêng-sek sī iû thoân-thóng Hàn-jī kap Tâi-bân Hàn-jī tàu-tīn hêng-bûn; kīn-tāi í-lâi, tòe thoân-kàu-sū lâi tī Tang-a, ūi-tio̍h thoân-kàu su-iàu lēng-gōa hoat-tián chhut chi̍t thò í Lô-má-jī chò su-siá bûn-jī ê Pe̍h-ōe-jī. Í-siōng nn̄g chióng lóng sī chit-má Tâi-gí-bûn su-siá siōng ê iu-sè hē-thóng, sīm-chì mā ū lām chò-hóe siá ê Hàn-lô lām-siá ê su-siá bô͘-sek.

In-ūi bó-gí tha̍k-siá kàu-io̍k khoat-sit, sú-iōng Tâi-gí ê Tâi-oân-lâng ū 90% í-siōng sī Tâi-gí-bûn ê chheⁿ-mê-gû ia̍h pòaⁿ chheⁿ-mê-gû, jî-chhiáⁿ ka-kī m̄ chai. In-chhú, Tâi-oân-lâng tī pò-chóa, mûi-thé kap bāng-lō͘ téng tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ ēng Hôa-gí im-gī sio-óa ê jī-sû lâi su-siá bó-gí, tì-sú chē-chē chhò-pia̍t-jī ê sán-seng.

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

* 台語文記憶Archived 2014-02-19 at the Wayback Machine.
* 國立台灣文學館 - 首頁Archived 2008-07-05 at the Wayback Machine.
* 鹭水芗南-闽南语部落Archived 2021-02-10 at the Wayback Machine.
* 台灣羅馬字協會Archived 2012-03-22 at the Wayback Machine.
# Kôrei Thian-hông

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Kôrei Thian-hông 孝霊天皇 |  |

 |
|  |
| Ji̍t-pún Thian-hông |
| Chāi-ūi | chêng 290 nî – chêng 215 nî |
| Chêng-jīm | Kôan Thian-hông |
| Kè-jīm | Kôgen Thian-hông |
|  |
|

| Choân-miâ |
| --- |
| Ôyamatonekohikohutoni no Mikoto (大倭根子日子賦斗邇命) Ôyamatonekohikohutoni no Sumeramikoto (大日本根子彦太瓊天皇) |

 |
| Chhut-sì | chêng 342 nî |
| Kòe-sin | chêng 215 nî |

**Kôrei Thian-hông** (孝霊天皇(Hàu-lêng Thian-hông)/ こうれいてんのう, *Kôrei-tennô*); Kôan Thian-hông 51 nî [BCE 342 nî] - Kôrei Thian-hông 76 nî 2 goe̍h 8 ji̍t [BCE 215 nî 3 goe̍h 27 ji̍t]) sī Ji̍t-pún thôan-soat tiong tē-7-tāi ê thian-hông, khiàm-sú pat-tāi (欠史八代) chi-it, chāi-ūi kî-kan sī Kôrei Thian-hông 1 nî 1 goe̍h 12 ji̍t (BCE 290 nî 2 goe̍h 19 ji̍t) kàu 76 nî 2 goe̍h 8 ji̍t.
# Ò-chiu Eng-gí

**Ò-chiu Eng-gí** (*Australian English*) sī seng-oa̍h tī Ò-chiu ê lâng só͘ sú-iōng ê Eng-gí hong-giân, i-ê khiuⁿ-kháu to̍k-te̍k, hām Eng-kok Eng-gí kap Bí-kok Eng-gí ū chē-chē bô-kāng, siong-tùi khah chiap-kīn New Zealand Eng-gí. Sui-bóng Ò-chiu ê hiàn-hoat pēng bô kui-tēng koaⁿ-hong giân-gí, m̄-koh Ò-chiu Eng-gí sī Ò-chiu si̍t-chè-siōng ê koaⁿ-hong giân-gí, iā sī tōa-pō͘-hūn Ò-chiu-lâng ê bó-gí. 1788 nî Sin Lâm Wales si̍t-bîn-tē kiàn-li̍p liáu-āu, Ò-chiu Eng-gí ta̍uh-ta̍uh-á ùi Eng-kok Eng-gí hun-lī chhut-lâi. 1820 nî khí, i pī jīn-ûi hām Eng-kok Eng-gí bô-kāng. Chò-ûi chi̍t chióng to̍k-te̍k ê hong-giân, Ò-chiu Eng-gí tī sû-lūi, khiuⁿ-kháu, hoat-im, gí-hoat kap pheng-siá téng hong-bīn hām kî-thaⁿ Eng-gí hong-giân bô-kāng.

