Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Jû-ka

**Jû-ka** (儒家, iā ē-sái tha̍k **Lû-ka**) iā hō-choè **Jû-kàu** (儒教), sī Tang-a thuân-thóng ê su-sióng thé-hē, hō͘ ū lâng lia̍h-choè sī chi̍t-chióng chong-kàu.

Jû-ka sī Tiong-kok Chhun-chhiu bóe-kî ê su-sióng-ka Khóng-chú chhòng-li̍p ê.
# Suiko Thian-hông

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Suiko Thian-hông 推古天皇 |  |

 |
|  |
| Ji̍t-pún Thian-hông |
| Chāi-ūi | 592 nî – 628 nî |
| Chêng-jīm | Susyûn Thian-hông |
| Kè-jīm | Zyomei Thian-hông |
|  |
|

| Choân-miâ |
| --- |
| Toyomikekasikiyahime no Sumeraimikoto (豊御食炊屋姫天皇) |

 |
| Chhut-sì | 552 nî |
| Kòe-sin | 628 nî |

**Suiko Thian-hông** (推古天皇, 554 nî  – 628 nî 4 goe̍h 15 ji̍t) sī Ji̍t-pún tē 33 tāi thian-hông, 592 nî kàu 628 nî chāi-ūi. I sī chi̍t ê cha-bó͘ thian-hông.
# Hàn-bûn

| Hàn-bûn |
| --- |
| 漢文/文言/古文 |
| Goân-chū kok-ka | Tiong-kok, Ji̍t-pún, Tiâu-sián, Oa̍t-lâm |
| Era | chiân 5 sè-kí kàu 2 sè-kí; bûn-gí: kàu 20 sè-kí |
| Gí-hē | Hàn-Chōng gí-hē
* Hàn-gí
	+ **Hàn-bûn**
 |
| Bûn-jī hē-thóng | Hàn-jī |
| Koaⁿ-hong tē-ūi |
| Koaⁿ-hong gí-giân |  Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok (Tâi-oân) |
| Gí-giân tāi-bé |
| ISO 639-3 | `lzh` |
| Glottolog | `lite1248` |
| Linguasphere | `79-AAA-aa` |

**Hàn-bûn** (漢文) mā ū kóng **kó͘-bûn** (古文), **bûn-giân-bûn** (文言文), he̍k-chiá **bûn-giân** (文言), sī Tiong-kok ê kó͘-tián bûn-thé, ēng bûn-gí lâi kì sū, kap kháu-gí bô tùi-tâng. Tī Ji̍t-pún, Oa̍t-lâm, Tiâu-sián téng tē, Hàn-bûn mā sī kó͘-chá ê bûn-su hêng-sek. Hiān-tāi tī Tâi-oân ê Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok kok khoán hoat-lu̍t tiâu-bûn kap chèng-hú kong-bûn, oan-ná iáu ū pō͘-hūn bûn-giân ê sèng-chit.

Tī Bân-lam-gú tiong, bûn-giân-bûn ài iōng Hàn-bûn tha̍k-chheh-im tha̍k, á piàn-tiāu ê kui-chek chhām kháu-gí bô-kâng.

## Siong-koan

* Pe̍h-oē-bûn
* Bûn-giân-im
# Heian sî-tāi

Heian-kyô.
**Heian sî-tāi** (平安時代) sī Ji̍t-pún kó͘-chá ê chòe-āu chi̍t ê le̍k-sú sî-tāi. Tùi 794 nî Kanmu Thian-hông kā siú-to͘ tùi Nagaoka-kyô sóa káu Heian-kyô khai-sí, káu 1192 nî Minamoto no Yoritomo kiàn-li̍p Kamakura bō͘-hú uî-chí.
# Phiat-im hû-hō

Lating jī-bió A tsham i-ê hù-ka hû-hō.w

**Phiat-im hû-hō** (撇音符號; hù-ka hû-hō (附加符號), piàn-im hû-hō (變音符號)) sī phiat tī 1-ê ki-chhó· jī-bó bīn-téng ê hû-hō. Siōng phó·-phiàn ê kong-lêng sī kái-piàn ki-chhó· jī-bó ê hoat-im.

## Unicode ê hù-ka hû-hō lia̍t-pió

Unicode Lating jī-bió ê hù-ka hû-hō:

## Guā-pōo lên-ket

* Context of Diacritics | A research project Archived 2014-10-12 at the Wayback Machine.
* Diacritics Project Archived 2018-10-23 at the Wayback Machine.
* Unicode
* Orthographic diacritics and multilingual computing, by J. C. Wells Archived 2009-01-25 at the Wayback Machine.
* Notes on the use of the diacritics, by Markus Lång
* Entering International Characters (in Linux, KDE)
* Standard Character Set for Macintosh PDF at Adobe
# Hoan-e̍k

King Charles V the Wise commissions a translation of Aristotle. First square shows his ordering the translation; second square, the translation being made. Third and fourth squares show the finished translation being brought to, and then presented to, the King.
**Hoan-e̍k** sī kā chi̍t-khoán gí-giân (ia̍h kî-thaⁿ ê sìn-sit) ê ì-sù iōng lēng-gōa chi̍t-khoán gí-giân lâi piáu-sī kap kái-soeh.
# Bān-ia̍p-chi̍p

