Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Ma-lá-lí-á

*Anopheles gambiae* chit chióng báng-á sī ma-lá-lí-á siāng chú-iàu ê thoân-jiám-goân
**Ma-lá-lí-á** (Eng-gí: malaria), mā hō chò **Kôaⁿ-jia̍t** (寒熱), sī 1 chióng goân-seng seng-bu̍t (protist) khí-tì ê thoân-jiám-pēⁿ, tī jia̍t-tài kap a-jia̍t-tài chin phó͘-phiàn. Pēⁿ-lâng ē chi̍t-ē-á hoat-sio, chi̍t-ē-á ùi-koâⁿ, koh ē thâu-thiàⁿ, péng-pak; giâm-tiōng--kàu-tè ē bô-ì-sek, io-chí sit-khì chok-iōng, sīm-chì kòe-sin.
# Sonoma Kūn (California)

| Sonoma County, California |
| --- |
| **Sonoma Kūn *Sonoma County |
|  Tī Bí-kok California chiu ê ūi-tì |
| Kiàn-li̍p | 1850 nî |
| Kūn-hú | Santa Rosa |
| Jîn-kháu |  |
|  • Chóng-kè | 483,878 |
| Bāng-chām | www.sonoma-county.org |

**Sonoma Kūn** (Eng-gí: *Sonoma County*) sī Bí-kok California chiu ê kūn (*county*), ū jîn-kháu 495025.

## Tē-lí

Tī pún kūn-koān sì-ûi ê hêng-chèng-khu ū Mendocino Kūn, Lake Kūn, Napa Kūn, Solano Kūn, Marin Kūn.

## Jîn-kháu

Sonoma Kūn tī 2010 nî 7 goe̍h sî ê jîn-kháu ū 484,698 lâng; kàu 2013 nî 7 goe̍h ê sî piàn 495,025.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
# PubMed Central

PubMed Central| Producer | Bí-kok kok-ka i-ha̍k tôo-su-kuán (Bí-kok) |
| History | 2000 kàu bo̍k-tsên |
| Access |
| Cost | Bén-huì |
| Coverage |
| Disciplines | I-ha̍k |
| Record depth | Tsí-ín, tsai-iau & tsuân-bûn |
| Format coverage | Kî-khan bûn-tsiuñ |
| No. of records | 10,800,000  |
| Links |
| Website |  |
| Title list(s) |  |

**PubMed Central** (PMC) sī tsi̍t-ê bián-huì ê sòo-uī tôo-su-kuán, sòo-kì-khòo hām bûn-tóng-khóo, iōng-teh tsûn-tòng í-king teh sing-bu̍t i-ha̍k hām sèñ-miā kho-ha̍k kî-khan tíng-kuân huat-piáu ê khai-hòng kia̍t-tshú ha̍k-su̍t lūn-bûn. PubMed Central sī-iû bí-kok kok-ka sing-bu̍t ki-su̍t sìn-sit tiong-sim sóo khai-huat--ê.

PubMed Central kah PubMed bô-kâng. PubMed Central sī tsi̍t-ê bián-huì ê lūn-bûn sòo-kì-khòo, jīm-hô jî lóng ē-tàng thong-kuè bāng-lōo liû-lám-khì, uì jīm-hô sóo-tsai hóng-mn̄g PubMed Central hām ua̍t-to̍k lūn-bûn tsuân-bûn. Sio-tuì-huán PubMed kan-na thê-kiong sing-bu̍t i-ha̍k líng-i̍k ê lūn-bûn in-bûn hām tsai-iau; lūn-bûn tsuân-bûn pīng bô-teh PubMed tíng-kuân. Ū su-iàu tsuân-bûn ê iōng-tsiá, tō su-iàu teh PubMed í-guā ê siong-kuan khǹg lūn-bûn ê sóo-tsai khì tit-tshú lūn-bûn ê tsuân-bûn. Lî-tshiáñ teh tsia-ê sóo-tsai mā-ū khó-lîng hù-huì tsiah ē-tàng ua̍t-lám.