## Iân-sin oa̍t-tho̍k

* Korhonen, Minna (2017). *Perspectives on the Americanisation of Australian English: A Sociolinguistic Study of Variation* (PhD. thesis). University of Helsinki. ISBN 978-951-51-3559-9.
* Mitchell, Alexander G. (1995). *The Story of Australian English.* Sydney: Dictionary Research Centre.

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat

* Australian National Dictionary Centre
* Ozwords—free newsletter from the Australian National Dictionary Centre, which includes articles on Australian English
* Australian Word Map at the ABC—documents regionalisms
* R. Mannell, F. Cox and J. Harrington (2009), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology Archived 2009-01-20 at the Wayback Machine., Macquarie University
* Aussie English for beginners—the origins, meanings and a quiz to test your knowledge at the National Museum of Australia.
# Khó-hān

**Khó-hān** (可汗, Bông-kó͘-gí: хаан *Khaan*) sī Bông-kó͘-gí siong-tong hông-tè ê chi̍t khoán hâm-thâu, sī hān-kok ia̍h tè-kok ê thóng-tī-chiá.

Pún jī ê ì-sù ē-tàng hoan-e̍k chò "hān tiong chi hān".

## Siong-koan

* Hān (hâm-thâu)
# Tâi-oân keng-chè sú

**Tâi-oân keng-chè sú** ê kì-chài kap hoat-tián goân-chū toā hâng-hái sî-tāi.17 sé-kí khí, Tâi-oân chiū in-ūi iu-oa̍t chiàn-lio̍k tē-tiám, chiâⁿ-chò Se-au hái-koân kok-ka kēng-cheng saⁿ-cheⁿ ê tiûⁿ-só͘, bô-kú koh chiâⁿ-chò Se-hong kok-ka tùi Tiong-kok, Ji̍t-pún, Lâm-iûⁿ téng só͘-chāi ê keng-bō͘ choán-kè-chām. 1630 nî chì 1945 nî chi-kan, le̍k-keng Tâi-oân Hô Se si̍t-bîn sî-kî, Tēⁿ-sī Ông-tiâu, Chheng-tiâu sî-tāi, Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi ê Tâi-oân le̍k-sú, sī í keng-chè ûi chú-te̍k; keng-bō͘ keng-chè oa̍h-tāng, mā kap Tâi-oân lông-gia̍p keng-chè bi̍t-chiat kiat-ha̍p kap koan-hē. Lēng-goā, iā khan-liân Tâi-oân pí-kàu te̍k-sû ê thó͘-tē keng-chè oa̍h-tāng, tē-cho͘ koan-hē.

Keng-kòe 1950 nî-tāi, in-ūi Tiong-kok Kok Kiōng Lōe-chiàn ê in-sò͘, ùi Tiong-kok poaⁿ-soá kàu Tâi-oân ê Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok chèng-hú tùi Tâi-oân si̍t-si chu-pún chiat-iok ê thó͘-tē keng-chè chèng-chhek.Tī chèng-hú ê sek-tō͘ kan-ū kap kè-ōe hā, 1960 nî-tāi khak-jīm ê kheh-thiaⁿ sī kang-chhiúⁿ ê keng-chè chèng-chhek, tè-chō liáu í tiong-sió khì-gia̍p ûi-chú ê keng-chè hong-hiòng kap lí-liām, lông-gia̍p chhut-sán kap bō͘-e̍k kiat-ha̍p ê seng-sán hêng-thài pī kheng-kang-gia̍p chhú-tāi. Ùi 1966 nî chì 1980 nî, Tâi-oân châi-chèng chiām chhu ún-kiàn, ka-kang chhut-kháu-khu, cha̍p-toā kiàn-siat, cha̍p-jī-toā kiàn-siat, tiān-tēng keng-chè khoài-sok hoat-tián ê ki-chhó͘. 1980 nî-tāi āu, chèng-hú chú-koán tâu-chu hām chiām-chiām kiám-chió ê kok-goā tâu-chu ín-tō ê tōng-thài ê chu-pún-chú-gī keng-chè-thé, chiâⁿ-chò Tâi-oân keng-chè ê chú-te̍k. Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok chèng-hú tī keng-chè tiong pān-ián ê kak-sek jū-lâi-jū sè, chē-chē toā-hêng ê kok-iú gîn-hâng kap khì-gia̍p chām-chām su-iú-hoà, chia-ê chèng-chhek hō͘ Tâi-oân tī 1975 nî āu, pêng-kin ta̍k-nî keng-che cheng-tióng ta̍t-tò 8%, pēng oá-khò chhut-kháu tō-hiòng he̍k-tit ê chu-kim, chò-ûi Tâi-oân kang-gia̍p-hoà ê pó-chèng.
# Se-pan-gâ léng Hermosa