Guân-li̍k kàu-pún (元暦校本) Bān-ia̍p-chi̍p
Nukata no ōkimi (額田姬王)，Bān-ia̍p-chi̍p tē-it kuàn
**Bān-ia̍p-chi̍p** (万葉集) sī hiān-chûn siōng-kài kó͘-chá ê Ji̍t-bûn si-koa chóng-chi̍p, siu-lo̍k iû 4 sè-kí káu 8 sè-kí ê 4500 gōa siú tn̂g-koa kap té-koa, lóng-chóng jī-cha̍p koàn, àn-chiàu lōe-iông ē-sái hun-chòe cha̍p-koa, siong-bûn kap boán-koa.
# Bûn-ha̍k

**Bûn-ha̍k** sī bó͘-mí-khoán gí-giân, sî-tāi, ia̍h-sī bûn-hoà téng-téng, 1-ê khak-tēng ê kûn-thé siá-chok ê chok-phín chóng-hō-miâ. Tùi thoân-thóng ê kak-tō͘ lâi kóng, bûn-ha̍k hō͘ lán ē-tàng liáu-kái bó͘-chi̍t-tīn lâng (he̍k-sī kóng bîn-cho̍k) ê kè-ta̍t-koan kap hèng-chhù. Chiâⁿ chē lâng kā bûn-ha̍k tòng-chò ha̍k-si̍p pa̍t-hāng bûn-hoà ê siōng-hó ê hong-sek ê chi̍t-chióng.

Bûn-ha̍k mā-sī ū chhúi-sióng ia̍h chhòng-chō-sèng ê siá-chok ê ì-sù, tùi chit-tiám lâi kóng, tō khah káng-kiù bûn-ha̍k ê gē-su̍t kè-ta̍t.

Nā chiàu se-kok ê hun-lūi, it-poaⁿ hun-chò sàn-bûn, hì-kio̍k kap si 3 toā-lūi, sàn-bûn lāi-té, pau-koat siáu-soat kap hui-siáu-soat 2-lūi. Tī bó͘-chi̍t-koá hun-lūi hong-sek--ni̍h, mā kā kháu-thoân--ê sǹg-chāi-lāi, hō-chò kháu-thoân bûn-ha̍k. Lēng-goā mā ū koh-khah iù ê pō͘-lūi, chhin-chhiūⁿ sú-si (*epic*), thoân-soat (*legend*), sîn-oē, bîn-kan koa-iâu (*ballad*), pah-khoán khoán-sek ê kháu-thoân si, kap bîn-kan kò͘-sū téng-téng.
# Bêng-sû

**Bêng-sû** (名詞) sī gí-giân ê chi̍t chióng sû-sèng, sio̍k-î si̍t-sû. Bêng-sû ē-sái sī jîn-bu̍t, bu̍t, tāi-chì, sî-kan, só͘-chāi, chêng-kám iáu-ū khài-liām téng-téng si̍t-thé ia̍h-sī thiu-siōng ê gí-sû. Bêng-sû ē-sái to̍k-li̍p chiâⁿ-chòe chi̍t ê jī-kù. Bêng-sû iā ē-sái iû tāi-bêng-sû lâi thè-ōaⁿ.
# Tōng-sû

**Tōng-sû** (動詞; Eng-gí: *verb*) sī giân-gí lāi-bīn tan-gí ê chi̍t khoán, ia̍h chio̍h sī chi̍t chióng sû-sèng (*part of speech*), piáu-hiàn chi̍t-ê hêng-tōng ê si̍t-hêng, he̍k-chiá sī sū-bu̍t ê hoat-seng, chûn-chāi, kap piàn-tōng.

Tī chin chē giân-gí lāi-bīn, tōng-sû sī khut-chiat--ê, ē kun-kù sî-chè (*tense*), sî-siòng (*aspect*), gí-khùi (*mood*), kap gí-thāi (*voice*) piàn iūⁿ. Lēng-gōa mā ū khó-lêng siū chú-sû he̍k-chiá siū-sû ê jîn-chheng, sèng-pia̍t, kap sò͘-liōng téng in-sò͘ éng-hióng lâi piàn khoán.
# Gōa-lâi-gí (Ji̍t-gí)

**Gōa-lâi-gí** (外来語 *gairaigo*) sī Ji̍t-gí lāi-bīn chioh-ēng-jī ê chi̍t khoán, sī chioh-ēng-jī tang-tiong hàn-lâi jī-sû (ji̍t. 漢語) í-gōa ê pō͘-hūn. Chia-ê jī-sû, chiàu chit-má ê chiàⁿ-jī-hoat, it-poaⁿ ēng katakana piáu-kì.
# Siōng-kó͘ Hàn-gí

Tsiu-tāi kim-bûn
**Siōng-kó͘ Hàn-gí** (上古漢語) sī gí-giân-ha̍k siōng tùi tāi-iok chêng 1200 nî kàu chêng 3 sè-kí kî-kan Hàn-gí ê chheng-ho͘. Gián-kiù jīn-ûi hit-tang-chūn ê Hàn-gí iáu koh ū ho̍k chú-im (chhan-chhiūⁿ "kr-", "pr-").
# Edo sî-tāi

