Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Slav gú-cho̍k

Kok chióng Slav gú-cho̍k ê hun-pò͘ chêng-hêng.
**Slav gú-cho̍k** (Eng-gí: *Slavic languages*) sī Slav Lâng ê chē-chē khoán giân-gú, sio̍k Ìn-au giân-gú ê chi̍t hūn-chú, tōa-hūn ê sú-iōng-chiá tī Tang-au, Tiong-au, Lō͘-se-a kap Balkan Poàn-tó.

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat

**Slav gú-cho̍k**
# Graphite

**Graphite** sī 1-thò jī-hêng oē-chè ê ki-su̍t. 1997 nî SIL International khai-sí hoat-tián chit-ê ki-su̍t. Graphite ê bo̍k-tek sī beh siat-kè 1-thò sek-ha̍p chhú-lí kap hián-sī bûn-jī hē-thóng tiong su-iàu ê ho̍k-cha̍p hêng-ûi, pí-lūn kóng (lē):

* Liân-jī
* Cho͘-ha̍p phiat-im hû-hō
* t.t.

Tī 2002 nî, SIL International siat-kè chhut Graphite ki-su̍t ê goân-sú thêng-sū. Graphite kái-chò 1-ê chū-iû/khai-hòng nńg-thé kè-oē. Miâ-kiò **SILGraphite**.

SILA Archived 2012-10-20 at the Wayback Machine. sī 1 ê chhì-giām-sèng ê Mozilla liû-lám-khì, ū châi-tiāu lī-iōng Graphite ê oē-chè gí-giân (Graphite Description Language) hián-sī chhut ho̍k-cha̍p ê bûn-jī.

## Chi-gôan Graphite jī-hêng ki-su̍t ê nńg-thé

* Chi-gôan Graphite2 ê Firefox kap Thunderbird (Windows, OS X kap Linux pán)
* Chi-gôan SILGraphite ê Apache OpenOffice (Windows, Linux pán)
* Chi-gôan SILGraphite ê LibreOffice (Windows, OS X kap Linux pán)
* Chi-gôan Graphite2 ê XeTeX (Windows, OS X kap Linux pán)

## Chi-gôan SILGraphite jī-hêng ki-su̍t ê jī-hêng

* Adinatha Tamil Brahmi
* Abyssinica SIL
* Andika
* Annapurna
* Charis SIL
* Dai Banna SIL Book
* Dai Banna SIL Light
* Doulos SIL
* Fedorovsk Unicode
* FreeSerifTW
* Gentium Plus
* Krishna Tamil
* Linux Libertine G
* Menaion Unicode
* Miao Unicode
* Monomakh Unicode
* Padauk
* Ponomar Unicode
* Scheherazade
* Sophia Nubian
* Tuladha Jejeg

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat

* SIL ê Graphite bāng-ia̍h
* Sourceforge téng ê SILGraphite thaû-ia̍h
* Palaso Projects téng ê Graphite2 thaû-ia̍h Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine.
# İ (i)

| İ (i) |
| --- |
| İ i |
|  |
| Sú-iōng huat |
| Su-siá hē-thóng | Lating jī-bió |
| Luī-hîng | Jī-bió |
| Gú-gên khí-guân | Tulkigí |
| Gú-im sú-iōng | [i] [j] [ɪj] [əj] |
| Unicode bé-uī | `U+0130, U+0069` |
| Li̍k-sú |
| Huat-tén |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|

|  |
| --- |
|  |

 |

* + - * + - Ιι
						* 𐌉
							+ I i
								- **İ i**
 |
| Sî-kan tuāñ-lo̍h | 1928 kàu bo̍k-tsên |
| Tsí-muē gú-bió | I ı |
| Kî-thañ |
|

Uì türkiye-gú huan-i̍k tsiâñ-tsò pholân-gí ê sî-tsūn, kā ū tiám ê *İ* hián-sī tsò bô tiám ê *I* hit-tang-tsūn tshut-tshò.
**İ** (İ i, Ing-gí: dotted I, ia̍h-sī i-siōng-kù-tiám) teh türkiye jī-bió lāi-té, ū nn̄g-tsióng bô-kâng ê /İ/ jī-bó; hun-pe̍t sī jī-bió tíng-kuân ū tsah tiám hām bô tsah tiám e̊. Tû-liáu türk-gí í-guā, koh-ū azerbaijan-gí, crimea tatar gú, kazakh-gú, salar-gú, hām tatar-gú tīng-tīng gú-giân mā lóng sú-iōng tsit-ê jī-bió.

## Im-ti̍k

**İ/i** jī-bió thong-siông ê Im-ti̍k sī iōng-lâi piáu-sī pì tsîng put uân-tûn bió-im /i/. Tuā-siá hām sió-siá ê jī-bió tíng-kuân lóng tsah tiám.

Sī-lē：İstanbul (İstanbul ê phing-huat si-iōng **i** im, m̄-sī iōng **ı** im lâi khai-sí e̊.)