**Se-pan-gâ léng Hermosa** sī 1626 nî kàu 1642 nî Se-pan-gâ-lâng tī Tâi-oân pak-pō͘ 16 nî ê thóng-tī.

Sui-jiân Tâi-oân chin-oá hit-sî-chūn í-keng sio̍k-î Se-pan-gâ léng ê Luzon, tān-sī seng chiàm-niá Tâi-oân ê sī Hô͘-lân-lâng. 1626 nî Se-pan-gâ chiah chhut-peng Ke-lang, chiàm-niá Tâi-oân pak-pō͘. Chìng-tī tiōng-sim tī Siā-liâu-tó（和平島）. M̄-ko Se-pan-gâ-lâng bô-hoat-tō͘ koáⁿ-cháu Hô͘-lân-lâng, tī Tâi-oân ê lī-sûn koh bô-kàu, só͘-í kun-tūi tio̍h bān-bān-á kiám-chió. 1642 nî Hô͘-lân-lâng phah-pāi Se-pan-gâ-lâng, kiat-sok Se-pan-gâ-lâng 16 nî ê thóng-tī.

## Siong-koan

* Ke-lâng Tām-chúi Tióng-koaⁿ
# Tâi-oân ê hóe-soaⁿ lia̍t-toaⁿ

|  |
| --- |
| **Tâi-oân** |
|  |
|
Khài-hóng[tián-khui]

|  |
| --- |
| Jîn-bîn－Jîn-kháu |
| Keng-chè－Kau-thong |
| Chèng-khu－Siâⁿ-chhī |
| Chèng-tī－Chèng-hú |
| Chèng-tóng－Soán-kí |
| Hoat-lu̍t－Chóng-thóng |
| Gōa-kau－Kun-sū |
| Cho̍k-kûn－Goân-chū-bîn |
| jîn-koân－LGBT koân-ek |
| Tâi-hái hiān-chōng－Tâi-oân būn-tê |
| Tâi-oân kî-chek－Tâi-oân chi chòe |
| sè-kài kì-lio̍k |
| Tâi-oân tē-it lia̍t-toaⁿ |

 |
|
Bûn-hòa[tián-khui]

|  |
| --- |
| gí-giân－bûn-ha̍k |
| chong-kàu－song-chòng |
| kó͘-chek－ûi-chí |
| kok-pó－bîn-sio̍k bûn-bu̍t |
| chiat-ji̍t－bîn-sio̍k tīn-thâu |
| kàu-io̍k－thé-io̍k |
| mûi-thé－iû-phiò |
| ím-sit－tê gē |
| sió-tiám－iā-chhī-á |
| kiàn-tio̍k－koàn-chhun |
| bûn-hòa oa̍h-tāng－koan-kong kéng-tiám |
| kò͘-bu̍t tiong-sim－pah-hòe kong-si |
| sè-kài ûi-sán chiâm-le̍k tiám |
| le̍k-sú kiàn-tio̍k pah kéng |

 |
|
Gē-su̍t[tián-khui]

|  |
| --- |
| im-ga̍k－bú-tō |
| hì-kio̍k－tiān-sī-kio̍k |
| tiān-iáⁿ－liap-iáⁿ |
| bān-ōe－tōng-ōe |

 |
|
Tē-lí[tián-khui]

|  |
| --- |
| thian-bûn－khì-hāu |
| tē-chit－tē-tāng |
| toān-chân－hóe-soaⁿ |
| seng-thài－làm-á-tē |
| soaⁿ-hong－soaⁿ-me̍h |
| ô͘－chúi-khò͘ |
| hô－un-chôaⁿ |
| tó-sū－hái-hōaⁿ |
| te̍k-iú seng-bu̍t－pó-io̍k bu̍t-chéng |
| kok-ka kong-hn̂g kah pó-hō͘ khu |

 |
|
Le̍k-sú[tián-khui]

|  |
| --- |
| sú chêng sî-kî－Tōa-tō͘ Ông-kok |
| Hô Se Sî-tāi－Bêng-tēⁿ Sî-kî |
| Chheng léng Sî-tāi－Bîn-chú-kok |
| Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi－Chiàn-āu sî-tāi |
| kok hun-lūi le̍k-sú |

 |
| **Tâi-oân chú-tê** |

Che sī **Tâi-oân ê hóe-soaⁿ lia̍t-toaⁿ**.