Edo-siâⁿ.
**Edo sî-tāi** (江戸時代 / えどじだい), iū-koh hō-chòe **Tokugawa sî-tāi** (徳川時代), sī chi̍t-ê iû Tokugawa bō͘-hú thóng-tī ê Ji̍t-pún le̍k-sú sî-tāi. Ùi Khèng-tiông 8 nî (1603 nî) khai-sí, Tokugawa Ieyasu chiâⁿ-chòe cheng-î tāi-chiong-kun, tī Kang-hō͘ siat-li̍p bō͘-hú; Khèng-èng 3 nî (1867 nî), Tokugawa Yoshinobu tāi-chèng hōng-hôan liáu-āu kiat-sok, chêng-āu lóng-chóng thóng-tī Ji̍t-pún 264 nî.
# Ji̍t-pún ê Chiàm-niá

| Ji̍t-pún ê Chiàm-niá Occupation of Japan 連合国軍事占領下の日本 Rengōkoku gunji senryō-ka no Nihon |
| --- |
| 1945 nî–1952 nî |
|

kî-á |
| 1. Ji̍t-pún lia̍t-tó (Bí-kok chiàm-niá)
2. Tâi-oân kap Lâm-soa Kûn-tó (Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok chiàm-niá)
3. Sakhalin kap Kuril Kûn-tó (So͘-liân chiàm-niá)
4. Lâm Tiâu-sián (Bí-kok chiàm-niá)
5. Koan-tang Chiu (Kwantung Leased Territory) (So͘-liân chiàm-niá)
6. Pak Tiâu-sián (So͘-liân chiàm-niá)
7. Lâm-iûⁿ Chu-tó (Bí-kok chiàm-niá)
 |
| Tē-ūi | Kun-sū chiàm-niá |
| Le̍k-sú |   |
|  |
| • Ji̍t-pún tâu-hâng  | 1945 nî 8 goe̍h 15 ji̍t |
| • Kū-kim-soaⁿ Tiâu-iok  | 1952 nî 4 goe̍h 28 ji̍t |
|  |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| **í-chêng kok-ka** | **í-āu kok-ka** |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Tāi Ji̍t-pún Tè-kok |

 |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Ji̍t-pún |  |

 |

 |

**Ji̍t-pún ê Chiàm-niá** (Eng-gí: *Occupation of Japan*) sī Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn kiat-sok liáu-āu Tông-bêng-kok sè-le̍k sûi Chòe-ko Sū-lēng-koaⁿ Chiong-kun Douglas MacArthur niá-chhōa tùi Ji̍t-pún ê chiàm-niá khang-khòe. Chiàm-niá ê àm-hō-miâ kiò *Operation Blacklist* ("O͘-miâ-toaⁿ Hêng-tōng"). Chiàm-niá ê hêng-tōng tè-bé sī keng-kòe 1951 nî 9 goe̍h 8 ji̍t chhiam-tēng, 1952 nî 4 goe̍h 28 si̍t-si ê Kū-kim-soaⁿ Tiâu-iok chóng-kiat, kî-tiong chú-iàu khoe-ho̍k liáu Liû-kiû Kûn-tó í-gōa ê Ji̍t-pún chú-khoân.
# Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn

1945 nî, Bí-kok hiòng Ji̍t-pún tàn goân-chú-toâⁿ.
**Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn** (Hàn-jī: 第二次世界大戰, kán-lio̍k: **Jī-chhù Tāi-chiàn**, **Jī-chiàn**) sī 1939 nî kàu 1945 nî, Tông-bêng-kok kap Chhia-sim-kok chi-kan ê choân-kiû chiàn-cheng, sī jîn-lūi le̍k-sú chêng kah taⁿ kui-bô͘ siōng kài tōa, phò-hāi siōng chīn-pōng, sí-siong siōng kài chhi-chhám ê sî-kî. Tng jia̍t ê sî, bat khan-siap tio̍h 70 thóng ê kok-ka. Lio̍k-hái-khong to ū teh kau-chiàn, bóe-chhiú ê sí-bông jîn-sò͘ khah-chē 6-chheng-bān lâng. Tông-bêng-kun chiàn iâⁿ.

Jī-chhù Tāi-chiàn kî-tiong, Ji̍t-pún hoat-khí ê chhim-lio̍k mā kiò Tāi Tang-a Chiàn-cheng; Ji̍t-pún tī ê Thài-pêng-iûⁿ ê chiàn-tiûⁿ mā kiò Thài-pêng-iûⁿ Chiàn-cheng.
# Jī-tô͘

Tī oa̍h-jī ìn-soat lāi-té, **jī-tô·** it-poaⁿ piáu-sī 1-ê jī ê tô·-hêng piáu-teng. M̄-koh, mā khó-lêng sī kúi-nā-ê jī ia̍h-sī jī ê 1-pō·-hūn ê tô·-hêng piáu-teng. Jī sī 1-ê gí-giân kap chiàⁿ-jī-hoat ê bûn-jī tan-ūi. Jī-tô· sī 1-chióng tô· ê tan-ūi. Pí-lūn kóng, 'ffi' sǹg 3-ê jī-bó, m̄-koh, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ kan-na iōng 1-ê jī-tô· lâi piáu-sī. 'a̍' sǹg 1-ê jī, m̄-koh, tī Thong-iōng-bé, su-iàu iōng 2-ê jī-tô· 'a' kap '|' lâi piáu-sī kap chó·-ha̍p.

Iōng '明' chit-ê jī chòe lē. Chit-ê jī 1-poaⁿ kan-na iōng 1-ê jī-tô· lâi ìn-soat. M̄-koh, chit-ê jī ma ē-sài thià-chòe 2-ê jī-tô·, hun-piat sī '日' kap '月'. Iōng chit 2-ê jī-tô· lâi ìn-soat, kó-lêng ē ìn-chhut chhiuⁿ '日月' án-ne ê tô·. Chin phái-khòaⁿ.

