Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Ji̍t-pún Hàn-jī

Hàn-jī.
**Hàn-jī** (Hàn-jī: **漢字**; Kana: かんじ; lô-má-jī: Kanji, *Kàn-jī*), iū-koh hō-chòe **Ji̍t-pún Hàn-jī** kap **Ji̍t-bûn Hàn-jī**, sī teh su-siá hiān-tāi Ji̍t-bûn ê sî-chūn, só͘ sū-iōng ê Hàn-jī.
# Hepburn-sek Lô-má-jī

James Curtis Hepburn, siat-kè He-bóng-sek Lô-má-jī ê lâng.
**Hebon-sek Lô-má-jī** (Ji̍t-pún-gí: ヘボン式 (しき)ローマ字 (じ), Hùn-lēng-sek: *Hebon-siki Rômazi*, Hebon: *Hebon-shiki Rōmaji*) sī iû bo̍k su James Curtis Hepburn siat kè, iōng Lô-má jī-bó lâi phiau Ji̍t-pún ōe ho͘ im ·ê hē-thóng. Chit chióng phiau im hong-hoat chòe chho͘ iōng tī i 1867 nî chhut pán ·ê *Ji̍t Eng Sû Tián*, chit-má chiâⁿ-chò Ji̍t-gí siāng chia̍p leh iōng ê Lô-má-jī hē-thóng.

Lēng-gōa, in-ūi i bat iōng Hàn-jī "Pêng-bûn (平文)" lâi hoan-e̍k i ê miâ (ヘボン *hebon*), só͘-í chit-thò Lô-má-jī hē-thóng mā tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ hŏng hō-chò "**Pêng-bûn-sek Lô-má-jī**".

## Phiau-im Kui-chek

Pêng-bûn-sek Lô-má-jī tùi bô se̍k Ji̍t-gí ê lâng lâi kóng, ē pí Hùn-lēng-sek khah óa-kīn Ji̍t-gí ê hoat-im, chhiōⁿ "し", "ち", "つ", "ふ" tī Pêng-bûn-sek tio̍h phiau chò "shi", "chi", "tsu", "fu", kah Hùn-lēng-sek ê "si", "ti", "tu", "hu" bô-kâng.

Nā-sī "ん (-n)" khǹg tī "b-" ia̍h "m-" ê thâu-chêng, ē siá chò "m", chhiōⁿ "丹 (たん)波 (ば)" tī Pêng-bûn-sek Lô-má-jī lāi-té siá-chò "tamba".

## Chham-khó

* Hùn-lēng-sek
# Ji̍t-pún-gí

| Ji̍t-pún-gí |
| --- |
| 日本語 |
|  |
| Goân-chū kok-ka |  Ji̍t-pún |
| Sú-iōng tē-khu |  Ji̍t-pún |
| bú-gí sú-iōng-chiá | 1.25-ek |
| Gí-hē | Ji̍t-pún gí-cho̍k
* **Ji̍t-pún-gí**
 |
| Bûn-jī hē-thóng | Hàn-jī kah Kana |
| Koaⁿ-hong tē-ūi |
| Koaⁿ-hong gí-giân |  Ji̍t-pún  Palau Angaur Chiu |
| Gí-giân tāi-bé |
| ISO 639-1 | `ja` |
| ISO 639-2 | `jpn` |
| ISO 639-3 | `jpn` |
| Glottolog | `nucl1643`  bô pau-hâm Hatizyô-gí |
| Linguasphere | `45-CAA-a` |
| Ji̍t-pún-gí ê hun-pò͘ |

**Ji̍t-pún-gí** (Ji̍t-bûn: 日 (に)本 (ほん)語 (ご) *Nihongo*) sī Ji̍t-pún kok-lāi siōng chú-iàu ê gú-giân. Chit-chūn it-poaⁿ lóng hō-chòe **Ji̍t-gí** (日語) kah **Ji̍t-bûn** (日文).

Sui-jiân Ji̍t-pún ê hoat-lu̍t bô khak-si̍t kui-tēng kóng Ji̍t-gí sī koan-hong gú-giân; put-kò, in ê chin chē hoat-tiâu lóng kui-tēng ài sú-iōng Ji̍t-bûn lâi su-siá. Tī Ji̍t-pún ê ha̍k-hāu tiong, mā lóng iōng Ji̍t-gí kah Ji̍t-bûn teh kàu-io̍k kah ha̍k-sip; Ji̍t-gí sī kong-iōng gí-giân sī sū-si̍t.

Ji̍t-pún-gí chú-iàu tī Ji̍t-pún sú-iōng; Tâi-oân, Tiâu-sián, Tiong-kok Tang-pak mā ū siū-koè si̍t-bîn-tē kàu-io̍k ê lāu-lâng ē-hiáu.

## Te̍k-teng

## Hun-pò͘

Ji̍t-pún-gí ê sú-iōng hoān-uî chú-iàu sī tī Ji̍t-pún kok-lāi. Tī Ji̍t-pún, bô-lūn tiān-sī, hòng-sàng kah tiān-iáⁿ, iáu-sī sió-soat, manga kah pò-chóa, chha-put-to lóng sī sú-iōng Ji̍t-gí.

## Hoat-im

Bó-im

## Ū tī-tāi ê bûn-chiuⁿ

Tiong-kó͘ Ji̍t-pún-gí

## Chù-kái

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat

Wikipedia
Wikipedia ū  Ji̍t-pún-gí ê pán-pún.