## Kè-sǹg tāi-bé

| Jī-hû | İ | i |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Unicode bîng-tshing** | LATING TUĀ-SIÁ JĪ-BIÓ I TÍNG-KUÂN KA TIÁM | LATING SIÓ-SIÁ JĪ-BIÓ I |
| Pen-bé | 10 tsìn-tsè | 16 tsìn-tsè | 10 tsìn-tsè | 16 tsìn-tsè |
| Unicode | 304 | U+0130 | 105 | U+0069 |
| UTF-8 | 196 176
  | C4 B0 | 105
  | 69 |
| Jī-hû tī ín-iōng | &#304; | &#x130; | &#105; | &#x69; |
| ISO 8859-9 | 221 0 | DD | 105 0 | 69 |
| ISO 8859-3 | 169 0 | A9 | 105 0 | 69 |

## Jī-hû pen-bé

| Hîng-sik | Jī-bió | Jī-hû ket-kòo | 16 tsìn-tsè tāi-bé | Suat-bîng |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Tuā-siá | **İ** | İU+0130 | `U+0130` | Lating tuā-siá jī-bió İ |
| Sió-siá | **i** | iU+0069 | `U+0069` | Lating sió-siá jī-bió i |

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t

* siōng kù-tiám (point suscrit/上句點)
* crimea tatar gú (Crimean Tatar language)

## Guā-pōo lên-ket

* İ on the website Scriptsource.org(Eng-gí)
* i on the website Scriptsource.org(Eng-gí)
* Latin Extended-A; Range: 0100–017FArchived 2016-11-06 at the Wayback Machine.
* Tex Texin, Internationalization for Turkish: Dotted and Dotless Letter "I", retrievd 2022-02-14.
# Ìn-tō͘ Aryan gí-ki

| Ìn-tō͘ Aryan gí-ki |
| --- |
| Ìn-tō͘ gí-ki |
| Tē-lí hun-pò͘ | Lâm A-chiu |
| Gí-hē hun-lūi | Ìn-Au gí-hē* Ìn-tō͘ Iran gí-cho̍k
	+ **Ìn-tō͘ Aryan gí-ki**
 |
| Hun-chi | * Pak Ìn-tō͘ tē-khu
* Sai-pak Ìn-tō͘ tē-khu
* Tiong Ìn-tō͘ tē-khu
* Tang Ìn-tō͘ tē-khu
* Hái-tó tē-khu
* Lâm Ìn-tō͘ tē-khu
 |
| ISO 639-5 | `inc` |
| Linguasphere | `59= (phylozone)` |
| Ìn-tō͘ Aryan giân-gú ê chú-iàu tē-lí hun-pò͘ |

**Ìn-tō͘ Aryan gí-ki** (Eng-gí: Indo-Aryan languages) sī Ìn-tō͘ Iran gí-cho̍k ê hun-ki, sio̍k-î Ìn-Au gí-hē ê chi̍t pō͘-hūn, hun-pò͘ tī-teh Ìn-tō͘, Pakistan, Nî-pô-lô kap Sri Lanka. Sī Aryan-lâng tī se-goân-chêng 20 sè-kí chah kàu Lâm A-chiu lâi ê giân-gú; hiān-tāi lán kā sú-iōng Ìn-tō͘ Aryan gí-giân ê cho̍k-kûn hō-chò Ìn-tō͘ Aryan-lâng. Chit-ê gí-ki lāi-té ê giân-gú chhiau-kòe 200 khoán. Thong-sè-kài tāi-iok ū 8 ek lâng ê bú-gú sio̍k-î Ìn-tō͘ Aryan gí-ki.

## Ín-iōng
# Česko-gí

| Česko-gí |
| --- |
| čeština, český jazyk |
| Goân-chū kok-ka | Česko |
| Bîn-cho̍k | Česko-lâng |
| bú-gí sú-iōng-chiá | 10,670,000 (2015) |
| Gí-hē | Ìn-Au gí-hē
* Balto-Slavic
	+ Slav gú-cho̍k
		- Sai Slav gú-cho̍k
			* Czech–Slovak
				+ **Česko-gí**
 |
| Hong-giân | * Bohemian
* Central Moravian
* Eastern Moravian
* Lach
 |
| Bûn-jī hē-thóng | Lô-má-jī |
| Koaⁿ-hong tē-ūi |
| Koaⁿ-hong gí-giân | * Česko
* Au-chiu Liân-bêng
 |
| Sêng-jīn ê chió-sò͘ gí-giân | * Ò-tē-lī
* Bosnia kap Herzegovina
* Croatia
* Pho-lân
* Romania
* Slovakia
 |
| Gí-giân tāi-bé |
| ISO 639-1 | `cs` |
| ISO 639-2 | `cze (B)` `ces (T)` |
| ISO 639-3 | `ces` |
| Glottolog | `czec1258` |
| Linguasphere | `53-AAA-da < 53-AAA-b...-d (varieties: 53-AAA-daa to 53-AAA-dam)` |
| IETF | `cs` |
|   Česko-gí |
|

**Česko-gí** (*čeština*, ho͘-im: [ˈt͡ʃɛʃcɪna]) sī chi̍t khoán Slav gí-giân, ū tāi-iok 12,000,000 ê chāi-tē sú-iōng-chiá, sī Česko kap Česko-lâng ê chú-iàu gí-giân.

Česko-gí kap Slovakia-gí ē-sái sio-thong, kap Pho-lân-gí mā ū chi̍t-kóa sio-siâng.