M̄-koh, ka '明' thià-chòe 2-ê jī-tô· lâi ìn-soat ū 1-ê hó chhù, chit-ê hó chhù sī án-ne su-iàu ê jī-tô· ē-sài kiám-chió. Tī 1-ê jī iōng 1-ê jī-tô· ê chêng-hêng, beh ìn '日','月','明', su-iàu 3-ê jī-tô·. Na-sī '明' thiàⁿ iōng 2-ê jī-tô· ìn, kan-na su-iàu 2-ê jī-tô·. In-ùi jī-tô· ê sò·-bok it-tèng sī iú-han. Beh iōng chia-ê iú-han ê jī-tô· lâi ìn-soat pí jī-tô· sò·-bok koh khah chē ê jī ê sî, su-iàu ka jī thià-choè 1-ê í-siong ê jī-tô· lâi ìn. Iah tio̍h sī iōng jī-tô· khì chó·-ha̍p (tàu) chhut sin-ê jī.

Beh iōng 2-ê í-siong ê jī-tô· lâi chó·-ha̍p chhut 1-ê jī ê sî. Su iàu iōng 1-kóa ìn-soat ki-su̍t, na bô ìn ê jī ê chhiuⁿ '日月' án-ne phái-khòaⁿ. Pí-lūn kóng, beh iōng '方','土' chit 2-ê jī-tô· ìn-chhut '堃' chit-ê jī, su-iàn ū chhiâu-chhek 2-ê jī-tô· khèng tī chèng-khak ê ūi.

Tiān-náu hián-sī bûn-jī ki-pún-siong iōng sio-siang ê tò-lí. Jī-hêng ki-pún-siong sī jī-tô· ê chi̍p-hap. Iōng 1-ê jī-hêng lâi hiàn-sī bûn-jī ê ì-sù tio̍h-sī iōng chit-ê jī-hêng lâi-té ê jī-tô· lâi ōe-chhut bûn-jī.
# Bûn-pō͘ Kho-ha̍k Séng

**Bûn-pō͘ Kho-ha̍k Séng** (文部科学省; Eng-gí: *Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology* "Kàu-io̍k, Bûn-hòa, Su-pó͘-chuh, Kho-ha̍k kap Ki-su̍t Pō͘") sī Ji̍t-pún ê hêng-chèng ki-koan chi it.

In choan-bûn tī kàu-io̍k, ha̍k-su̍t, su-pó͘-chuh, bûn-hòa, kho-ha̍k kiam ki-su̍t ê koan-hē gia̍p-bū.
# Hi-lia̍p-jī

Hi-lia̍p jī-bó|  |
|

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  Αα  |  Alpha  |  Νν  |  Nu
 |
|  Ββ  |  Beta  |  Ξξ  |  Xi
 |
|  Γγ  |  Gamma  |  Οο  |  Omicron
 |
|  Δδ  |  Delta  |  Ππ  |  Pi
 |
|  Εε  |  Epsilon  |  Ρρ  |  Rho
 |
|  Ζζ  |  Zeta  |  Σσ  |  Sigma
 |
|  Ηη  |  Eta  |  Ττ  |  Tau
 |
|  Θθ  |  Theta  |  Υυ  |  Upsilon
 |
|  Ιι  |  Iota  |  Φφ  |  Phi
 |
|  Κκ  |  Kappa  |  Χχ  |  Chi
 |
|  Λλ  |  Lambda  |  Ψψ  |  Psi
 |
|  Μμ  |  Mu  |  Ωω  |  Omega
 |

 |
| **Thêng-chí sú-iōng ê jī-bó** Ϝ Ϛ Ͱ Ϻ Ϙ Ͳ Ϸ |

**Hi-la̍h Jī-bó** (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο, *Ellinikó Alfávito*) sī chi̍t thò tùi chêng 9 sè-kí tio̍h ū sú-ēng ê Hi-lia̍p-gí bûn-jī. I sī tùi Phoinike bûn-jī só͘ hoat-tián chiâⁿ sêng, ē-tàng kóng sī giān-keh ì-gī siōng chá ê jī-bó hē-thóng. Chiàu Hi-lia̍p jī-bó chò ki-chhó͘, āu-lâi koh hoat-tián chhut La-teng, Kyril, kap Kopto téng bûn-jī. Hiān-sî ê Hi-lia̍p jī-bó ū 24 ê, in kap La-teng jī-bó kâng-khoán hun toā-siá kap sió-siá.
# Pian-bé

**Pian-bé** sī jī ê chi̍p-ha̍p kap lēng-gōa 1-ê chi̍p-ha̍p ê tùi-èng. Lēng-gōa chit-ê chi̍p-ha̍p tiāⁿ-tīaⁿ sī sò·-jī, mā ū khó-lêng sī tiān-chú sìn-hō. Pí-lūn kóng, Morse bé sī 1-chióng Latin-jī kap telegraph key ê tùi-èng; ASCII kā Eng-gí iōng ê Latin-jī, sò·-jī, kap 1-kóa hû-hō tùi-èng kàu chéng-sò· kap chit-ê chéng-sò· ê 7-bit 2-chìn-ūi piáu-sī.