 Wikibooks ū koan-hē **Ji̍t-pún-gí** ê kàu-châi kap soat-bêng-su.
* Ji̍t-pún-gí kana Liân-kiat lia̍t-toaⁿ (PDF)
# Liû-kiû-gí

**Liû-kiû-gí** (琉球語) ia̍h **Liû-khiû-gú**, sī tùi Liû-kiû Kûn-tó só͘-ū Liû-kiû bîn-cho̍k giân-gí ê chóng-chheng, pau-koat Okinawa-gí (沖縄語), Yaeyama-gí (八重山語), Miyako-gí (宮古語), Yonaguni-gí (与那国語), Kunigami-gí (国頭語), Pak Amami Ôsima-gí (北奄美大島語), Lâm Amami Ôsima-gí (南奄美大島語), Tokunosima-gí (徳之島語), Kikai-gí (喜界語), Okinoerabu-gí (沖永良部語) kap Yoron-gí (与論語).
# Kah-kut-bûn

| Kah-kut-bûn  |
| --- |
|  |
| Lūi-hêng | Logographic |
| Sú-iōng sî-kî | Bronze Age China |
| Su-siá hong-hiòng | Iû tò-pêng kàu chiàⁿ-pêng |
| Giân-gú | Old Chinese |
| Siong-koan su-siá hē-thóng |
| Kiáⁿ-hē-thóng | Chinese characters |

**Kah-kut-bûn** sī Tiong-kok kó͘-chá ê chi̍t chióng bûn-jī.
# Khái-su

Khái-su ê hoān-lē
**Khái-su** (楷書) sī chi̍t chióng Hàn-jī ê su-hoat lūi-hêng.

Khái-su iáu-ū chē-chē thé-hō: **chiàⁿ-jī** (正字), **chin-su** (真書), **toan-khái** (端楷) kap **toan-su** (端書).
# Chù-im hû-hō

*Iú-koan kā bûn-jī kì hoat-im ê hong-hoat, chhiáⁿ-khoàⁿ Im-piau.*

**Chù-im hû-hō** (注音符號), sī Ngô͘ Kèng-hêng (吳敬恆) léng-tō ê Tho̍k-im Thońg-it Hōe (讀音統一會) tī 1912-1913 nî thê-chhut "chù-im-jī-bó"/"chù-im hû-hō", iōng-lâi piau-sī Hàn-jī ê hoat-im. Tû-liáu thang piáu-sī Hôa-gí hoat-im í-gōa, mā bat siat-kè kòe hō͘ Kńg-tang-ōe, Tâi-gí, Kheh-gí téng-téng kî-tha Hàn-gí ê chù-im, chhiōⁿ hong-im hû-hō.

## Hoat-im pió

### Chú-im

| Chù-im | IPA | Ké-soeh |
| --- | --- | --- |
| ㄅ | [b̥] ~ [p] |  |
| ㄆ | [pʰ] |  |
| ㄇ | [m] |  |
| ㄈ | [f] |  |
| ㄉ | [d̥] ~ [t] |  |
| ㄊ | [tʰ] |  |
| ㄋ | [n] |  |
| ㄌ | [l] |  |
| ㄍ | [ɡ̊] ~ [k] |  |
| ㄎ | [kʰ] |  |
| ㄏ | [h] ~ [χ] |  |
| ㄐ | [d̥ʑ̥] |  |
| ㄑ | [tɕʰ] |  |
| ㄒ | [ɕ] |  |
| ㄓ | [ɖ̥ʐ̥] |  |
| ㄔ | [ʈʂʰ] |  |
| ㄕ | [ʂ] |  |
| ㄖ | [ʐ] |  |
| ㄗ | [d̥z̥] |  |
| ㄘ | [tsʰ] |  |
| ㄙ | [s] |  |

### Bó-im

| Chù-im | IPA | Ké-soeh |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Tan-bó-im |
| ㄚ | [ɑ] |  |
| *ㄛ* | [ɔ] |  |
| *ㄜ* | [ə] |  |
| ㄧ | [i] |  |
| ㄨ | [u] |  |
| ㄩ | [y] |  |
| ㄦ | [əɻ] |  |
| Siang-bó-im kap Sam-bó-im |
| ㄞ | [aɪ̯] |  |
| ㄠ | [ɑo̯] |  |
| ㄡ | [ɔʊ̯] |  |
| ㄟ | [ɛɪ̯] |  |
| ㄧㄚ | [i̯a] |  |
| ㄧㄠ | [i̯ɑo̯] |  |
| ㄧㄛ | [i̯ɔ] |  |
| ㄧㄡ | [i̯oʊ̯] |  |
| ㄧㄝ | [i̯ɛ] |  |
| ㄨㄚ | [u̯ɑ] |  |
| ㄨㄞ | [u̯aɪ̯] |  |
| ㄨㄛ | [u̯ɔ] |  |
| ㄨㄟ | [u̯eɪ̯] |  |
| ㄩㄝ | [y̆ɛ] |  |
| -n(-乃) siu-boé |
| ㄢ | [an] |  |
| ㄧㄢ | [i̯ɛn] |  |
| ㄨㄢ | [u̯an] |  |
| ㄩㄢ | [y̆ɛn] |  |
| ㄣ | [ən] |  |
| ㄨㄣ | [u̯ən] |  |
| ㄧㄣ | [in] |  |
| ㄩㄣ | [yn] |  |
| -ng(-兀) siu-boé |
| ㄤ | [ɑŋ] |  |
| ㄧㄤ | [i̯ɑŋ] |  |
| ㄨㄤ | [u̯ɑŋ] |  |
| ㄨㄥ | [ʊŋ] |  |
| ㄩㄥ | [i̯ʊŋ] |  |
| ㄥ | [ʌŋ] |  |
| ㄨㄥ | [u̯ʌŋ] |  |
| ㄧㄥ | [iŋ] |  |

## Siong-koan Bûn-chioⁿ

* Tâi-oân hong-im hû-hō
* Hàn-gí Pheng-im

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *Chit phiⁿ bûn-chiuⁿ (Chù-im hû-hō) pún-té khan tī holopedia.net.* |
# Hoân-thé-jī

**Hoân-thé-jī** (繁體字), **Chèng-thé-jī** (正體字), ia̍h-sī kiò chòe **Thoân-thóng Hàn-jī** (傳統漢字), sī Hàn-jī--ê thoân-thóng su-siá pit-ōe. Chit khoán bûn-jī sī Tâi-oân, Hiong-káng kap Ò-mn̂g--ê piau-chún su-siá bûn-jī, tī Tâi-oân, Tiong-hoa Bîn-kok chèng-hú hō-miâ in-ê hit thò piau-chún pán-pún kiò Chèng-thé-jī; tī Tiong-kok tāi-lio̍k, Sin-ka-pho kap Má-lâi-se-a chú-iàu hō chòe Hoân-thé-jī.