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t

* Europe PubMed Central
* Die Welt
* F-35 siám-tiān II chiàn-tàu-ki (F-35 siám-tēn II sèn-tàu ki/Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II)
* Sò͘-jī tiān-tâi (Sòo-jī tēn-tâi/Numbers station)
* Nosaka Akiyuki (野坂昭如)

## Guā-pōo lên-ket

* Koaⁿ-hong bāng-chām
# Chìn-hòa seng-bu̍t-ha̍k

**Chìn-hoà seng-bu̍t-ha̍k** (Eng-gí: *evolutionary biology*) sī seng-bu̍t-ha̍k lāi-bīn thàm-thó kok chéng seng-bu̍t chi kan chhin-goân koan-hē kap chha-piat ê chi̍t mn̂g ha̍k-būn.
# Kûn-thé ûi-thoân-ha̍k

**Kûn-thé ûi-thoân-ha̍k** (Eng-gí: *population genetics*) sī ûi-thoân-ha̍k ê chi̍t-ê hun-iá, choan-bûn teh chhù-lí kûn-thé lōe-pō͘ kap kûn-thé chi kan ê ûi-thoân chha-pia̍t. Pún ha̍k-bûn mā sǹg sī chìn-hòa seng-bu̍t-ha̍k ê chi̍t pō͘-hūn, te̍k-pia̍t teh gián-kiù sek-èng, chéng-hòa (*speciation*), kûn-thé kiat-kò͘ (*population structure*) téng būn-tê.
# Tu̍t-piàn

**Tu̍t-piàn** (突變; Eng: *mutation*), he̍k-chiá **hoán-chéng**, tī seng-bu̍t-ha̍k siōng ê hâm-gī sī sè-pau lāi ê ûi-thoân ki-in hoat-seng ê kái-piàn. Hoat-seng seng-bu̍t tu̍t-piàn ê goân-in ū-khó-lêng sī sè-pau hun-lia̍t sî, ûi-thoân ki-in ê ho̍k-chè hoat-seng chhò-gō͘, ia̍h-sī siū-tio̍h hoà-ha̍k bu̍t-chit, ki-in to̍k-sèng, hok-siā ia̍h pēⁿ-to̍k téng-téng goā-chāi ê éng-hióng.

Tu̍t-piàn thong-siông ē tì-sú sè-pau ūn-chok bô-chèng-siông ia̍h sí-bông, sīm-chì tī khah ko-téng ê seng-bu̍t-thé thé-lāi ín-hoat gâm-chèng. Put-kò, tu̍t-piàn mā pī khoàⁿ-chò sī chìn-hoà ê thui-sak-la̍t, bô-lí-sióng ê tu̍t-piàn ē keng-iû chū-jiân soán-te̍k ê kòe-têng pī thai-tiāu, iú-lī ê tu̍t-piàn ē kè-sio̍k liû-thoân lo̍h-khì.

## Chham-khó
# Chū-jiân soán-te̍k

Chū-jiân sóan-te̍k ē-tàng kái-soeh ūi-siáⁿ-mi̍h kok-chióng Darwin-chhiok (Darwin's finches) ê chiáu-chhùi ū hiah-chē bô-kāng-khóan ê hêng-chōng.
**Chū-jiân sóan-te̍k** (Eng-bûn: *natural selection*), khah thoân-thóng ê hoan-e̍k kiò **thian-te̍k** (天擇), sī chi̍t khóan kòe-têng, tī chit-ê kòe-têng tiong, in-ūi seng-bu̍t siⁿ-thòaⁿ ê sêng-kong kap sit-pāi, chō-sêng chi̍t kóa ûi-thôan sèng-chit (trait) tī kò-thé-kûn (population) lāi-bīn ê pí-lu̍t chin-ka ia̍h sī kiám-chió.