## Lia̍t-toaⁿ

### Pak-pō͘

#### Tōa-tūn Hóe-soaⁿ Kûn

* Iûⁿ-bêng-soaⁿ
* Biān-thian-san
* Chhit-chhiⁿ-soaⁿ

#### Ke-lâng Hóe-soaⁿ Kûn

* Chháu-niá-soaⁿ
* Ku-soaⁿ-tó
* Ke-lâng-sū
* Mî-hoe-sū
* Phêⁿ-ka-sū
* Hoe-pân-sū

### Se-pō͘

* Phêⁿ-ô͘ Kûn-tó

### Tang-pō͘

* Hái-hōaⁿ Soaⁿ-me̍h
* Le̍k-tó
* Lân-sū

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat

* + Tâi-oân ê hóe-soaⁿ oa̍h-tāng kap hóe-sêng-giâm - Kok-li̍p Chū-jiân Kho-ha̍k Phok-bu̍t-koán
# Sin-tâi-phiò

| Sin-tâi-phiò |
| --- |
| 新臺幣 |
| ISO 4217 |
| Jī-bú tāi-bé | TWD |
| Sò͘-jī tāi-bé | 901 |
| Chí-sò͘ | 2 |
| Gia̍h-bīn |
| pó͘-chō͘ tan-ūi (khah sè) |  |
|  ​1⁄10 | jiǎo |
|  ​1⁄100 | fēn Chí tī kó͘-tu ia̍h thong-hoè kau-e̍k ēng tio̍h, hán-tit ēng |
| ho̍k-sò͘ | Chia hòe-pè miâ-jī ê gí-giân bô ho̍k-sò͘ kap tan-sò͘ ê khu-pia̍t. |
| Kì-hō | NT$, 圓, $ |
| Phian-miâ | Kok-gí: yuán (元), kuài (塊) Tâi-oân-oē: kho͘ (箍) Kheh-ka-gí: ngiùn (銀) |
|  jiǎo | Kok-gí: jiǎo (角), máo (毛) Tâi-oân-oē: kak (角) Kheh-ka-gí: kok (角) |
|  fēn | Kok-gí: fēn (分) Tâi-oân-oē: sián (仙) Kheh-ka-gí: siên (仙) |
| Gîn-phiò |  |
|  tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ ēng | NT$100, NT$500, NT$1000 |
|  hán-tit ēng | NT$200, NT$2000 |
| Gîn-kak-á |  |
|  tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ ēng | NT$1, NT$5, NT$10, NT$50 |
|  hán-tit ēng | 50¢ (discontinued, still legal tender); NT$20 |
| Thóng-kè |
| khai-sí sú-iōng | 1949 nî 6 goe̍h 15 ji̍t​ (1949-06-15)  |
| chhú-tāi | Kū-tâi-phiò |
| Sú-iōng-chiá |  Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok (Tâi-oân) |
| Hoat-hêng |
| Tiong-iong gîn-hâng | Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok Tiong-iong Gîn-hâng |
|  Bāng-chām | www.cbc.gov.tw |
| Ìn-soat-chiá | Tiong-iong Ìn-chè Chhiúⁿ |
|  Bāng-chām | www.cepp.gov.tw |
| Chō-pè-kio̍k | Tiong-iong Chō-pè Chhiúⁿ |
|  Bāng-chām | www.cmc.gov.tw |
| Phêng-kè |
| Thong-hòe phòng-tiòng | 0.85% |
|  Chu-liāu |  2008–2018 |
|  Hong-hoat | CPI 10-nî pêng-kin |

**Sin-tâi-phiò** (新臺票) sī hiān-chú-sî Tâi-ôan sú-iōng ê hòe-pè. Sin-tâi-phiò ê ISO 4217 bé sī **TWD**, phó͘-thong-sî oan-ná iōng **NT$** lâi piáu-sī.