## Siong-koan

* Kū-jī-thé
# Kán-hòa-jī

**Kán-hòa-jī** (簡化字) tī Hoâ-gí sio̍k-gí kóng kán-thé-jī (簡體字), sī Tiong-hoâ Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok, Sin-ka-pho kap Má-lâi-se-a--ê piau-chún su-siá bûn-jī. Chit khoán bûn-jī sī iû thoân-thóng Hàn-jī kán-hoà lâi--ê, thoân-thóng--ê jī chit-má Hoâ-gí hoán-koè--lâi kiò hoân-thé-jī (繁體字), m̄-kè tī Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok (Tâi-oân) sī kiò chè chèng-thé-jī (正體字).
# Jī-lâm

Jī-lâm.
**Jī-lâm**(𡨸喃; Chữ Nôm), mā kiò-tsò **Lâm-jī**(喃字), sī kóo-tsá tī Ua̍t-lâm sóo thong-hîng kah sú-iōng ê bûn-jī. Jī-lâm kā Hàn-jī tòng-tsò ki-tshóo, iōng hîng-sing, huē-ì kah ké-tsioh ê hong-sik lâi tshòng-tsō kah tsè-tīng. Jī-lâm sī tsuan-bûn the̍h lâi su-siá Ua̍t-lâm-gí ê bûn-jī, i tī gí-bûn siōng ê tē-uī tō tshin-tshiūnn Hân-gí ê ko-lê-jī kah Ji̍t-gí ê kana kāng-khuán.

Iú-kuan Jī-lâm siōng tsá ê li̍k-sú kì-lo̍k, sī tsū 11 sè-kí khai-sí. Jī-lâm guân-pún tiānn-tiānn the̍h lâi kì-lo̍k lâng-miâ kah tē-miâ, āu-lâi sú-iōng lú lâi lú phóo-phiàn, sîng-uî Ua̍t-lâm ka-kī ti̍k-iú ê kok-ka kah bîn-tso̍k bûn-huà. Tī 14 sè-kí ê Ôo tiâu kah 18 sè-kí ê Se-san tiâu sî-tāi, Jī-lâm tsiām-tsiām tī tsìng-hú kuann-hong ê bûn-su lāi-té tshut-hiān, sîng-uî Ua̍t-lâm bûn-ha̍k ê tiōng-iàu sán-bu̍t.

Jī-lâm ê kòo-tsō tsú-iàu sī tsi̍t ê Hàn-jī piáu-sī ì-sù, ka-siōng tsi̍t ê Hàn-jī piáu-ta̍t huat-im. Pí-jû kóng "𡨸" tsit jī, tō sī ūn-iōng hîng-sing sóo tshòng-tsō tshut-lâi ê; tang-tiong, "宁" ê pōo-hūn piáu-ta̍t huat-im, "字" ê pōo-hūn piáu-sī ì-sù, iā tō sī "bûn-jī" ê Jī-lâm siá-huat. Iáu-m̄-koh, Jī-lâm bô tsin thóng-it ê siá-huat, tsi̍t ê Kok-gí-jī khó-lîng ū bô kāng-khuán ê Jī-lâm tuì-ìng; pí-jû "Chữ" tō ū "𡨸" ia̍h-sī "𡦂" tíng tsē-tsē khuán siá-huat.

Tsū 19 sè-kí, Ua̍t-lâm khai-sí hōo Huat-kok thóng-tī; Huat-kok thui-kóng sú-iōng Kok-gí-jī, kìm-tsí Jī-lâm. Jī-lâm in-tshú tsiām-tsiām siau-sit. Tī Jī-lâm huat-tián ê kuè-tîng tang-tiong, sui-jiân thóng-tī-tsiá ū sú-iōng ê kì-lo̍k, tān-sī in-uī bô ka-siōng kàu-io̍k ê tsi-tshî, sóo-í it-puann ê Ua̍t-lâm jîn-bîn kin-pún bē-hiáu tha̍k. Koh ka-siōng bô kuann-hong ê tsíng-lí kah thóng-it, Jī-lâm ê sú-iōng tsōng-hóng hui-siông hūn-luān. 1867 nî, kái-kik jîn-sū Ńg Tiông-tsó͘(阮長祚) thê-tshut huì-tû Hàn-bûn, thui-tōng Jī-lâm ê piau-tsún-huà hong-àn, hō-tsò "**Kok-im Hàn-jī**"(國音漢字); m̄-koh, Ńg-i̍k-tsong huán-tuì.
# Khè-tan sió-jī

Iōng Khè-tan sió-jī siá ê si-bûn
**Khè-tan sió-jī** (契丹小字) sī Khè-tan-gú ê chi̍t chióng su-siá bûn-jī, chham Khè-tan toā-jī tàu-tīn hō-chò Khè-tan bûn-jī.
# Gí-im choán-siá

**Gí-im choán-siá** (Eng-gí: *phonetic transcription*) sī kóng kì-lio̍k giân-gí ho͘-im ê kì-hō. Giân-gí-ha̍k siōng chi̍t thò giâm-keh kì-lio̍k lâng kóng-ōe siaⁿ-im ê kì-hō sī Kok-chè Im-phiau (IPA). Tû-liáu jī-bó khoán ê kì-hō í-gōa, ia̍h ū chhiūⁿ sú-iōng tô͘-ōe kì-lio̍k ê Khó-kiàn Kóng-ōe (*Visible Speech*) hē-thóng, he̍k-chiá sī ēng tāi-piáu hoat-siaⁿ hong-sek ê jī-bó lâi piáu-ta̍t ê Pike hē-thóng téng khoán.