Chū-jiân sóan-te̍k chit-ê khài-liām sī Charles Darwin só͘ thê-chhut, sī seng-bu̍t chìn-hòa ê chú-iàu ki-chè (mechanism). 20 sè-kí ê kho-ha̍k-ka chiong Darwin ê chū-jiân sóan-te̍k khài-liām kap Gregor Mendel ê ûi-thôan kui-lu̍t thóng-ha̍p chhut hiān-tāi ê chìn-hòa lí-lūn.

## Te̍k-sû ê hêng-sek

* Sèng soán-te̍k
* Jîn-ûi soán-te̍k

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat

* *The Origin of Species* by Charles Darwin Archived 2014-03-02 at the Wayback Machine. - Charles Darwin tùi chū-jiân sóan-te̍k ê kái-soeh.
* Natural Selection Archived 2012-08-15 at the Wayback Machine. - Berkeley Tāi-ha̍k ê kàu-ha̍k bāng-ia̍h.
# Sek-èng

*Pún bûn-chiong kài-siāu chìn-hòa siōng ê sek-èng kài-liām, kî-tha ì-sù chhiáⁿ khòaⁿ "sek-èng (khu-pia̍t-ia̍h)".*
**sek-èng** (適應; Eng-gí: *adaptation*) sī seng-bu̍t-thé tùi i só͘ khiā ê khoân-kéng ê sek-ha̍p-sèng, thang hō͘ che seng-bu̍t-thé sêng-kong chûn-oa̍h kiam seⁿ-thòaⁿ. Kho-ha̍k siōng só͘ kóng ê sek-èng, sī chi̍t khoán chū-jiân soán-tek ê kiat-kó. Sek-èng tû-liáu sī chí sán-seng--chhut-lâi ê sèng-chit pún-sin, mā chí sán-seng ê kòe-têng.

## Iōng-gí

Tī bô-kâng ê hun-iá, "sek-èng" ê ì-sù ke-kiám bô-kâng, tī seng-lí-ha̍k-kài khah ū khó-lêng sī kóng hoat-seng tī kò-pia̍t seng-bu̍t-thé sin-ku téng ê kòe-têng; nā chìn-hòa kho-ha̍k-kài chú-iàu sī kā sek-èng chit jī the̍h lâi tāi-piáu chìn-hòa ê kòe-têng kap kiat-kó. Kóng chi̍t chiah seng-bu̍t "í-keng sek-èng" liáu bó͘ khoán khoân-kéng, ē-tàng kóng i-ê chûn-oa̍h pún-sin to̍h sī sek-èng ê chèng-bêng, tùi chì-hòa-ha̍k-ka lâi kóng, in ê gián-kiù tùi-siòng to̍h sī hia chûn-oa̍h-chiá ê sek-èng goân-in kap kòe-têng.

## Chham-chiàu
# Bia̍t-choa̍t

**Bia̍t-choa̍t** (Eng-gí: *extinction*), ia̍h-sī **choa̍t-bia̍t**, sī kóng chi̍t lūi seng-bu̍t ê siau-sit; nā chi̍t chéng seng-bu̍t î-it chûn-oa̍h ê kò-thé sí-bông, tio̍h sī chi̍t chéng seng-bu̍t bia̍t-choa̍t ê sî-chūn. In-ūi beh oân-choân koan-chhat chi̍t khoán seng-bu̍t ê chûn-chāi ū khùn-lân, it-poaⁿ bia̍t-choa̍t ê jīn-tēng sī óa-khò thui-chhek.

Bia̍t-choa̍t it-poaⁿ koan-hē tio̍h nn̄g khoán kòe-têng, chi it sī chi̍t chéng seng-bu̍t in kò-thé-kûn tōa-sió (kò-thé sò͘-liōng) ê kián sió; koh-lâi sī chéng lāi ûi-thoân to-iūⁿ-sèng ê kàng-kē. Chē nn̄g hāng kòe-têng mā ū hō͘-siōng ê koan-hē.