Hoat-hêng gîn-hâng pún-chiâⁿ sī Tâi-oân Gîn-hâng, 1999 nî ōaⁿ-chò Tiong-iong Gîn-hâng.

## Sin-tâi-phiò ê chéng-lūi

* Gîn-phiò
	+ 2000 kho͘
	+ 1000 kho͘
	+ 500 kho͘
	+ 200 kho͘
	+ 100 kho͘

* Gîn-kak-á
	+ 50 kho͘
	+ 20 kho͘
	+ 10 kho͘
	+ 5 kho͘
	+ 1 kho͘
	+ 5 kak

## Hoē-lu̍t

|  taⁿ ê TWD ê hoē-lu̍t |
| --- |
| Google Finance: | AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD |
| Yahoo! Finance: | AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD |
| XE.com: | AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD |
| OANDA: | AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD |
| fxtop.com: | AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD |
# Tâi-oân tiān-iáⁿ

**Tâi-oân tiān-iáⁿ** (hàn-jī: 台灣電影) sī tī Tâi-oân seng-sán kap chè-chok ê tiān-iáⁿ, ùi Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi khai-sí, hām ta̍k-ê sî-tāi ê siā-hōe hoat-tián sek-sek-siong-koan. Tong-kim ê Tâi-oân siā-hoē ū to-goân ê bûn-hoà ki-chhó͘, chū-iû koh hū-iú chhòng-chok-le̍k, só͘-í ē-tàng hō͘ tiān-iáⁿ kang-chok-chiá liông-hó ê chhun-tián bú-tâi, pēng tī Hoâ-gí tiān-iáⁿ ê pán-tô͘ téng hoat-hui it-tēng ê éng-hióng-la̍t.

Tâi-oân kā ka-kī seng-sán ê tiān-iáⁿ hō-chò **Kok-phìⁿ** (國片), iā-chiū-sī kok-sán iáⁿ-phìⁿ ê ì-sù; put-kò chit-khoán kóng-hoat kan-na the̍h-lâi kóng 1945 nî Kok-bîn Chèng-hú chiap-siu Tâi-oân liáu-āu, he̍k-chiá sī 1949 nî lióng-hoāⁿ hun-tī liáu-āu ê Tâi-oân tiān-iáⁿ.

## Chham-khó
# Tâi-oân bûn-ha̍k

**Tâi-oân bûn-ha̍k** ê hoat-chó· it-poaⁿ sī kóng tī Ji̍t-pún si̍t-bîn ê 1920 nî-tāi ê Tâi-oân sin-bûn-ha̍k ūn-tōng. Chit-ê ūn-tōng ê sèng-chit hām thoân-thóng ê kū-bûn-ha̍k khah bô sio-kâng. Tùi Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi sin-bûn-ha̍k ūn-tōng khai-sí, Tâi-oân ê chok-ka tō it-ti̍t kā in kiàn-li̍p--khí-lâi ê bûn-ha̍k hō-chò **Tâi-oân bûn-ha̍k**.

Āu--lâi in-ūi chèng-tī khoân-kéng, tia̍t-pia̍t sī Kok-bîn Chèng-hú thóng-tī Tâi-oân liáu-āu, **Tâi-oân bûn-ha̍k** chit-ê bêng-sû tō it-ti̍t ū cheng-gī, chhin-chhiūⁿ 1970 nî-tāi ê hiong-thó· bûn-ha̍k poâⁿ-oē ê sî, tō ū lâng kāu-chhau-hoân, kóng hiong-thó· bûn-ha̍k kap hun-lī-chú-gī sio-liâm-tì-toà, mā ū lâng kóng hiong-thó· bûn-ha̍k kap Tiong-kok Kiōng-sán-tóng thóng-tī chi-hā ê bûn-ha̍k chhēng kāng niá khò·, sī kang-lông-peng bûn-gē (工農兵文藝), mā koh ū lâng tiâu-tî kā ut-áu, hō-chò "pian-kiong bûn-ha̍k" (邊疆文學).

It-ti̍t kàu 1980 nî-tāi khí-chho·, Tâi-oân ê chok-ka chóng-sǹg sī sêng-kong kā Tâi-oân bûn-ha̍k cheng-chhú-tio̍h tē-ūi, kong-khai thê-chhiòng tī Tâi-oân sán-seng ê bûn-ha̍k tō-sī Tâi-oân bûn-ha̍k. It-lâi-jī-khì, kìⁿ-nā jīn-tông Tâi-oân ê lâng, ēng Tâi-oân-lâng ê koan-tiám, lâi siá-chhut thiàⁿ-thàng Tâi-oân, kap Tâi-oân ū koan-hē ê bûn-ha̍k-chok-phín, lóng ē-sái kìo-chò Tâi-oân bûn-ha̍k.