## Siong-koan

* Im-e̍k, í siaⁿ-im chò ki-chhó͘ hoan-e̍k hong-hoat.
# Hiragana

**Hiragana** (Ji̍t-pún-gí: 平仮名/ ひらがな, HiraganaHi-lá-gá-nah*) sī chi̍t khoán im-chat-jī (*syllabary*), sī Ji̍t-gí su-siá hē-thóng ê chi̍t-pō͘-hūn, Khá-nah ê chi̍t-chióng.

## It-lám-pió

Ē-kha ê Lô-má-jī iōng Pêng-bûn-sek Lô-má-jī piáu-sī

|  | あ-tōaⁿ | い-tōaⁿ | う-tōaⁿ | え-tōaⁿ | お-tōaⁿ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| あ-hâng | あ a | い i | う u | え e | お o |
| か-hâng | か ka | き ki | く ku | け ke | こ ko |
| さ-hâng | さ sa | し si | す su | せ se | そ so |
| た-hâng | た ta | ち chi | つ tsu | て te | と to |
| な-hâng | な na | に ni | ぬ nu | ね ne | の no |
| は-hâng | は ha | ひ hi | ふ fu | へ he | ほ ho |
| ま-hâng | ま ma | み mi | む mu | め me | も mo |
| や-hâng | や ya |  | ゆ yu |  | よ yo |
| ら-hâng | ら ra | り ri | る ru | れ re | ろ ro |
| わ-hâng | わ wa |  |  |  | を wo |
| Poat-im | ん n |
| Cho̍k-im / Pòaⁿ-cho̍k-im |
| が-hâng | が ga | ぎ gi | ぐ gu | げ ge | ご go |
| ざ-hâng | ざ za | じ ji | ず zu | ぜ ze | ぞ zo |
| だ-hâng | だ da | ぢ ji | づ zu | で de | ど do |
| ば-hâng | ば ba | び bi | ぶ bu | べ be | ぼ bo |
| ぱ-hâng | ぱ pa | ぴ pi | ぷ pu | ぺ pe | ぽ po |
| Áu-im kah Chhiok-im |
| Áu-im | ぁ | ぃ | ぅ | ぇ | ぉ |
| ゃ |  | ゅ |  | ょ |
| Chhiok-im | っ |

## Siong-koan

* Kha-thá-khá-nah
* Khá-nah
# Katakana

**Katakana** (Ji̍t-pún-gí: 片仮名/ カタカナ, KatakanaKha-thá-khá-nah*) sī chi̍t khoán im-chat-jī (*syllabary*), sī Ji̍t-pún-ōe su-siá hē-thóng ê chi̍t-pō͘-hūn, Khá-nah ê chi̍t-chióng.

## It-lám-pió

Ē-kha ê Lô-má-jī iōng Pêng-bûn-sek Lô-má-jī piáu-sī

|  | ア-tōaⁿ | イ-tōaⁿ | ウ-tōaⁿ | エ-tōaⁿ | オ-tōaⁿ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ア-hâng | ア a | イ i | ウ u | エ e | オ o |
| カ-hâng | カ ka | キ ki | ク ku | ケ ke | コ ko |
| サ-hâng | サ sa | シ si | ス su | セ se | ソ so |
| タ-hâng | タ ta | チ chi | ツ tsu | テ te | ト to |
| ナ-hâng | ナ na | ニ ni | ヌ nu | ネ ne | ノ no |
| ハ-hâng | ハ ha | ヒ hi | フ fu | ヘ he | ホ ho |
| マ-hâng | マ ma | ミ mi | ム mu | メ me | モ mo |
| ヤ-hâng | ヤ ya |  | ユ yu |  | ヨ yo |
| ラ-hâng | ラ ra | リ ri | ル ru | レ re | ロ ro |
| ワ-hâng | ワ wa |  |  |  | ヲ wo |
| Poat-im | ン n |
| Cho̍k-im / Pòaⁿ-cho̍k-im |
| ガ-hâng | ガ ga | ギ gi | グ gu | ゲ ge | ゴ go |
| ザ-hâng | ザ za | ジ ji | ズ zu | ゼ ze | ゾ zo |
| ダ-hâng | ダ da | ヂ ji | ヅ zu | デ de | ド do |
| バ-hâng | バ ba | ビ bi | ブ bu | ベ be | ボ bo |
| パ-hâng | パ pa | ピ pi | プ pu | ペ pe | ポ po |
| Áu-im kah Chhiok-im |
| Áu-im | ァ | ィ | ゥ | ェ | ォ |
| ャ |  | ュ |  | ョ |
| Chhiok-im | ッ |