## Tiān-náu

Beh iōng tiān-náu lâi chhú-lí bûn-jī, su-iàu tùi chit-ê bûn-jī chòe pian-bé. Pian-bé ê kòe-têng tī kài-liām téng ē-sái thià-chòe 2 pō-hūn. Tē 1-pō-hūn sī kā chit-ê bûn-jī hē-thóng ê ki-pún tan-ūi (ē-sái sī jī, jī-tô·, kap Grapheme) tùi-èng kàu 1-ê chéng-sò·.

* jī --> chéng-sò·
* jī-tô· --> chéng-sò·
* Grapheme --> chéng-sò·

Tē 2-pō-hūn sī kā chit-ê chéng-sò· tùi-èng kàu 1-ê sek-hap tiān-náu chhú-lí ê 2-chìn-ūi sò·-jī. Siōng kán-tan ê sī iōng chit-ê chéng-sò· ê 2-chìn-ūi piáu-sī. Khah ho̍k-cha̍p ê sī kā chit-ê chéng-sò· tùi-èng kàu 1-ê í-siōng (bô it-teng ài kò·-tēng kùi-ê) ê 2-chìn-ūi sò·-jī.

* chéng-sò· --> chéng-sò· ê 2-chìn-ūi piáu-sī.
* chéng-sò· --> 1-ê í-siōng ê 2-chìn-ūi sò·-jī.

## Pian-bé lia̍t-toaⁿ

* ASCII
* EBCDIC
* ISO 8859:
	+ ISO 8859-1, ISO 8859-2, ISO 8859-3, ISO 8859-4, ISO 8859-5, ISO 8859-6, ISO 8859-7, ISO 8859-8, ISO 8859-9, ISO 8859-10, ISO 8859-11, ISO 8859-13, ISO 8859-14, ISO 8859-15, ISO 8859-16
* Windows character sets:
	+ Windows-1251, Windows-1252, Windows-1258
* KOI8-R, KOI8-U
* ISCII
* VISCII
* Big-5
* GB:
	+ GB2312
	+ GB18030
* ISO 2022
* Unicode (And subsets thereof, such as the 16-bit 'Basic Multilingual Plane'). See UTF-8
* Taiwanese Package
# Hàn-gí

| Hàn-gí |
| --- |
| 汉语/漢語, 中文 |
|  |
| bú-gí sú-iōng-chiá | 13.9 ek (2015) |
| Gí-hē | Hàn-Chōng gí-hē
* Hàn-gí-cho̍k
	+ **Hàn-gí**
 |
| Piau-chún-im | Hiān-tāi Piau-chún Hàn-gí

 |
| Bûn-jī hē-thóng | Hàn-jī |
| Koaⁿ-hong tē-ūi |
| Koaⁿ-hong gí-giân |  Tiong-kok  Sin-ka-pho  Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok |
| Gí-giân tāi-bé |
| ISO 639-1 | `zh` |
| ISO 639-2 | `chi (B)` `zho (T)` |
| ISO 639-3 | `zho` – pau-hâm tāi-bé Pau-hâm tāi-bé: `cdo` – Bân-tang-gí `cjy` – Chìn-gí `cmn` – Koaⁿ-oē `cpx` – Phô͘-sian-gí `czh` – Hui-gí `czo` – Bân-tiong-gí `gan` – Kàm-gí `hak` – Kheh-ka-gí `hsn` – Siong-gí `mnp` – Bân-pak-gí `nan` – Bân-lâm-gí `wuu` – Ngô͘-gí `yue` – Oa̍t-gí `csp` – Lâm-pō͘ Pêng-oē `cnp` – Pak-pō͘ Pêng-oē `och` – Siōng-kó͘ Hàn-gí `ltc` – Tiong-kó͘ Hàn-gí `lzh` – Hàn-bûn |
| Glottolog | `sini1245` |
| Linguasphere | `79-AAA` |
| Ēng Hàn-gí ê tē-khu.
  Hàn-gí sī bó-gí ê tē-khu.
  Hàn-gí sī koaⁿ-hong gí-giân ê tē-khu.
  Ū chin chē kóng Hàn-gí ê lâng ê tē-khu. |
|

**Hàn-gí** (Hàn-jī: 漢語), ia̍h sī kóng **Tiong-kok-gí** (中國語), **Tiong-kok-ōe** (中國話), thong-sio̍k ê ì-sù sī Tiong-kok kiam Tiong-kok-lâng kóng ê giân-gí.

## Iōng-gí

Tiong-kok chá-kî hoat-tián giân-gí-ha̍k ê sî-chūn, koàn-sì ēng le̍k-sú siaⁿ-ūn-ha̍k ê kak-tō͘, kā kui-ê Hàn-gí-cho̍k lóng tòng chò chi̍t khoán hō chò "Hàn-gí" ê giân-gí, tang-tiong chiah koh ū hong-giân ê chha-pia̍t. Chiàu chit khoán lí-lō͘, tī Tiong-kok nā kóng "Hàn-gí", tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sī chí-miâ tang-tiong ê Phó͘-thong-ōe ia̍h Hôa-gí chò tāi-piáu. Pí-lūn kin-sè it-poaⁿ ê "Eng Hàn Sû-tián" (英漢辭典), sī Hôa-gí hoan-e̍k Eng-gí ê sû-tián.

Chiàu kīn-taⁿ ê liáu-kái, thoân-thóng-siōng kóng ê "Hàn-gí", siōng-bô ài sǹg 1 ê gí-cho̍k, he̍k-chiá kóng sī Hàn-Chōng gí-hē ê 1 ê gí-giân ka-cho̍k, in loē-pō͘ ê chha-pia̍t put-chí sī tē-hng-chha, ē-sái kóng sī gí-giân chi-kan ê chha-pia̍t, kok iūⁿ pe̍h-ōe bô khah su Romance chu-gí (*Romance languages*) chi-kan ê chha-pia̍t.