## Tsù-kái
# と

| Katakana |
| --- |
|  |  | k | s | t | n | h | m | y | r | w |  |
| a | ア | カ | サ | タ | ナ | ハ | マ | ヤ | ラ | ワ |  |
| i | イ | キ | シ | チ | ニ | ヒ | ミ |  | リ | (ヰ) |  |
| u | ウ | ク | ス | ツ | ヌ | フ | ム | ユ | ル |  | ン |
| e | エ | ケ | セ | テ | ネ | ヘ | メ |  | レ | (ヱ) |  |
| o | オ | コ | ソ | ト | ノ | ホ | モ | ヨ | ロ | ヲ |  |

| Hiragana |
| --- |
|  |  | k | s | t | n | h | m | y | r | w |  |
| a | あ | か | さ | た | な | は | ま | や | ら | わ |  |
| i | い | き | し | ち | に | ひ | み |  | り | (ゐ) |  |
| u | う | く | す | つ | ぬ | ふ | む | ゆ | る |  | ん |
| e | え | け | せ | て | ね | へ | め |  | れ | (ゑ) |
| o | お | こ | そ | と | の | ほ | も | よ | ろ | を |

Hiragana ê **と** kap katakana ê **ト**, sī Ji̍t-pún bûn-jī ê kana, Lô-má-jī (kunrei-sek) ēng **to** lâi piáu-sī. と/ト tī it-poaⁿ ê gō͘-cha̍p-im piáu lāi-té pâi tī tē-20-ê.

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Hiragana | Katakana |
# し

| Katakana |
| --- |
|  |  | k | s | t | n | h | m | y | r | w |  |
| a | ア | カ | サ | タ | ナ | ハ | マ | ヤ | ラ | ワ |  |
| i | イ | キ | シ | チ | ニ | ヒ | ミ |  | リ | (ヰ) |  |
| u | ウ | ク | ス | ツ | ヌ | フ | ム | ユ | ル |  | ン |
| e | エ | ケ | セ | テ | ネ | ヘ | メ |  | レ | (ヱ) |  |
| o | オ | コ | ソ | ト | ノ | ホ | モ | ヨ | ロ | ヲ |  |

| Hiragana |
| --- |
|  |  | k | s | t | n | h | m | y | r | w |  |
| a | あ | か | さ | た | な | は | ま | や | ら | わ |  |
| i | い | き | し | ち | に | ひ | み |  | り | (ゐ) |  |
| u | う | く | す | つ | ぬ | ふ | む | ゆ | る |  | ん |
| e | え | け | せ | て | ね | へ | め |  | れ | (ゑ) |
| o | お | こ | そ | と | の | ほ | も | よ | ろ | を |

Hiragana ê **し** kap katakana ê **シ**, sī Ji̍t-pún bûn-jī ê kana, Lô-má-jī (kunrei-sek) ēng **si** (**shi**) lâi piáu-sī. し/シ tī it-poaⁿ ê gō͘-cha̍p-im piáu lāi-té pâi tī tē-12-ê.

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Hiragana | Katakana |
# す

| Katakana |
| --- |
|  |  | k | s | t | n | h | m | y | r | w |  |
| a | ア | カ | サ | タ | ナ | ハ | マ | ヤ | ラ | ワ |  |
| i | イ | キ | シ | チ | ニ | ヒ | ミ |  | リ | (ヰ) |  |
| u | ウ | ク | ス | ツ | ヌ | フ | ム | ユ | ル |  | ン |
| e | エ | ケ | セ | テ | ネ | ヘ | メ |  | レ | (ヱ) |  |
| o | オ | コ | ソ | ト | ノ | ホ | モ | ヨ | ロ | ヲ |  |

| Hiragana |
| --- |
|  |  | k | s | t | n | h | m | y | r | w |  |
| a | あ | か | さ | た | な | は | ま | や | ら | わ |  |
| i | い | き | し | ち | に | ひ | み |  | り | (ゐ) |  |
| u | う | く | す | つ | ぬ | ふ | む | ゆ | る |  | ん |
| e | え | け | せ | て | ね | へ | め |  | れ | (ゑ) |
| o | お | こ | そ | と | の | ほ | も | よ | ろ | を |

Hiragana ê **す** kap katakana ê **ス**, sī Ji̍t-pún bûn-jī ê kana, Lô-má-jī (kunrei-sek) ēng **su** lâi piáu-sī. す/ス tī it-poaⁿ ê gō͘-cha̍p-im piáu lāi-té pâi tī tē-13-ê.