## Siong-koan

* Hi-lá-gá-nah
* Khá-nah
# Hàn-jī

Í hoân-thé-jī (tò-chhiú-pêng) kah kán-hòa-jī (chiàⁿ-chhiú-pêng) su-siá ê "漢字 (hàn-jī)"
**Hàn-jī** (漢字, Hong-im hû-hō: ㄏㄢ˪ ㆢㄧ˫; Hôa-gí kán-hòa-jī: 汉 (Hàn)字 (zì), chù-im: ㄏㄢˋ ㄗˋ;Ji̍t-pún-gí: 漢 (かん)字 (じ) *(kanji)*, Hân-kok-gí: 한자 *(hanja)*, Oa̍t-lâm-gí: *chữ Hán / Hán tự*, Lâm-jī: 𡨸漢 / 漢字), mā ū lâng kā i hō-chòe **Tn̂g-lâng-jī** iah-sī **Khóng-chú-jī**, sī iōng lâi siá kúi-nā-chióng hiān-tāi kap kó͘-tāi gí-bûn ê su-siá bûn-jī hē-thóng. Hiān-tāi ê Tiong-kok, Ji̍t-pún, Hân-kok, Tâi-oân lóng ū sú-iōng Hàn-jī. M̄-koh Tiâu-sian í-keng hùi-tiāu. 20 sè-kí chìn-chêng, Oa̍t-lâm-bûn iáu ū lâng iōng Hàn-jī siá. Le̍k-sú-siōng mā bat ū kî-thaⁿ ê bîn-cho̍k iōng Hàn-jī he̍k-chiá hóng Hàn-jī lâi chhì siá in ê ōe. Hàn-jī tī Tang-a ê tē-ūi chha-put-to tiō-sī Au-chiu ê La-tin-jī. Chit-má chú-iàu leh iōng hàn-jī ê tōa-pō͘-hūn sī kóng Hàn-gí ê só͘-chai.

## Hàn-jī ê te̍k-sek

Hàn-jī chú-iàu sī sì-kak-hêng--ê.

### Pō·-siú (Jī-pêng)

### Hun-lūi

## Ián-piàn kap thôan-pò·

### Tiong-kok

### Tâi-oân

### Oa̍t-lâm

Hàn-jī tī 1 sè-kí tio̍h thoân ji̍p Oa̍t-lâm, Oa̍t-lâm-gí mā bat oân-choân kā hàn-jī tòng-chò sī su-siá iōng ê bûn-jī, lēng-gōa koh tī hàn-jī ê ki-chhó͘ siōng ka-kī chhòng-chō lâm-jī (喃字). tān-sī in-ūi su-siá siōng chiâⁿ bô hong-piān, só͘-í hàn-jī iā-sī siōng chú-iàu ê su-siá hong-sek. 1945 nî Oa̍t-lâm Bîn-chú Kiōng-hô-kok sêng-li̍p liáu-āu, kā hàn-jī hùi-tû, khai-sí sú-iōng hō-chò "kok-gí-jī" ê pheng-im bûn-jī. Chit-chūn ê Oa̍t-lâm-lâng í-keng khòaⁿ-bô hàn-jī ah.

### Hàn-gí-giân

## Chham-khó

* Si--sī Si̍t-su Sú
# Im-chat bûn-jī

**Im-chat-jī** (Eng-gí: *syllabary*) sī keng-kòe piáu-hiān im-chat iā mora lâi cho͘-ha̍p chhut tan-jī ê chi̍t cho͘ su-siá kì-hō. Chi̍t thò im-chat-jī lāi-bīn kò-pia̍t ê kì-hō hō chó im-chat-hû (*syllabogram*).
# Piáu-im bûn-jī

**Piáu-im bûn-jī** (表音文字) chí chi̍t ê gí-giân teh piáu-ta̍t ê sî, kì-lio̍k ê hêng-sek ia̍h hû-hō sī chiàu ho͘-im lâi siá ê bûn-jī hē-thóng. Chit khoán kì-lio̍k hong-sek hām kháu-gí ū it-tēng thêng-tō͘ ê tùi-tâng. Lô-má-jī, khá-nah ia̍h ko-lê-jī lóng sī piáu-im bûn-jī ê tián-hêng tāi-piáu.

Piáu-im bûn-jī koh ē-tàng sè-hun chò im-chat bûn-jī (chi̍t ê su-kì-sò͘ chi̍t ê im-chat) kap im-sò͘ bûn-jī (chi̍t ê su-kì-sò͘ sī im-chat ê chi̍t pō͘-hūn) nn̄g ê tōa lūi-pia̍t; chhiūⁿ khá-nah chiū sī im-chat bûn-jī, ah lô-má-jī chiū sī im-sò͘ bûn-jī.
# Bûn-jī hē-thóng

Chi̍t-pîng "**Bûn-jī hē-thóng**" ê ia̍h-bīn sī pe̍h-ōe-jī, ū hàn-jī liân-kiat"**文字系統**" ê ia̍h-bīn tī chi̍t-hāng tiám-chhut.
*Koan-hē tiān-náu ê "bûn-jī" chu-liâu, khòaⁿ bûn-jī (tiān-náu).*
**Bûn-jī hē-thóng** sī iōng tô·-hêng lâi kì-lok gí-giân ê hē-tóng. Chit chióng tô·-hêng, it-poaⁿ kiò-chòe bûn-jī. 1-ê gí-giân ē-sài iōng 1-chóng í-siōng ê bûn-jī hē-thóng lâi piáu-ta̍t. 1-ê bûn-jī hē-thóng ē-sài iōng tī 1-chóng í-siōng ê gí-giân. 1 thò bûn-jī hē-thóng kap 1-chóng gí-giân sio-kap ê sî, su-iàu 1-thò chiàⁿ-jī-hoat.

Bûn-jī hē-thóng it-poaⁿ ē-sài chho· hun chòe 3-lūi. **Piáu-ì bûn-jī** (logographic), **Im-chiat bûn-jī** (syllabic) kap **Phèng-im bûn-jī** (alphabetic).