Nā khoàⁿ Tâi-oân bûn-ha̍k sú-iōng ê bûn-jī, ū Hàn-jī bûn-giân-bûn, Hō-ló, Ji̍t-bûn kap Hoâ-gí téng-téng, ū ê siá Hàn-jī, ū ê ēng lô-má-jī, sam-téng-jī-hō, sǹg sī Tâi-oân bûn-ha̍k ê tia̍t-sek.

Nā tùi le̍k-sú lâi khoàⁿ, Tâi-oân bûn-ha̍k sī khah-òaⁿ hoat-chó· ê bûn-ha̍k, kap sian-chìn kok-ka pí--khí-lâi, m̄-nā pí Ji̍t-pún bān khí-kiâⁿ chin-chē, sīm-chì mā pí Tiong-kok Ngó-sù ūn-tōng ê sin-bûn-ha̍k khah-bān kúi-nā tang. In-ūi Tâi-oân bûn-ha̍k hoat-chó· khah-oàⁿ, só·-í chū-jiân tō kè-sêng kî-thaⁿ bûn-ha̍k ê sèng-chit kap sêng-chek, Au-chiu kap Bí-kok bûn-ha̍k tùi i ū éng-hióng, Ji̍t-pún kap Tiong-kok bûn-ha̍k mā tùi i ū chin-chē éng-hióng.

Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi, Loā-hô (賴和) kā Tâi-oân bûn-ha̍k hō-chò "sè-kài-chú-gī ē-kha ê Tâi-oân sin-bûn-ha̍k", nā chit-ê sî-tāi ê chok-ka Chiong Tiāu-chèng (鍾肇政, Kheh-gí: Chûng Seu-chṳn) sī kóng: "Tâi-oân bûn-ha̍k sī Tâi-oân pún-thó· ê bûn-ha̍k, sī Tâi-oân lâng ê bûn-ha̍k, sī sè-kài bûn-ha̍k ê 1-ki."

## Siang-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ

* Kok-ka Tâi-oân Bûn-ha̍k-koán
# Hàn Pêng-tè

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Hàn Pêng-tè 漢平帝 |  |

 |
| *Hàn-tiâu ê hông-tè* |
| Hàn-tiâu ê hông-tè |
| Chāi-ūi | chiân 1 nî – āu 6 nî |
| Chêng-jīm | Hàn Ai-tè |
| Kè-jīm | Lâu Eng |
|  |
|

| Choân-miâ |
| --- |
| Lâu Khàn (劉衎) |
| Sē-hō |
| Hàu Pêng Hông-tè (孝平皇帝) |

 |
| Chhut-sì | chiân 9 nî |
| Kòe-sin | āu 6 nî 2 goe̍h 3 ji̍t (15 hòe) |

**Hàn Pêng-tè** (漢平帝, chiân 9 nî  – 6 nî 2 goe̍h 3 ji̍t), miâ **Lâu Khàn**, sī Hàn-tiâu ê tē 14 tāi hông-tè, chiân 1 nî kàu āu 6 nî chāi-ūi.
# Chèng-tī-thé

**Chèng-tī-thé** (Eng-gí: *polity*) sī chí koh khoán chèng-tī si̍t-thé (*political entity*), sī chi̍t kûn jîn-bîn keng-kòe sin-hūn, chu-goân ê tōng-goân, kap chè-tō͘-hòa ê kai-chân lâi cho͘-chit ê chi̍p-thé liân-ha̍p.
# Lî-mūi Bóng-lióng

Lî-mūi kap Bóng-lióng
**Lî-mūi Bóng-lióng** (魑魅魍魎) sī Tiong-kok kó͘-chá thoân-soat tiong, tī soaⁿ-khu hāi lâng ê koài-bu̍t. Lî-mūi (魑魅) kap Bóng-lióng (魍魎) kî-si̍t sī bô-kāng ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ.
# Sèng-hùn

**Sèng-hùn** (聖訓) hia̍k **Hadith** (A-la-pek-gí: الحدیث‎) hia̍k **Athar** (A-la-pek-gí: أثر‎), sī I-su-lân sian-ti Muhammad ê giân-hêng.

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat

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