# Pe̍h-ōe

*"Pe̍h-ōe" ê kî-tha ì-sù, khòaⁿ pe̍h-ōe (khu-pia̍t-ia̍h).*
**Pe̍h-ōe** (Eng-gí: *vernacular language*), ia̍h sī kóng **hiong-tâm** (hiuⁿ-), ū-sî kóng **hong-giân**, sī kóng chi̍t-ê cho̍k-kûn ia̍h tē-hng ê chāi-lâi giân-gí he̍k-chiá sī khiuⁿ-kháu, iû-kî sī m̄-sī thoân-thóng-siōng siá-chok bûn-ha̍k ia̍h tòng chò kok-ka piau-chún-gí ê ōe.

## Chá-kî ê pe̍h-ōe bûn-hoat

1437 nî kàu 1586 nî kan, Au-chiu chhut-hiān Italia-gí, Se-pan-gâ-gí, Hoat-gí, Hô-lân-gí, Tek-gí kap Eng-gí ê bûn-hoat kì-lio̍k. Che sī chia pe̍h-ōe āu--lâi kúi pah tang kòe-têng piau-chún-hòa ê ki-chhó͘ chi it.

## Chá-kî ê pe̍h-ōe sû-tián

Sû-tián (*dictionary*) kap gú-lūi-chi̍p (*glossary*) sī bô sio-siâng. Chong-sī chin-chē gú-lūi-chi̍p chin chá to̍h ū, pí-lūn Seville ê Isidore chhut ê Etymologiae, khai-lia̍t chin chē Se-pan-gâ-gí ê tan-jī.

### Hô-lân-gí

Hô-lân-gí ê gú-lūi-chi̍p tī chha-put-to 1470 nî ê sî-chūn chhut-hiān, tè-bé tī 16 sè-kì hoat-tián chhut 2 pún Hô-lân-gí sû-tián:

* Christophe Plantin: *Thesaurus Theutonicae Linguae*, 1573
* Cornelis Kiliaan: *Dictionarium Teutonico-Latinum*, 1574 (tī 1599 nî ê tē-3 pán piàn *Etymologicum*)

## Chham-khó

## Tsham-khó bûn-hiàn

* Bex, Tony (1999). "Representations of English in twentieth-century Britain: Fowler, Gowers, Partridge". Chū Bex, Tony; Watts, Richard J. *Standard English: the widening debate*. New York: Routledge. pp. 89–112. 0-415-19162-9.
* Brachin, Pierre (1985). *The Dutch language: a survey*. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
* Champneys, Arthur Charles (1893). *History of English: a sketch of the origin and development of the English with Examples, Down to the Present Day*. New York: Macmillan and Co.
* DeGrauwe, Luc (2002). "Emerging Mother-Tongue Awareness: The Special Case of Dutch and German in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period". Chū Linn, Andrew Robert; McLelland, Nicola. *Standardization: studies from the Germanic languages*. Amsterdam; Philadelphis: John Benjamins Publishing Co. pp. 99–116.
* Diez, Friedrich (1863). *Introduction to the grammar of the Romance languages*. London, Edinburgh: Williams and Norgate.
* Dons, Ute (2004). *Descriptive adequacy of early modern English grammars*. Topics in English Linguistics. **47**. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
* Fasold, Ralph W. (1984). *The sociolinguistics of society*. **1**. Oxford, England; New York, NY, USA: B. Blackwell.
* Keller, Marcello Sorce (1984). "Folk Music in Trentino: Oral Transmission and the Use of Vernacular Languages". *Ethnomusicology*. XXVIII (1): 75–89. doi:10.2307/851432. JSTOR 851432.
* Lodge, R. Anthony (2005). *A sociolinguistic history of Parisian French*. Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge University Press.
* Mesthrie, Rajend (1999). *Introducing sociolinguistics*. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
* Noordegraaf, Jan (2000). "The Normative Study of the National Languages from the 17th Century Onwards". Chū Auroux, Sylvain. *History of the language sciences: an international handbook on the evolution of the study of language from the beginnings to the present*. Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft, Bd. 18. **2**. Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 893–900.
* Wells, C. J. (1985). *German, a linguistic history to 1945*. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
* Suhardi, B.; Sembiring, B. Cornelius (2007). "Aspek sosial bahasa". Chū Kushartanti; Yuwono, Untung; Lauder, Multamia R. M. T. *Pesona bahasa: langkah awal memahami linguistik* (ēng Ìn-nî-gí). Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. ISBN 978-9792216813. OCLC 156874430.
* Fodde Melis, Luisanna (2002). *Race, Ethnicity and Dialects: Language Policy and Ethnic Minorities in the United States*. FrancoAngeli. ISBN 9788846439123.

## Siong-koan

* Pe̍h-ōe bûn-ha̍k

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

Wiktionary
Khì Wiktionary chhâ
Pe̍h-ōe chit ê sû.

* Illich. "Vernacular Values". The Preservation Institute. goân-loē-iông tī 20 July 2016 hőng khó͘-pih. 7 November 2009 khòaⁿ--ê.