## Bûn-jī hē-thóng ê le̍k-sú

 *Chit pha iáu-bōe ū lâng siá. Chhiáⁿ tàu pó͘-chhiong lōe-iông.*

## Piáu-ì/Tô·-siōng (Logographic) bûn-jī hē-thóng

Tī piáu-ì bûn-jī hē-thóng lāi, ki-pún-siōng 1-ê jī tio̍h tāi-piáu 1-ê oân-chéng ê kài-liām iah-sī ì-sù. Ūi-tio̍h beh piáu-ta̍t kap siá 1-ê gí-giân só·-ū ê kài-liām/ì-sù, su-iàu chin-chē bô-kâng ê jī. Kah phèng-im bûn-jī hē-thóng pí-khì-lâi, beh o̍h iōng piáu-ì bûn-jī siá 1-ê gí-giân ài ke poē chin-chē jī. Che sī piáu-ì bûn-jī ê 1-ê khat-tiám. In-ùi piáu-ì bûn-jī ê jī kap ì-sù sī sio-kap chò-hoé--ê. Kâng-khoán 1-thò piáu-ì bûn-jī hē-thóng chiáu-kóng ē-sài iōng-lâi siá bô-kâng-khoán ê gí-giân. M̄-koh, si̍t-chè siōng 1-thò piáu-ì bûn-jī tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ ka-na ē-sài tī chin oá ê gí-giân tiong-kan sio-thong. Pí-lūn kóng hàn-jī kap hàn-gí hē-thóng ê gí-giân. Che sī in-ùi SYNTAX ē hān-chè 1-ê piáu-ì bûn-jī ê thong-iōng-sèng. Ji̍p-pún-oē kap Hân-kok-oē lóng ū iōng hàn-jī, chia-ê hàn-jī ê ì-sù kap hàn-gí hē-thóng ê ì-sù chin-oá. M̄-koh, che 2-ê gí-giân kap hàn-gí chha chin-hn̄g. Só·-í, iōng hàn-jī siá ê hàn-gí bûn-jī tùi Ji̍p-pún-lâng kap hân-kok-lâng lâi kóng bô-hoat-tō lí-kái.

Siōng tiōng-iàu ê piáu-ì bûn-jī hē-thóng sī hàn-jī. Kó·-chá ê Egypt bûn kap Maya bûn mā sī piáu-ì bûn-jī. M̄-koh chit 2-chióng bûn-jī í-kēng bô-leh-iōng--ah.

## Im-chiat (Syllabic) bûn-jī hē-thóng

 *Chit pha iáu-bōe ū lâng siá. Chhiáⁿ tàu pó͘-chhiong lōe-iông.*

## Phèng-im (Alphabetic) bûn-jī hē-thóng

1-ê phèng-im bûn-jī hē-thóng iōng 1-koá jī-bó lâi siá 1-ê gí-giân. Chia-ê jī-bó kap chit-ê gí-giân ê im-sò· ū siong-tong ê koan-hē. 1-ê lí-sióng ê phèng-im bûn-jī hē-thóng jī-bó kap im-sò· sī 1-ê tùi 1-ê tùi hó-hó: ē-hiáu siá tio̍h ē-hiáu tha̍k, ē-hiáu-tha̍k tio̍h ē-hiáu siá.

## Bûn-jī hē-thóng hun-lūi

| Type of writing system | What each symbol represents | Example |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Piáu-ì | morpheme | Hàn-jī |
| Im-chat | syllable | Katakana |
| Pheng-im | Im-sò· | Latin |
| Abugida | consonant+vowel, vowel | Devanagari |
| Abjad | consonant | Arabic |
| Featural | phonetic feature | Korean |

## Chham-khó

* Bûn-jī hē-thóng lia̍t-toaⁿ
* Chiàⁿ-jī-hoat

## Guā-pōo tsham-khó

* The World's Writing Systems – all 294 known writing systems, each with a typographic reference glyph and Unicode status
# Im-tha̍k

**Im-tha̍k** (音讀み *onyomi*) sī Ji̍t-gí tùi Hàn-jī ê chi̍t khoán tha̍k-hoat, chú-iàu hun Ngô͘-im, Hàn-im kap Tông-im. Chit thò tha̍k-im ê ki-chhó͘ sī chia Hàn-jī tī goân Hàn-gí ê ho͘-im, in kap kò-pia̍t ê Hàn-jī sī ti̍t-chiap tùi-tâng--ê.
# Chioh-ēng-jī

**Chioh-ēng-jī** (eng. *loanword*), ia̍h sī kóng **chioh-ēng-gí** (ji̍t. 借用語), sī chi̍t khoán gōa-lâi-gí, sī tùi lâi-goân giân-gí chiap--lâi, bô keng-kòe ì-sù ê hoan-e̍k to̍h ín ji̍p chāi-lâi giân-gí ê tan-jī.

## Chioh-ēng-jī ê ho͘-im

Ū-ê chioh-ēng-jī hông chioh-ēng liáu-āu koh î-chhî khah óa-kīn goân gōa-gí ê ho͘-im; ū-ê sī sek-èng ji̍p chāi-tē giân-gí chāi-lâi ê ho͘-im. Pí-lūn kóng Hoat-gí tùi Eng-gí chioh--lâi ê tan-jī *Happy hour* bô ho͘ *h* im; tùi *jean* tian-tó ho͘ *j* im, sui-jiân Eng-gí ê *h* kap *j* im tī Hoat-gí lông sī chioh--lâi-ê.