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Hiragana | Katakana |
# Tn̂g-lâng-ke

Manhattan ê tn̂g-lâng-ke
**Tn̂g-lâng-ke**, he̍k-chiá kiò **Tiong-kok-siâⁿ** (中國城), sī tī Hôa-jîn tē-khu í-gōa ê kok-ka kéng-lāi, Hôa-kiâu jîn-sū tòa chò-hóe ê só͘-chāi. Tn̂g-lâng-ke kî-si̍t bô-it-tēng sī chi̍t tiâu ke, i-ê hoān-ûi khó-lêng koh-khah khoah. Tn̂g-lâng-ke in-ūi le̍k-sú ê in-sò͘ ia̍h-sī te̍k-sû ê kok-chêng, tī Tang-a, Tang-lâm-a, Ò-tāi-lī-a kap Pak Bí-chiu hui-siông chia̍p-khòaiⁿ. Tn̂g-lâng-ke siāng chá tī 19 sè-kí ê Bí-kok kap Ka-ná-tāi hêng-sêng.
# Tâi-oân gōa-séng-lâng

**Tâi-oân goā-séng-lâng**, **A-soaⁿ-á** (阿山仔), iā hō choè **tn̂g-soaⁿ-á** (唐山仔) kap **goā-síng-á** (外省仔), sī tī 1945 nî 8 goe̍h Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok chiông Ji̍t-pún chiap-siu Tâi-oân í-āu î-bîn kàu Tâi-oân lâi ê Tiong-kok tāi-lio̍k lâng kap in ê āu-tāi. In chin chē sī kin-toè Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok chìng-hú tâng-chê lâi Tâi-oân ê.

## Koh khoàⁿ

* Poàⁿ-soaⁿ-á
# Pazeh-cho̍k

**Pazeh-cho̍k** sī Tâi-oân ê goân-chū-bîn chi̍t cho̍k, chit-má chú-iàu tòa tī Po͘-lí tē-hng, sǹg sī thoân-thóng siōng kóng ê Pêⁿ-po͘-cho̍k chi̍t hūn-chú.

## Siong-koan

* Kaxabu-cho̍k
# Goân-chū bîn-cho̍k tē-khu

Soaⁿ-tē goân-chū bîn-cho̍k tē-khu
 Pêⁿ-tē goân-chū bîn-cho̍k tē-khu
**Goân-chū bîn-cho̍k tē-khu** (原住民族地區) sī Tâi-oân Goân-chū Bîn-cho̍k Úi-oân-hōe só͘ chí-tēng ê Tâi-oân goân-chū bîn-cho̍k ê thoân-thóng seng-oa̍h tē-khu, ū goân-chū bîn-cho̍k ê le̍k-sú ian-goân kap bûn-hòa te̍k-sek. Taⁿ í-keng he̍k-tēng ê tē-khu ū 24 ê soaⁿ-tē-hiong, 6 ê Ti̍t-hat-chhī soaⁿ-tē goân-chū-bîn khu kap 25 ê pêⁿ-tē goân-chū-bîn-hiong (tìn, chhī), chóng-kiōng 55 ê hiong (tìn, chhī, khu).
# Tô͘-su-koán

Tiong-kok Kok-ka Tô͘-su-koán.
**Tô͘-su-koán** sī chi̍t chióng kā chu-liāu siu-chi̍p, chéng-lí, tîn-liat liáu-āu hō͘ lâng lī-iōng ê tiûⁿ-só͘. Nā khah thoân-thóng lâi kóng, tô͘-su-koán tio̍h sī choan-bûn siu-khǹg kap chhut-chioh chheh ê só͘-chāi.
# A-la-pek-gí ê hong-giân

A-la-pek-gí tī A-la-pek sè-kài ê hong-giân hun-pò͘.
Sio̍k Samit gí-giân ê **A-la-pek-gí** tī kok tē ū chin chē bô-kâng ê hong-giân kap piàn-hoà. Tī A-la-pek sè-kài thong-hêng chi̍t khoán Kó͘-tián A-la-pek-gí, ia̍h sī Phiau-chún A-la-pek-gí, sī it-poaⁿ bûn-ha̍k sú-ēng ê gí-giân; lēng-goā tī kok tē mā ū ka-tī chāi-tē ê A-la-pek-gí.

## Hun-lūi

### Sai A-la-pek-gí cho̍k

* Iberia kûn
* Maghrib kûn
* Sicilia-Malta kûn
* Badawī kûn

### Tang A-la-pek-gí cho̍k

* Nil kûn
* Levant kûn
* Mesopotamia kûn
* A-la-pek kûn
# Sin La-teng-gí

**Sin La-teng-gí** (La-teng-gí: *Lingua Latina temporis humanistici*) sī tī Bûn-gē Ho̍k-heng liáu-āu kàu 20 sè-kí chêng ê chit tōaⁿ sî-kî, ha̍k-chiá kap kho-ha̍k bûn-hiàn só͘ sú-iōng ê La-teng-bûn. Tī Bûn-gē Ho̍k-heng sî-kî, La-teng-gí chok-ka in-ūi put-boán tiong-kó͘ La-teng-gí thoat-lī kó͘-tián La-teng-gí hoat-tián, só͘-í ēng kó͘-tián La-teng-gí ê khoán-sek, hoat-tián chhut "Sin La-teng-gí".
# Kó͘ Hoat-gí

**Kó͘ Hoat-gí** sī Hoat-kok pak-pō͘ chū 8 sè-kí chì 14 sè-kí kî-kan liû-thong ê giân-gí. Tī 14 sè-kí ê sî-chūn, hia ê hong-giân pìⁿ chò chi̍t cho͘ hō chò *langue d'oïl* ê ōe, kap lâm-pêng ê *langue d'oc* bô kâng. 14-sè-kí tiong-kî sī Kó͘ Hoat-gí choân-piàⁿ chò Tiong-kó͘ Hoat-gí ê sî-tāi.
# Livonia-gí