## Siang-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ

* Siōng-kó͘ Hàn-gí
# Aikido

Aikido
**Aikido** (Ji̍t-pún-gí: 合気道) sī Ji̍t-pún ê chi̍t ê bú-su̍t, iû Tāi-tong-liû Ha̍p-khì Jiû-su̍t hoat-tián lâi. Aikido ê hoat-bêng-chiá sī Uesiba Morihei.
# Si-siá-mo͘h

| ?Si-siá-mo͘h |
| --- |
| **Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k hun-lūi** |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Kài: | Animalia  |
| Mn̂g: | Chordata  |
| Kong: | Actinopterygii  |
| Bo̍k: | Osmeriformes  |
| Kho: | Osmeridae  |
| Sio̍k: | *Spirinchus*  |
| Chéng: | S. lanceolatus  |

 |
| Ha̍k-miâ |
| Spirinchus lanceolatus (Hikita, 1913) |

**Si-siá-mo͘h** (シシャモ 柳葉魚 *sisyamo*), ha̍k-miâ *Spirinchus lanceolatus*, sī chi̍t khoán kiâm-chú-hî, thé-tn̂g tāi-khài 15 kong-hun.

## Hō-miâ

Si-siá-mo͘h chit-ê miâ ê lâi-goân sī Ji̍t-gí ê *sisyamo* (シシャモ), Ji̍t-gí miâ koh sī tùi Ainu-gí ê *susam* chioh--lâi-ê, Ji̍t-gí lēng-gōa koh phòe-ha̍p *susam* ê ì-gī, tàu chò Hàn-jī-sû "liú-hio̍h-hî" (柳葉魚), sǹg sī sio̍k-jī-hùn ê chi̍t khoán.

## Liāu-lí

Chi̍t pôaⁿ liāu-lí kòe ê si-siá-mo͘h
Tī Ji̍t-pún liāu-lí si-siá-mo͘h tiā kui chiah hông chian ia̍h chìⁿ lâi chia̍h, lāi-bīn ê hî-nn̄g sī i-ê te̍k-sek chi it. Chit khoán chhài-sek tī Tâi-oân mā chiâⁿ liû-hêng.
# Bêng-tī

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| 明治**Bêng-tī**

|  |
| --- |
| 1868–1912 |

 |
| **Kok-ka** |  Tāi Ji̍t-pún Tè-kok |
| **Kun-chú** | Bêng-tī Thian-hông |
| **Tn̂g-té** | 45 nî |

**Bêng-tī** (Ji̍t-pún-gí: 明 (めい)治 (じ) *Meiji*) sī Ji̍t-pún Bêng-tī Thian-hông chāi-uī kî-kan só͘ sú-iōng ê nî-hō, túi 1868 nî káu 1912 nî lóng-chóng 45-tang.

"Bêng-tī" sī chhut-chū *E̍k-keng* ê "Sèng-jîn lâm-biān jî theng thian-hā, hiòng **bêng** jî **tī**" (聖人南面而聽天下，嚮明而治).
# Siong-phok

1860 nî-tāi ê koè-oē
**Siong-phok** (Ji̍t-pún-gí: 相撲 (すもう) *sumô*), Tâi-gí ū kóng **sú-mo͘h**, sī 1 khoán sio-ián, Ji̍t-pún ê 1 chióng kok-ka bú-tō ia̍h thé-io̍k ūn-tōng. Siong-phok ê lâng hō chò la̍t-sū (力 (りき)士 (し) *rikisi*), 1 pái 2 ê tī 1 ê îⁿ tiâⁿ lāi-bīn tàu-sè. Siong-phok siōng bô ū sò͘ pah tang ê le̍k-sú; hiān-tāi ê sio-ián iû-goân toè chin chē thoân-thóng kap chong-kàu lé-sek.

Siong-phok ê chhâi-phòaⁿ-koaⁿ hō chò hêng-si (行 (ぎょう)司 (じ) *gyôji*). I ê ke-si pau-hâm 1 sìⁿ kó͘-á-sìⁿ (Ji̍t-gí: 軍 (ぐん)配 (ばい) *gunbai*); che ū iōng lâi kí ǹg kî-tiong 1 ê la̍t-sū, piáu-sī hit pêng sè iâⁿ.

La̍t-sū ē-sái sái chin chē pō͘-sò͘, chhiūⁿ kóng kau-kha.

Tāi Siong-phok ê tiûⁿ-bīn
Ji̍t-pún Siong-phok Hia̍p-hōe chú-pān ê siong-phok pí-sài hō chò Tāi Siong-phok.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
# Kâng-hêng-jī

**Kâng-hêng-jī** (Eng-gí: *homograph*) sī kah pa̍t jī kong-ke kâng-khoán siá-hoat, m̄-koh ì-sù bô sio-siâng ê tan-jī. Ū-ê ké-soeh ke chi̍t tiám sī chia-ê jī sī ho͘ bô-kâng siaⁿ-im; koh ū-ê sī kóng ài ū bô-kâng khí-goân chiah sǹg kâng-hêng-jī.
# Kâng-siaⁿ-jī

**Kâng-siaⁿ-jī** (Eng-gí: *homophone*) sī ho͘-im kap pa̍t jī sio-siâng m̄-koh ì-sù bô-kâng ê tan-jī. Kâng-siaⁿ-jī mā khó-lêng ū bô-kâng ê tàu-jī. "Kâng-siaⁿ" ê koan-liām mā ū-sî hâm tan-jī í-gōa ê giân-gí tan-goân, pí-lūn jī-bó ia̍h phiàn-gí.