Ū chi̍t kóa siā-hōe in-sò͘ thang éng-hióng chioh-ēng-jī sī-m̄-sī î-chhî gōa-gí ho͘-im. Kî-tiong pau-koat chioh-ēng-jī lâi-goân bûn-hòa tùi kóng-ōe-chiá koan-tiám lâi kóng ê tē-ūi. Nā sī gōa-gí bûn-hòa chiàm iu-sè tē-ūi, hia ê chioh-ēng-jī khah ū khó-lêng tī chioh ēng liáu-āu î-chhî goân-gí ho͘-im. Koh ū chi̍t khoán in-sò͘ sī kóng-ōe-chiá ē chiam-tùi thiaⁿ-ōe-chiá tùi gōa-gí liáu-kái ê thêng-tō͘ kái-piàn ho͘-im hong-sek, nā sī thiaⁿ-ōe-chiá tùi gōa-gí khah m̄-bat, kóng-ōe-chiá chiū khah ū khó-lêng ēng chāi-lâi ê hong-sek ho͘-im. Lēng-gōa siang-hong ê éng-hióng mā chûn-chāi, nā kî-tiong chit ūi kóng-ōe-chiá ēng chāi-lâi ho͘-im, lēng-gōa chit ūi to̍h khah ū khó-lêng tòe leh ēng.

Ū-sî gōa-lâi ê ho͘-im hông pó-chhî, chiâⁿ chò sī chāi-lâi giân-gí gú-im kái-piàn ê khí-in. Chóng-sī bô keng-kòe gú-im tông-hòa ê chioh-ēng-jī khah hàn-tit chhut-hiān.

## Chham-chiàu

## Siong-koan

* Gōa-lâi-gí
* Gōa-jī
* Ín-jī
* Chioh-e̍k
# Bêng-tī Î-sin

**Bêng-tī Î-sin** (Ji̍t-gí: 明治維新; めいじいしん) sī 19-sè-kí boa̍t-kî, Ji̍t-pún só͘ chò--ê, ū chu-pún chú-gī sèng-chit-tek choân-bīn se-hoà kap hiān-tāi-hoà ê kái-kek ūn-tōng. Thàu-koè chit-ê ūn-tōng, kā siōng-boé 1-ê bo̍k-hú Edo Bo̍k-hú sak--tó, hō͘ thian-hông chhin-sin lâi chú-chhî koán-lí kok-ka, kái-kek ê hoān-ûi, khan-sia̍p-tio̍h tiong-iong ê koaⁿ-chè, hoat-lu̍t chè-tō͘, hông-kiong thé-chè, sin-hūn kai-ki̍p, tē-hng hêng-chèng, kim-iông, bō͘-e̍k, sán-gia̍p, keng-chè, kàu-io̍k, goā-kau kap chong-kàu chèng-chhek téng-téng.

## khài-lio̍k

Bêng-tī î-sin sī siáⁿ-mi̍h sî-chūn khai-sí--ê ū chē-chē khoán kóng-hoat tī-leh, khah e̍h--ê sī kí Ji̍t-pún nî-hō kái-chò Bêng-tī hit-tong-sî, iā-tō-sī 1868-nî 10--goe̍h 23 (kū-le̍k 9--goe̍h chhoe 8), m̄-koh phó-thong kóng Bêng-tī î-sin ê sî, sī chí tāi-chèng hōng-hoân (大政奉還), ông-chèng ho̍k-kó͘ (王政復古) liáu-āu sio-liân-soà ê kái-kek, nā chhut-boé ê sî-kan, it-poaⁿ sī lia̍h se-lâm chiàn-cheng kiat-sok (1877-nî), lāi-koh chè-tō͘ kiàn-li̍p (1885-nî), hiàn-hoat thé-chè sêng-li̍p (1889-nî) chit kúi-ê sī-kan-tiàm siōng-kài chē.

Chit-toāⁿ sî-kan ê sin chèng-hú, toā-pō͘-hūn sī kā hō-chò "Bêng-tī chèng-hú", "sin chèng-hú" iah "î-sin chèng-hú". Mā ū lâng in-ūi hit lāi-té ê būn-tê, kā phì-siùⁿ chò "phoan-hoa̍t chèng-hú", chit-khoán thé-hō sī in-ūi sin chèng-hú--ni̍h chin chē chú-iàu jîn-bu̍t sī Satuma-phoan kap Tyôsyû-phoan ê thâu-lâng, chú-iàu ê būn-tê sī chí Bêng-tī chèng-hú ê chhiú-lō͘ choan-chè, koh tiong-ki̍p í-siōng ê koaⁿ-oân tō chin hán jīn-iōng kū chèng-hú ê lâng, koân-le̍k pá-a̍k tī chi̍t-pō͘-hūn ê kiông-toā phoan-sú chhiú--ni̍h.

Bêng-tī î-sin chit-ê kóng-hoat sī Chiau-hô (昭和) sî-tāi liáu-āu chiah pìⁿ phó-phiàn--ê, nā hit-tang-chūn ê láng, tùi tāi-chèng hōng-hoân kap hùi-phoan tì-koān (廢藩置縣) ê kái-kek, sī kā kiò-chò "goissin"(御一新).

Bêng-tī î-sin tī té sî-kan lāi-té tō hō͘ Ji̍t-pún ê kok-ka le̍k-liōng chám-jiân-á thê-seng, ē-tàng kap Se-kok sio pí-phēng, tì-sú A-chiu ta̍k-kok choaⁿ-á kā tòng-chò sī kīn-tāi kái-kek ê tián-hoān.

## kái-kek ê hong-chiam

Bêng-tī sin chèng-hú ê kái-kek hong-chiam, siōng-ki-pún koh thâu-chi̍t-kiāⁿ tō sī ùi Edo Bo̍k-hú, iā-chiū-sī Tokugawa Bo̍k-hú kā chip-chèng-koân the̍h--lo̍h-lâi, kau tī thian-hông chhiú--ni̍h (tāi-chèng hōng-hoân, ông-chèng ho̍k-kó͘), bo̍k-hú chū án-ne kiâⁿ-ji̍p le̍k-sú, koh lâi tō sī cháu-chhoē hong-sek, beh hō͘ Ji̍t-pún thang jip-chiūⁿ Au-chiu kap Bí-kok téng-téng ê kiông-kok, chit hong-bīn thang kū-thé tī 1868-nî ê Ngó͘-kò-tiâu Gū-sè-bûn (五箇条の御誓文) khoàⁿ--chhut-lâi. Kán-tan kóng, tō-sī thàu-koè ha̍p-gī thé-chè (合議体制), koaⁿ-bîn it-thé (官民一体), lâi chiâⁿ-chòe 1-ê kok-ka, koh phah-phoà kū-koàn-sì, poê-ióng kap sè-kài ta̍k-kok pêⁿ-chē-khí ê châi-tiāu.