1573-nî Livonia-gí ê hun-pò͘ khu.
**Livonia-gí** (līvõ kēļ) sio̍k-î Ural Gí-hē ê Baltic-Finnic Gí-chi. Chit-sī chi̍t-chióng chí-ū tuā-iok 35 ê lâng, kî-tiong ū cha̍p-lâng ē-táng lâu-lī sái-iōng ê gí-giân. I kah Estonia-gí ê kuan-hē cha̍p-hūn kín-bi̍t. Livonia-lâng ê kò͘-hiong tī Latvia Kurland puàⁿ-tó pak-pō͘ ê Livonia. Chi̍t-kuá Livonia-lâng chiànn-tsāi ha̍k-si̍p Livonia-gí, tān-sī in chí-sī Livonia-lâng ê chi̍t-sió pō͘-hūn, sú-iōng Livonia-gí ê ki-huē sī iú-hān ê.
Livonia jī-bú sī iû Latvia-gí jī-bú lah Estonia-gí jī-bú hūn-ha̍p hîng-sîng ê.

Livonia jī-bú ： A/a, Ā/ā, Ä/ä, Ǟ/ǟ, B/b, D/d, Ḑ/ḑ, E/e, Ē/ē, F/f, G/g, H/h, I/i, Ī/ī, J/j, K/k, L/l, Ļ/ļ, M/m, N/n, Ņ/ņ, O/o, Ō/ō, Õ/õ, P/p, R/r, Ŗ/ŗ, S/s, Š/š, T/t, Ț/ț, U/u, Ū/ū, V/v, Z/z, Ž/ž

## Siông-iōng té-gí

Lí hó !– Tēriņtš!

Gâu-tsá ! - Jõvā ūomõg! / Jõvvõ ūomõgt!

Hó-thiⁿ! - Jõvā pǟva! / Jõvvõ päuvõ!

To-siā ! - Tienū!

Sin-nî khuài-lo̍k! - Vȯndzist Ūdāigastõ!

Sí-bông - kȭlmä

Chi̍t – ikš

Nng – kakš

Sam– kuolm

Sì – nēļa

Gō͘ – vīž

La̍k – kūž

Chhit – seis

Pueh – kōdõks

Káu– īdõks

Cha̍p – kim

## Iōng Livonia-gí siá-chok ê chok-phín

Mustā plagā valsõ

Kubbõ āt tuļ immõr satunnõd mingizt.
Mustā lupāt um vȯrd tutkām jūs.
Nǟlgalizt nīelõb min mȯistõmõt rõkūd
Sigžtūļ käds ikš dadžā ja ūgõb.
Mitikš äb tō ku sa kēratõkst pǟgiñ:
Um jõvīst, až sāina pǟl kēratõd "A".
Võid stalažod arrõ, až sainõ äb sȭita -
Ma vāgiž set kītõb, ku jõvīst tīed sa
Ja tikkiž ja tegīž um lagtõd sin tōmi
Sīest, mis sinnõn tīemõst ja mis sinā võid.
Až suggõbõd suodād ja revolūtsijõd,
Siz nustām sīes pāikal. Pǟdõ ka mēg.
Až nai ikškõrd vāldiž ka mäddõn tīeb sillõ.
Īezõ palābõd sīlmad, kus pīegiļtiz irm.
Siz grumā touvõd mäd' āndabõd villõ
Ja kõzzist pīkstõbõd pimdõd joud.
Ni īdskubs himnõ mēg lōlam īe pierrõ,
Sīest mēḑi ta kāitsõb ja sīnda ka tōks.
Sīest lōlam mēg: "Julgizt ni, veļīd, tīe jūrõ!"
Täuds sidāms oppõrmīel põrāndõks.
Leb Valst āigastsadā võilõb se kāngaz,
Mustā ku loptõmõt mōīlmarūim.
Kuñš īebõd pandõkst, kūoḑõd ja kuodād,
Täddõn nagrõs muidlõb kūolõn pǟlū.
Lyrics by Tõnu Trubetsky

## Chham-siông

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
# Si̍t-bîn-chú-gī

1898
**Si̍t-bîn chú-gī** (殖民主義) ê tēng-gī sī : kiông-kok khò bú-le̍k a̍h-sī keng-chè le̍k-liōng, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ tùi kok-le̍k khah nńg-chiáⁿ ê kok-ka a̍h-sī tē-khu chìn-hêng ap-pek, thóng-tī, khau-pak he̍k-chiá bôa-sái (Hôa-gí:奴役) ê chèng-chhek.

## Si̍t-bîn chú-gī chèng-chhek ê chhiú-tōaⁿ

Si̍t-bîn chú-gī thong-siông thé-hiān tī **hái-gōa î-bîn, chu-pún su-chhut, siong-phín kheng-siau, khau-pak gôan-liāu kah bóe-bōe lô͘-lē** chit-kúi-ê hong-bīn. Si̍t-bîn chú-gī kok-ka óng-óng tī-leh to̍at-chhú si̍t-bîn-tē liáu-āu, tiàm hia jīn-bēng chóng-tok chìn-hêng thóng-tī kah kóan-lí, pau-koat tīn-ap tng-tē it-chhè ê kek-bēng hêng-tōng.