## Koan-liân

* Kâng-miâ-jī (*homonym*)
# Siân-chong

Bodhidharma kap Hōe-khó
**Siân-chong** (禪宗), kán-chheng **Siân** (禪), iā hō-chò **Hu̍t-sim-chong** (佛心宗) kap **Chong-bûn** (宗門), sī Tiong-kok Hu̍t-kàu ê chi̍t ê chong-phài.
# Thian-kan

Thian-kan, tē-chi, chham pat-kòa.
**Thian-kan** (天干) sī kó͘-chá Tiong-kok hoat-tián ê chi̍t-khóan kè-sò͘ hong-hoat. Thian-kan pau-hâm 10-ê hàn-jī: **kah** (甲), **it** (乙), **piáⁿ** (丙), **teng** (丁), **bō͘** (戊), **kí** (己), **kiⁿ** (庚), **sin** (辛), **jîm** (壬), **kùi** (癸).

## Sú-iōng gí-giân pí-kàu

| Hàn-jī | Bân-lâm-gí | Kheh-gí | Hôa-gí | Hân-gí | O̍at-lâm-gí | Ji̍t-gí (Im-tha̍k) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 甲 | kah | kap | jiǎ | 갑 (gap) | giáp | こう (kou) |
| 乙 | it | yet | yǐ | 을 (eul) | ất | おつ (otu) |
| 丙 | piáⁿ | piáng | bǐng | 병 (byeong) | bính | へい (hei) |
| 丁 | teng | tên | dīng | 정 (jeong) | đinh | てい (tei) |
| 戊 | bō͘ | vú | wù | 무 (mu) | mậu | ぼ (bo) |
| 己 | kí | kí | jǐ | 기 (gi) | kỷ | き (ki) |
| 庚 | kiⁿ | kâng | gēng | 경 (gyeong) | canh | こう (kou) |
| 辛 | sin | sîn | xīn | 신 (sin) | tân | しん (sin) |
| 壬 | jîm | ngìm | rén | 임 (im) | nhâm | じん (zin) |
| 癸 | kùi | kui | guǐ | 계 (gye) | quý | き (ki) |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|

| Thian-kan |
| --- |
| Ngó͘-hêng | Bo̍k | Hó͘ⁿ | Thó͘ | Kim | Súi |
| iông | Kap | Piáⁿ | Bō͘ | Keⁿ | Jîm |
| im | It | Teng | Kí | Sin | Kúi |

 |
|

| Tē-chi |
| --- |
| iông | chú | în | sîn | ngó͘ | sin | sut |
| im | thiú | báu | sū | bī | iú | hāi |

 |
# Tē-chi

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|

| Thian-kan |
| --- |
| Ngó͘-hêng | Bo̍k | Hó͘ⁿ | Thó͘ | Kim | Súi |
| iông | Kap | Piáⁿ | Bō͘ | Keⁿ | Jîm |
| im | It | Teng | Kí | Sin | Kúi |

 |
|

| Tē-chi |
| --- |
| iông | chú | în | sîn | ngó͘ | sin | sut |
| im | thiú | báu | sū | bī | iú | hāi |

 |

**Tē-chi** (地支) sī Bo̍k-chheⁿ kúi-tō pī pun chò 12 ê pō͘-hūn, kì chò chú, thiú, în, báu, sîn, sū, ngó͘, bī, sin, iú, sut, hāi. Bo̍k-chheⁿ ê kong-choán chiu-kî tāi-iok 12 tang, só͘-í Tiong-kok kó͘-chá ēng Bo̍k-chheⁿ lâi sǹg nî.

## Siong-koan

* Thian-kan
# Chîn-kok

**Chîn-kok** (秦國) sī Tiong-kok Chhun-chhiu Sî-tāi ê chu-hâu-kok. Chêng 221 nî, Chîn-kok ê kok-ông Êng Chèng bia̍t-bông 6 kok, kiàn-li̍p Chîn-tiâu.

## Le̍k-sú

## Kun-chú
# Chìn (ông-tiâu)

**Chìn** (晉; 265 nî - 420 nî), iā tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ hō-chòe **Chìn-tiâu** (晉朝), sī Tiong-kok le̍k-sú siōng ê chi̍t-ê ông-tiâu. In-ūi chèng-khoân tiong-kan hoat-seng ba̍t, Chìn-tiâu koh ē-ēng hun-chò Se Chìn (西晉; 265 - 316) kap Tong Chìn (東晉; 317 - 420) nn̄g-ê thóng-tī sî-kî, ha̍p-chheng **Lióng Chìn** (兩晉). Se Chìn sī Chìn Bú-tè Su-má Iām só͘ kiàn-li̍p--ê, siú-to͘ sī Lo̍k-iông. Tong Chìn sī Chìn Goân-tè Su-má Jōe só͘ kiàn-li̍p--ê, siú-to͘ sī Kiàn-khong (kim Lâm-kiaⁿ).