Kóng-tio̍h beh ta̍t-sêng téng-koân chiah-ê bo̍k-phiau, siōng chia̍p thiaⁿ-tio̍h ê kháu-hō sī "bù-kok kiông-peng" (富国強兵) kap "si̍t-sán heng-gia̍p" (殖産興業).
# Sin-jī-thé

**Sin-jī-thé** sī kóng àn-chiàu Ji̍t-pún chèng-hú tī 1946 nî pan-pò͘ ê Tong-ēng Hàn-jī Jī-thé-piáu (当用漢字字体表) chò ki-chhó͘ ê piau-chún-hòa Ji̍t-gí Hàn-jī.

Sin-jī-thé it-poaⁿ sī ēng khah kán-lio̍k ê pit-ōe, chóng-sī ū chi̍t kóa liû-hêng ê kán-lio̍k Hàn-jī sit-chè siōng bô siu ùi koaⁿ-tēng ê pún piáu-chún lāi-bīn.

## Siong-koan

* Kū-jī-thé
* Tong-ēng Hàn-jī
* Siông-ēng Hàn-jī
* Piáu-gōa Hàn-jī
* Lâng-miâ-ēng Hàn-jī
# Bat-jī

1970 chì 2000 nî, thong-sè-kài ê chheⁿ-mê-gû pi-lē.
**Bat-jī** (捌字; Eng-bûn: *literacy*) kóng-ê sī lâng beh oa̍t-tho̍k kap su-siá bûn-jī ê ki-pún lêng-le̍k; m̄ bat-jī ê lâng pī hō-chò chheⁿ-mê-gû.
# Hiān-tāi Piau-chún Hàn-gí

**Hiān-tāi Piau-chún Hàn-gí** (現代標準漢語) sī Tiong-kok kap Tâi-oân ê koaⁿ-hong gí-giân, mā sī Má-lâi-se-a, Sin-ka-pho kap Liân-ha̍p-kok ê koaⁿ-hong gí-giân chi chi̍t. Chiah oē tī Tiong-kok kiò choè **Phó͘-thong-oē** (普通話), tī Tâi-oân kiò choè **Kok-gí** (國語), tī Má-lâi-se-a kap Sin-ka-pho kiò choè **Hoâ-gí** (華語).
# Hô-chè Hàn-gí

**Hô-chè Hàn-gí** (Ji̍t-gí: 和 (わ)製 (せい)漢 (かん)語 (ご) *wasei kango*), sī Ji̍t-pún-lâng ka-tī ēng Hàn-jī (im-tha̍k, Ji̍t-gí: 音 (おん)読 (よ)み *on'yomi*) chó͘-sêng ê Hàn-jī ho̍k-sû (複詞). Kî-tiong ê "gí" (語) tī Ji̍t-gí chí gí-sû.

Ùi 19 sè-kí khí, in-ūi kīn-tāi-hòa ê su-kiû, Ji̍t-pún-lâng iōng ka-tī chō-sû, hō͘ kū-sû sin ê ì-gī, he̍k-chiá sī iōng kó͘-tāi ê Hàn-jī-sû, lâi ín-ji̍p Se-iûⁿ ê kho-ha̍k, su-sióng téng-téng ê sin khài-liām. Mā in-ūi Ji̍t-pún hit-sî ê kīn-tāi-hòa pí Tiong-kok kiâⁿ kah khah thâu-chêng, chē-chē liû-ha̍k-seng mā ùi Ji̍t-pún su-ji̍p chiah-ê Hô-chè Hàn-gí kàu Tiong-kok, jî-chiáⁿ in-ūi Ji̍t-pún si̍t-bîn Tâi-oân kap Tiâu-sián, hô-chè hàn-gí mā ín ji̍p-khì Tâi-oân Hô-ló-ōe, Tâi-oân Kheh-gí í-ki̍p Tiâu-sián-gí.

Phí-lūn kóng, "Tiat-ha̍k" (哲學), "Siā-hōe" (社會) sio̍k tī in. Khah óa hiān-tāi ê lē ū "Siáu-chú-hòa" (少子化).
# Chioh-e̍k

**Chioh-ēng hoan-e̍k**, he̍k-chiá kóng **chioh-e̍k** sī chí chi̍t khoán tùi gōa-gí keng-kòe tan-jī tùi tan-jī ia̍h jī-kun tùi jī-kun ê hong-sek chiàu-jī hoan-e̍k sán-seng ê tan-jī ia̍h phiàn-gí. Pí-lūn kóng Tek-gí "tiān-sī" ì-sù ê tan-jī *Fernsehen*, sī tùi Eng-gí *Television* ("hn̄g" + "khòaⁿ") chiàu jī-kun ì-sù hoan-e̍k--ê.
# Tiān-ōe

Tiān-oē
**Tiān-oē** (Hàn-jī: 電話) sī chi̍t khoán kau-thong siaⁿ-im ê tiān-sìn kang-khu kap hē-thóng. Thong tiān-oē ê hong-sek it-poaⁿ sī tiám tùi tiám, hō͘ tiān-sìn-soàⁿ nn̄g boé ê lâng ē-sái tùi-ōa.

## Siong-koan

* Tiān-sìn
* Tiān-pò