## Si̍t-bîn chú-gī ê bô-bóe-lō͘

**Sè-kài si̍t-bîn chú-gī thé-hē** keng-kòe tē-it-chhù sè-kài tāi-chiàn liáu-āu khái-sí chhut-hiān khōng-kha-khiàu ê hiān-siōng, kàu-kah tē-jī-chhù sè-kài tāi-chiàn liáu-āu í-keng ki-pún pang-soaⁿ. Hit-tong-sî, chin chōe A-chiu kah Hui-chiu kok-ka sio-liân-sòa he̍k-tit tok-li̍p ê tē-ūi, chí-ū chió-sò͘ kok-ka kah tē-khu kàu-taⁿ iu-gôan bô pái-thoat si̍t-bîn chú-gī ê thóng-tī.

## Si̍t-hêng kòe si̍t-bîn chú-gī chèng-chhek ê kok-ka

* Eng-kok
* Bí-kok
* Tek-kok
* Ji̍t-pún
* Gô-lô-su
* Hoat-kok
* Lô-má Tè-kok
# Kong-lí

**Kong-lí**, Tâi-oân mā ū kóng **khí-lo·h** (Ji̍t-pún-gí: キロ *kiro*), kì-chò **km**, sī tn̂g-tō· ê Kok-chè Tan-ūi Hē-thóng (SI tan-ūi).

## Tan-ūi Ōaⁿ-sǹg

1 km siong-tong sī:

* 1,000 kong-chhioh (m)
* 0.621 eng-lí (mile)
* 1,094 bā (yard)
* 3,281 eng-chhioh (ft)

## Chù-kha
# Tâi-oân-kun

Tâi-oân-kun Su-lēng-pō͘.
**Tâi-oân-kun**(臺灣軍) sī Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi ê Tâi-oân pō͘-tūi, iû Tâi-oân-kun Su-lēng-koaⁿ(臺灣軍司令官) tài-niá.

1919 nî, Tâi-oân-kun chèng-sek sêng-kun, i ê chiân-sin sī Tâi-oân Siú-pī-tūi(臺灣守備隊).

### Siong-koan

* Tâi-oân-kun no Uta
# Kang-gia̍p Kek-bēng

1840 nî ê Manchester, mî-hoe kang-tiûⁿ moá-moá-sī, ū "*Cottonopolis*" (Mî-hoe Siâⁿ-chhī) ê chheng-hō.
**Kang-gia̍p Kek-bēng**, ia̍h **Sán-gia̍p Kek-bēng**, sī 18 kàu 19 sè-kí tùi Eng-kok khai-sí ê lông-gia̍p, chè-chō-gia̍p, khòng-gia̍p, ūn-su-gia̍p ê kek-sin. Tī chit-ê sî-kî, siā-hōe keng-chè kap bûn-hòa ū chin-toā ê piàn-tōng.

Kang-gia̍p Kek-bēng siōng-sè hoat-seng ê sî-kan tāi-iok sī 1760 nî kàu 1840 nî kî-kan, kî-tiong pau-koat ki-hâi, hòa-ha̍k chè-chō kap chè-thih kòe-têng ê seng-sán hong-sek choán-piàn. Tùi chúi-le̍k ê lī-ēng hāu-lu̍t chin-ka, cheng-khì-la̍t sú-iōng ê mā ke-khah phó͘-phiàn.

Mûi-thòaⁿ chāi chit tōaⁿ sî-kî chiām-chiām chhú-tāi bo̍k-chhâi kap kî-tha thoân-thóng jiân-liāu. Í chiū-gia̍p lâi kóng, chit-chō-gia̍p tī hit-tong-sî chin phó-phiàn, mā sī chá-kî hiān-tāi-hòa seng-sán ê tāi-piáu.
# Punjab Séng

Punjab Séng tī Pakistan ê ūi-tì
**Punjab** (Urdu-gí: پنجاب‎) sī Pakistan ê chi̍t ê séng, hú-siâⁿ tī Lahore.

## Hêng-chèng-khu

* Bahawalpur Khu-he̍k
* Dera Ghazi Khan Khu-he̍k
* Faisalabad Khu-he̍k
* Gujranwala Khu-he̍k
* Gujrat Khu-he̍k
* Lahore Khu-he̍k
* Multan Khu-he̍k
* Rawalpindi Khu-he̍k
* Sahiwal Khu-he̍k
* Sargodha Khu-he̍k

## Koh khoàⁿ

* Punjab
# Thé-io̍k

*Chia kài-siāu sin-thé oa̍h-tāng ê kàu-io̍k, it-poaⁿ chhau-liān khòaⁿ "liān-sin-thé", ūn-tōng sū-gia̍p khòaⁿ "su-pó͘-chuh".*

**Thé-io̍k** sī kàu-io̍k hē-thóng ê sin-thé oa̍h-tāng kho-bo̍k, choân-bûn tī lâng sin-thé ê ūn-tōng, kiān-khong kap siong-koan ê tì-sek.
# Kok-ka lia̍t-toaⁿ

Pún lia̍t-toaⁿ sī àn-chiàu Lô-má jī-bó pâi--ê kok-ka lia̍t-toaⁿ.