Chìn-tiâu ông-se̍k Su-má--ka ê chó͘-sian sī Sam-kok sî-tāi Chô Gūi ê sè-chok. Su-má Ì tī Chô Gūi chiáng-ak chin tōa ê khoân-le̍k; 259 nî, Su-má Ì hoat-tōng chèng-piàn, si̍t-chè khòng-chè Chô Gūi ê hông-tè. 265 nî, Su-má Ì ê sun Su-má Iām pek Gūi Goân-tè siān-jiōng tè-ūi, kái kok-hō ûi Chìn. 280 nî, Chìn bia̍t Sun Ngô͘, tiong-it Tiong-kok. M̄-kò chèng-kio̍k tī Chìn Hūi-tè í-āu chiām-chiām hūn-loān, ông-chok ūi-tio̍h beh cheⁿ tiong-iong chèng-khoân tiō hoat-tōng lāi-chiàn, sú chheng Pat-ông Chi Loān. Tiong-kok lāi-gōa ê Hui-hàn bîn-cho̍k thàn-sì chhut-peng toa̍t-koân, , kiàn-li̍p in ka-kī ê kok-ka, che tī Tiong-kok le̍k-sú siōng hō-chò Éng-ka Chi Loān kap Ngó͘-ô͘ Loān Hôa.

* Se Chìn
* Tong Chìn (n̂g-sik)
# Kiaⁿ-to͘-chhī

|  |
| --- |
| **Kiaⁿ-to͘-chhī 京都市** |
| Kiaⁿ-to͘-chhī ê kéng-sek
 |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  **Kî-á** |  **Ìn-á** |

 |
| Kiaⁿ-to͘-chhī ê ūi-tì ê uī-tìKiaⁿ-to͘-chhī ê ūi-tì |
| Keng-hūi-tō͘: ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Kok-ka
  |  Ji̍t-pún
 |
| To͘-tō-hú-kōan
 | Kiaⁿ-to͘-hú
 |
| **Chèng-hú** |
|  - Chhī-tiúⁿ
  | Matsui Kōji  |
| **Bīn-chek** |
|  - Lóng-chóng
  | 827.90 km2 |
| **Jîn-kháu** |
|  - Lóng-chóng | 1,469,604 lâng lâng |
|  - Bi̍t-tō͘ |
1,780 lâng/km2 |
| Bāng-chām |  |

Kiaⁿ-to͘-chhī 1891
**Kiaⁿ-to͘-chhī** (京都市; Kyôto-si) sī Ji̍t-pún Kiaⁿ-to͘-hú ê hú-thiaⁿ só͘-chāi-tē kap siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī.
# Honsyû

Honsyû tī Ji̍t-pún ê ūi-tì
**Honsyû** (本州(Pún-chiu), *Honshū*) sī Ji̍t-pún siōng tōa ê tó. Sai-pêng sī Ji̍t-pún-hái, tang-pêng sī Thài-pêng-iûⁿ. Pak-pêng sī Hokkaidô, lâm-pêng sī Sikoku kah Kyûsyû. Tn̂g chha-put-to 1290km, khoah 48-240km, bīn-chek 230897km², sī chôan Ji̍t-pún ê 60%. Tiong-pō͘ ū soaⁿ, siōng kôan ê Huzi soaⁿ 3776m. Jîn-kháu kah tōa-siaⁿ-chhī tāi-pō͘-hūn tòa-tī iân-hái ê pêng-gôan tē-khu.

Honsyû ê hêng-chèng-khu hun-chòe:

* Kantô tē-hng: Ibaraki-koān, Totigi-koān, Gunma-koān, Saitama-koān, Tiba-koān, Tang-kiaⁿ-to͘, Kanagawa-koān
* Tôhoku tē-hng
* Tyûbu tē-hng: Niigata-koān, Toyama-koān, Isikawa-koān, Hukui-koān, Yamanasi-koān, Nagano-koān, Gihu-koān, Sizuoka-koān, Aiti-koān
* Kinki tē-hng: Mie-koān, Siga-koān, Kiaⁿ-to͘-hú, Tāi-pán-hú, Hyôgo-koān, Nara-koān, Wakayama-koān,
* Tyûgoku tē-hng: Tottori-koān, Simane-koān, Okayama-koān, Hirosima-koān, Yamaguti-koān
# Kyûsyû

Kyûsyû tī Ji̍t-pún ê ūi-tì
Kyûsyû
**Kyûsyû** (九州(Kiú-chiu), *Kyūshū*) ia̍h **Kiú-chiu**, sī Ji̍t-pún ê chi̍t ê tó.

## Siong-koan

* Ji̍t-pún ê tē-lí khu-he̍k

## Chham-khó
# Sikoku

Sikoku tī Ji̍t-pún ê ūi-tì
**Sikoku** (四国(Sù-kok), *Shikoku*)) sī Ji̍t-pún pún-thó͘ 4 ê tó lāi-té siōng sió ê. Tī Honsyû sai-lâm-pō͘ ê lâm-hong, Kyûsyû ê tang-pak-hong.

Hiān-chú-sî Sikoku ê hêng-chèng-khu hun-chòe Tokusima-koān, Kagawa-koān, Ehime-koān kah Kôti-koān.

## Siong-koan

* Ji̍t-pún ê tē-lí khu-he̍k
# Tāi-pán-chhī

Tāi-pán-chhī ê ūi-tì
**Tāi-pán-chhī** (大阪市; Ôsaka-si) sī Ji̍t-pún Tāi-pán-hú ê hú-thiaⁿ só͘-chāi-tē kap siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī.

## Chhut-miâ ê Lâng

* Gotô Midori