## Chham-chiàu
# Jîn-lūi chìn-hòa

Jîn-lūi ê chìn-hòa kòe-têng ē-tàng tùi lêng-tióng-lūi iû-kî sī *Homo* sio̍k ê chìn-hòa le̍k-sú kóng-khí, kàu *Homo sapiens* (hiān-tāi jîn-lūi) ê chhut-hiān, kap kīn-chhin bu̍t-chéng ê koan-hē, í-kip pún-sin chāi seng-bu̍t sèng-chit chân-bīn ê hoat-tián.
# Seng-bu̍t tē-lí-ha̍k

**Seng-bu̍t tē-lí-ha̍k** (Eng-gí: *biogeography*) sī ián-kiù seng-bu̍t ê tē-lí hun-pò͘ kap soàⁿ-pò͘ koè-têng téng ha̍k-būn ê ha̍k-kho, sī seng-bu̍t-ha̍k ê hun-chi.
# Hun-ki-ha̍k

**Hun-ki-ha̍k** (Eng-gí: *cladistics*) sī seng-bu̍t-ha̍k hun-lūi ê chi̍t thò lí-lō͘, kā oa̍h-mi̍h kun-kù in kong-ke tùi chòe-kīn ê kiōng-tông chó͘-sian khai-sí chhut-hiān jî-chhiá thôaⁿ--lâi ê sèng-chit lâi hun-kui-lui.
# Lūn Chéng ê Khí-goân

Lūn Chéng ê Khí-goân (*On the Origin of Species*), ia̍h Bu̍t-chéng Goân-sí, sī 1859 nî 11 goe̍h 24 ji̍t chhut-pán ê Eng-gí tì-chok, chok-chiá sī Charles Darwin, che sī i tùi seng-bu̍t flavioroselgarcia@gmail.comchìn-hoà ê koan-chha̍t kiam tùi chìn-hoà ê chū-jiân soán-te̍k ki-chè ê thó-lūn.

## Tê-bo̍k

Pún chheh goân-chéng ê tê-bo̍k sī *Chiàu Chū-jiân Soán-te̍k ê Tō-lí, ia̍h Sèⁿ-miā tī Seng-chûn Thiáu-chiàn tang-tiong siū Thán-hō͘ Cho̍k-lūi ê Chûn-oa̍h ê Chéng ê Khí-goân* (*On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life*).

## Siong-koan

* Chéng
# Charles Darwin

Charles Dariwn (1854)
**Charles Robert Darwin** (1809 nî 2 goe̍h 12 – 1882 nî 4 goe̍h 19), Eng-tē chū-jiân-ha̍k-ka. I siāng kài chhut-miâ ê sêng-chiū tō-sī chhoē chhut chèng-kì chèng-bêng seng-bu̍t-chéng ùi chìn-hoà kái-piàn lâi chō-chiâⁿ, koh thê-chhut kho-ha̍k lūn-soat kái-soeh kóng, chit khoán kái-piàn ê ki-choán (mechanism) sī chū-jiân soán-te̍k. Chit ê lí-lūn sī hiān-tāi seng-bu̍t-ha̍k ê 1 ki tē-ki-kha.

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat

* Darwin Online: i ê tù-chok, 5 bān bīn ê bûn-jī, 4 bān tiuⁿ tô͘.
# Hoat-seng-ha̍k

**Hoat-seng-ha̍k** (Eng-gí: *phylogenetics*) sī tùi oa̍h-mi̍h kò-thé iā kûn-thé ê chìn-hòa le̍k-sú kap koan-hē ê gián-kiù ha̍k-būn. Chia oa̍h-mi̍h ê koan-hē, sī keng-kòe kiám-cha chi̍t kóa ē-tàng ûi-thoân ê sèng-chit, pí-lūn DNA sū-lia̍t iā sī hêng-thài-ha̍k, kā khǹg tī chìn-hòa ê bô͘-hêng ē-té liáu-kái sán-seng--ê. Hun-sek ê kián-kó, thang chè-cho chhut hoat-seng-chhiū (*phylogenetic tree*) iā hoat-seng-tô͘ (*phylogeny*) lâi piáu-hiān.