## A

* A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok
* Abkhazia
* Afghanistan
* Ai-ki̍p
* Ài-ní-lân
* Albania
* Algeria
* Andorra
* Angola
* Antigua kap Barbuda
* Argentina
* Armenia
* Artsakh
* Azerbaijan

## B

* Bahamas
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Barbados
* Be̍k-se-ko
* Belarus
* Belize
* Benin
* Bhutan
* Bí-kok
* Bolivia
* Bông-kó͘
* Bosna kap Hercegovina
* Botswana
* Bulgaria
* Bûn-lâi
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi

## C

* Cabo Verde
* Cameroon
* Canada
* Chesko
* Chad
* Chhiah-tō Guinea
* Chile
* Colombia
* Comoros
* Congo Bîn-chú Kiōng-hô-kok
* Congo Kiōng-hô-kok
* Costa Rica
* Côte d'Ivoire
* Croatia
* Cuba

## D

* Djibouti
* Dominica
* Dominica Kiōng-hô-kok

## E

* Ecuador
* El Salvador
* Eritrea
* Estonia
* Eswatini
* Ethiopia

## F

* Fiji

## G

* Gabon
* Gambia
* Ghana
* Grenada
* Gruzia
* Guatemala
* Guinea
* Guinea-Bissau
* Guyana

## H

* Haiti
* Hi-lia̍p
* Hoat-kok
* Honduras
* Hông-gâ-lī
* Hui-li̍p-pin
* Hun-lân

## I

* Í-sek-lia̍t
* Í-tāi-lī
* Ìn-nî
* Ìn-tō͘
* Iok-tàn
* Iran
* Iraq

## J

* Jamaica
* Ji̍t-pún

## K

* Kán-po͘-chē
* Kazakhstan
* Kenya
* Kiribati
* Kosovo
* Ku-pí-lō͘
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan

## L

* Lâm-hui-kok
* Lâm Ossetia
* Lâm Sudan
* Latvia
* Lesotho
* Lī-pa-lùn
* Liâu-kok
* Liberia
* Libya
* Liechtenstein
* Lietuva
* Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok
* Lō͘-se-a
* Lo̍k-ui-kok
* Luxembourg

## M

* Madagascar
* Má-lâi-se-a
* Malawi
* Maldives
* Mali
* Malta
* Marshall Kûn-tó
* Mauritania
* Mauritius
* Micronesia Liân-pang
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Morocco
* Mozambique
* Myanmar

## N

* Namibia
* Nauru
* Nepal
* New Zealand
* Nicaragua
* Niger
* Nigeria

## O

* Ò-chiu
* O-lân
* Ò-tē-lī
* Oa̍t-lâm
* Oman

## P

* Pa-se
* Pak Ku-pí-lō͘
* Pak Macedonia
* Pakistan
* Palau
* Palestine
* Panama
* Papua New Guinea
* Paraguay
* Perú
* Pe̍k-ní-gī
* Peng-tó
* Pho-lân
* Phû-tô-gâ

## Q

* Qatar

## R

* Romania
* Rwanda

## S

* Samoa
* Sahrawi A-la-pek Bîn-chú Kiōng-hô-kok
* Saint Kitts kap Nevis
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent kap Grenadines
* San Marino
* São Tomé kap Príncipe
* Saudi A-la-pek
* Se-pan-gâ
* Senegal
* Seychelles
* Serbia
* Sierra Leone
* Sin-ka-pho
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Só͘-lô-bûn Kûn-tó
* Somalia
* Somaliland
* Sri Lanka
* Sudan
* Su-lī-a
* Sūi-se
* Sūi-tián
* Suriname

## T

* Tan-be̍h
* Tāi-hân Bîn-kok
* Tâi-oân
* Tajikistan
* Tang Timor
* Tanzania
* Thài-kok
* Tiâu-sián Bîn-chú-chú-gī Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok
* Tiong-hui Kiōng-hô-kok
* Tiong-kok
* Tek-kok
* Thó͘-ní-kî
* Togo
* Tonga
* Transnistria
* Trinidad kap Tobago
* Tunisia
* Turkmenistan
* Tuvalu

## U

* Uganda
* Ukraina
* Uruguay
* Uzbekistan

## V

* Vanuatu
* Vaticano
* Venezuela

## Y

* Yemen

## Z

* Zambia
* Zimbabwe
# Tiong-kok Te̍k-sek Siā-hoē-chú-gī

**Tiong-kok Te̍k-sek Siā-hoē-chú-gī** sī Tiong-kok Kiōng-sán-tóng kap Tiong-hoâ Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok iōng ê chèng-tī miâ-sû, tī siā-hoē-chú-gī kap kiōng-sán-chú-gī ê lí-lūn ki-chhó͘ ín-ji̍p chu-pún-chú-gī chhī-tiûⁿ keng-chè ê pō͘-hūn kài-liām.