## Siong-koan

* Hē-thóng-ha̍k
# Io̍k-chéng

**Io̍k-chéng** sī keng-kòe tùi seⁿ-thòaⁿ ê khòng-chè hō͘ seng-bu̍t sán-seng ûi-thoân-sèng ê kái-piàn. Kî-tiong lâng só͘ su-iàu ê sèng-chit hông ka-kiông, bô kah-ì ê sèng-chit hông ap-chè, bo̍k-te̍k sī sán-seng sin--ê he̍k-chiá kái-liông phín-chéng.

Tùi chìn-hòa koan-tiám lâi kóng, io̍k-chéng chio̍h sī **jîn-ûi soán-te̍k** (*artificial selection*).
# Kó͘-seng-bu̍t-ha̍k

**Kó͘-seng-bu̍t-ha̍k** (古生物學; Eng-gú: *paleontology*) sī chi̍t mn̂g teh gián-kiù kó͘-chá tē-chit sî-tāi tiong ê seng-bu̍t kap in-ê hoat-tián ê seng-bu̍t-ha̍k hun-chi. Kó͘-seng-bu̍t-ha̍k chú-iàu sī tùi kó͘-chá seng-bu̍t ê hêng-thài, hun-lūi, seng-oa̍h hong-sek, seng-chûn tiâu-kiāⁿ kap tē-lí le̍k-sú ê hun-pò͘ lâi chìn-hêng gián-kiù. Kó͘-seng-bu̍t-ha̍k chú-iàu sī thàu-kòe hoà-chio̍h lâi chò gián-kiù. Lēng-goā, i iáu-koh ē-sái sè-hun chò kó͘-si̍t-bu̍t-ha̍k, kó͘-tōng-bu̍t-ha̍k kap kó͘-seng-thài-ha̍k téng-téng gián-kiù ê hun-chi.
# Hē-thóng-ha̍k

**Hē-thóng-ha̍k** (Eng-gí: *systematics*) sī tùi hiān-chāi kiam kòe-khì oa̍h-mi̍h hun-ki ê gián-kiù ha̍k-būn.

## Siong-koan

* Hun-lūi-ha̍k
* Chìn-hòa seng-bu̍t-ha̍k
* Hoat-seng-ha̍k
# Iu-seng-ha̍k

"Iu-seng-ha̍k sī jîn-lūi ián-hòa ê chū-ngó͘ ín-chhōa͘" (*Eugenics is the self-direction of human evolution*). 1921 nî Kok-chè Iu-seng-ha̍k Hōe-gī ê piau-chì.
**Iu-seng-ha̍k** sī chi̍t khóan kho-ha̍k ia̍h chèng-tī-siōng ê su-sióng kap ūn-tōng, tī 20 sè-kí ê chêng-pòaⁿ liû-hêng, sī hit-tong-sî chéng-cho̍k iu-o̍at ê lí-iû chi it.
# Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k

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Kok chióng seng-bu̍t lóng sī [[../]] beh gián-kiù ê tùi-siōng *(ùi tò-pêng téng-koân sūn sî-cheng:)* *E. coli*, tree fern, gazelle, Goliath beetle
**Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k** sī leh gián-kiù seng-bu̍t ham sìⁿ-miā (life) ê kho-ha̍k. Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k chùn-būn--ê ū: seng-bu̍t ê te̍k-chit (characteristics), hun-lūi, hêng-ûi; ta̍k khoán seng-bu̍t chái-iūⁿ ē chûn-chāi (existence); seng-bu̍t chái-iūⁿ kap khoân-kéng (environment) ham pa̍t chióng seng-bu̍t lâi hō͘-tōng. Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k hoān-ûi chin khoah, hoān-nā chham oa̍h-mi̍h ū tī-tāi--ê lóng chāi-lāi, ùi khah sè ê hun-chú seng-bu̍t-ha̍k, kaù kah khah khoah-bīn ê seng-thài-ha̍k (ecology) lóng sī seng-bu̍t-ha̍k beh gián-kiù--ê. Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k só͘-ū ê khài-liām kap pa̍t khoán kho-ha̍k lóng sio-siâng, lóng tio̍h chun-chiàu jia̍t-la̍t-ha̍k (thermodynamics), chit-liōng pó-chûn (conservation of mass), ... tēng-lu̍t.

## * Animalia - Bos primigenius taurus
* Planta - Triticum
* Fungi - Morchella esculenta
* Stramenopila/Chromista - Fucus serratus
* Bacteria - Gemmatimonas aurantiaca (- = 1 Micrometer)
* Archaea - Halobacteria
* Virus - Gamma phage
# Kho-ha̍k-tek hong-hoat

**Kho-ha̍k-tek hong-hoat** (Eng-gí: *scientific method*) sī tùi tiâu-cha hiān-siōng, chhái-chhú sin tì-sek, he̍k-chiá sī siu-chi̍p kap chéng-ha̍p goân-lâi chûn-chāi ê tì-sek ê chi̍t thò ki-su̍t thé-hē.

Kīn-tāi kho-ha̍k tùi kho-ha̍k gián-kiù ê kòe-têng ū chi̍t khoán lí-sióng, sī pau-koat hē-thóng-tek koan-chhâ, chhek-liōng, si̍t-giām; chìn chi̍t pō͘ koh ū tùi ha̍k-soat (*hypotheses*) ê kong-sek-hòa, chhì-giām kap siu-kái. Chóng-sī si̍t-chè ê kho-ha̍k gián-kiù khang-khòe sī keng-ka ho̍k-cha̍p--ê.
# Sèⁿ-miā-thé

**Sèⁿ-miā-thé** (性命體; Eng-gí: *organism*; Tek-gí: *Lebewesen*) ia̍h ū **seng-bu̍t** (生物), **oa̍h-mi̍h** (活物), **seng-bu̍t-thé** (生物體) téng kóng-hoat, sī ū sèⁿ-miā ê kò-thé. Tī-leh seng-bu̍t-ha̍k kap seng-thài-ha̍k tang-tiong, sèⁿ-miā-thé sī hō͘-siāng éng-hióng ê sêng-hūn kò͘-sêng ê 1 chióng siong-tùi ún-tēng ê hē-thóng, ē piáu-hiān te̍k-sû ê kong-lêng kap sèⁿ-miā te̍k-sek ê 1 ê chéng-thé. Sèⁿ-miā-thé siōng tiōng-iàu ê te̍k-sek tō sī sin-tîn-tāi-siā, thang hun ha̍p-sêng tāi-siā kap hun-kái tāi-siā.

Sèⁿ-miā ê khí-gôan kap seng-bu̍t hun-lūi it-ti̍t ū cheng-gī. It-poaⁿ-te̍k, seng-bu̍t hun-chò 2 tōa lūi: gôan-he̍k-seng-bu̍t kap chin-he̍k-seng-bu̍t. Gôan-he̍k-seng-bu̍t koh hun-chò 2 ê: sè-khún-he̍k (Domain Bacteria) kap kó͘-sè-khún-he̍k (Domain Archaea), chit 2 chióng tiong-kan chha chin chē, chìn-hòa-sú ê gián-kiù kaù taⁿ iáu boē chhoē tio̍h in tiong-kan ê liân-hê. Chin-he̍k-seng-bu̍t ê 2 ê sè-pau-khì: ia̍p-le̍k-thé kap soàⁿ-lia̍p-thé, hoān-sè sī ùi lōe-seng-sè-khún (endosymbiotic bacteria) ián-hòa lâi ê.