## Koh khoàⁿ

* Kái-kek khai-hòng
* Tēng Siáu-pêng
* Tēng Siáu-pêng Lí-lūn
# Hah-ní-pin-chhī

|  |
| --- |
| **Hah-ní-pin-chhī** |
| —  **Hù-séng-kip siâⁿ-chhī**  — |
| **哈尔滨市** |
| Hah-ní-pin-chhī
 |
| Hah-ní-pin-chhī tī Hek-liông-kang-séng ê ūi-tì ê uī-tìHah-ní-pin-chhī tī Hek-liông-kang-séng ê ūi-tì |
| Hah-ní-pin-chhī |
| Keng-hūi-tō͘: ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Kok-ka
  |  Tiong-kok
 |
| Séng
 | Hek-liông-kang
 |
| Chèng-hú só͘-chāi | Siông-pak-khu |
| **Bīn-chek** |
|  - Lóng-chóng
  | 53,068 km2 |
| **Jîn-kháu** (2010) |
|  - Lóng-chóng | 10,635,971 lâng |
| Sî-khu | Tiong-kok Piau-chún Sî-khu (UTC+8)
  |
| Bāng-chām | www.harbin.gov.cn |

**Hah-ní-pin-chhī** (Hàn-jī: 哈爾濱市; Hàn-gú Pheng-im: Hāěrbīn Shì; Lō͘-se-a-gú: Харби́н/*Kharbin*) a̍h-sī **Harbin-chhī**, sī Tiong-kok Hek-liông-kang-séng ê séng-to͘. Hêng-chèng koán-lí siāng sio̍k tē-kip-chhī kap hù-séng-kip siâⁿ-chhī. 2007 nî ê chóng-jîn-kháu iok-lio̍k 987 bān.

## Hêng-chèng-khu

Hah-ní-pin-chhī ê ē-kha hun-chò 8 ê khu, 3 ê koān-kip-chhī, 7 ê koān.

* Siông-pak-khu (松北區)
* Tō-lí-khu (道里區)
* Lâm-kong-khu (南崗區)
* Tō-goā-khu (道外區)
* Pêng-pông-khu (平房區)
* Hiong-hng-khu (香坊區)
* Ho͘-lân-khu (呼蘭區)
* A-siâⁿ-khu (阿城區)
* Siang-siâⁿ-khu (雙城區)
* Siōng-chì-chhī (尚志市)
* Ngó͘-siông-chhī (五常市)
* I-lân-koān (依蘭縣)
* Hong-chèng-koān (方正縣)
* Pin-koān (賓縣)
* Pa-gān-koān (巴彥縣)
* Bo̍k-lân-koān (木蘭縣)
* Thong-hô-koān (通河縣)
* Iân-siū-koān (延壽縣)
# Khì-kong

**Khì-kong** (氣功) sī Tiong-kok thoân-thóng ê chi̍t khoán tāi-thoè tī-liâu ê bîn-kan liâu-hoat. Khì-kong thàu-koè ho͘-khip, sin-thé ūn-tōng kap ì-sek ê tiâu-chéng, ta̍t-kàu sin-thé kiông-chòng, sin-thé kap sim-lí kiān-khong, tn̂g-siū, khai-hoat chiâm-lêng téng-téng ê bo̍k-te̍k.

## Siong-koan

* Lāi-tan-su̍t
# Lâm Tiong-kok Hái

Lâm Tiong-kok Hái
**Lâm Tiong-kok Hái** (南中國海), mā thang kiò chò **Lâm Chi-ná Hái** (南支那海, 南シナ海), sī Thài-pêng-iûⁿ se-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê hái, tī Tiong-kok Kńg-tang ê lâm-pêng; Hui-li̍p-pin ê se-pêng; Ìn-nî, Tang Má-lâi-se-a kap Bûn-lâi ê pak-pêng; Má-lâi poàn-tó kap Sin-ka-pho ê tang-pak, O̍at-lâm ê tang-pêng, Tâi-oân ê se-lâm.

Lâm Tiong-kok Hái tī Tiong-kok ê miâ hō-chòe **Lâm Hái** (南海), tī O̍at-lâm hō-chòe **Tang Hái** (Biển Đông).
# Chú-khoân kok-ka

**Chú-khoân kok-ka** (主權國家) sī ióng-iú to̍k-li̍p chú-khoân ê to̍k-li̍p kok-ka; sī kok-chè siā-hoē ê ki-pún sêng-goân. I ê thóng-tī kap koán-lí ê khoân-le̍k iû hit ê kok-ka ê jîn-bîn kap chèng-hú ióng-iú, bô siū-tio̍h gōa-kok ê khòng-chè kap éng-hióng.
# Lâm Oa̍t-lâm Kiōng-hô-kok

| Lâm Oa̍t-lâm Kiōng-hô-kok Cộng hòa miền Nam Việt Nam |
| --- |
| 1969 nî–1976 nî |
|
kî-á

bûn-chiong

 |
|  |
| Siú-to͘ | Tây Ninh (1969–1972) Lộc Ninh (1972–1973) Cam Lộ (1973–1975) Saigon (1975–1976) |
| Le̍k-sú sî-kî | Oa̍t-lâm Chiàn-cheng |
|  |
| • Kiàn-li̍p  | 1969 nî  |
| • Pang-hoāi  | 1976 nî  |
|  |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| **í-chêng kok-ka** | **í-āu kok-ka** |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Oa̍t-lâm Kiōng-hô-kok |

 |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Oa̍t-lâm Siā-hōe-chú-gī Kiōng-hô-kok |  |

 |

 |
| Taⁿ siok-tī | Oa̍t-lâm |

**Lâm Oa̍t-lâm Kiōng-hô-kok** (Oa̍t-lâm-gí: *Cộng Hòa Miền Nam Việt Nam*)