Sè-pau chhiau-koè 1 ê ê seng-bu̍t kiò chò to-sè-pau seng-bu̍t.

## Kong-ke ê te̍k-sek

Toā-pō͘-hūn ê seng-bu̍t kong-ke ê te̍k-sek ū:

* ē tín-tāng
* ē chia̍h-si̍t
* ē chhoán-khùi
* ē toā-hàn
* ē seⁿ-thoàⁿ
* tùi chhì-khek ū hoán-èng

Chiah-ê te̍k-sek m̄-sī choân-pō͘ ê seng-bu̍t lóng ū, chhiūⁿ-kóng kúi-nā chióng seng-bu̍t ka-tī bē tín-tāng (sui-bóng si̍t-bu̍t ê seng-tióng ē-sái khòaⁿ chò 1 chióng tín-tāng), iah sī bē ti̍t-chiap tùi khoân-kéng ê piàn-hoà sán-seng hoán-èng. Bî-seng-bu̍t, pí-lūn-kóng sè-khún, tō bē chhoán-khùi. Lēng-gōa, ū chin chē chióng seng-bu̍t ê kò-thé bē seⁿ-thoàⁿ, m̄-koh in hit ê bu̍t-chéng ē-tàng.

## Pēⁿ-to̍k

Pēⁿ-to̍k ka-tī bē-tàng seⁿ-thoàⁿ kap sin-tîn-tāi-siā; lán thong-siông bô kā tòng-chò seng-bu̍t. Put-jī-kò, chiàu Bí-kok Hoat-tián (United States Code) ê seng-bu̍t bú-khì siong-koan loē-iông, pēⁿ-to̍k mā sǹg-chò bî-seng-bu̍t. Kúi-nā chióng kià-seng-tōng-bu̍t kap lōe-kiōng-seng-thé (endosymbionts) ka-tī mā bô châi-tiāu seng-chûn. Pēⁿ-to̍k kám beh sǹg chò seng-bu̍t iáu ū chin toā ê cheng-gī. Pēⁿ-to̍k sui-bóng ū kàⁿ-sò͘ kap kî-thaⁿ seng-bu̍t te̍k-iú ê hun-chú, m̄-koh nā bô tī kià-chú-sè-pau lāi-té in tō bô hoat-tō͘ oa̍h lo̍h-khì. Pēⁿ-to̍k sin-tîn-tāi-siā ê kòe-têng mā su-iàu khò kià-chú ê ûi-thôan ki-chè. Chit lō kià-seng hiān-siōng ê khí-gôan iáu bô chheng-chhó, hoān-sè kap kià-chú ū koan-hē.

## Hoè-siū

Hoè-siū sī seng-bu̍t ê ki-pún chham-sò͘. Ū-ê seng-bu̍t kan-taⁿ ē-tàng oa̍h 1 kang, ū-ê seng-bu̍t, chhiūⁿ-kóng si̍t-bu̍t, tō ē-tàng oa̍h kúi-nā chheng nî. Sè-pau lāu-siam (senescence) leh koat-tēng seng-bu̍t-thé, sè-khún, pēⁿ-to̍k, sīm-chì sī prion ê hoè-siū ê sî chin tiōng-iàu.
# Hō-miâ-hoat kui-tiâu

**Hō-miâ-hoat kui-tiâu** (eng. *nomenclature codes*) sī tī-lí seng-bu̍t hun-lūi-ha̍k hō-miâ ê chi̍t kóa kui-chek-chheh, i kò-pia̍t choan-bûn chhù-lí só͘ sio̍k ê tōa hoān-ûi seng-bu̍t.
# Kái-phò-ha̍k

Mondino dei Liuzzi, *Anathomia*, 1541
**Kái-phò-ha̍k** (解剖學; Eng-gí: *anatomy*; Hi-lia̍p-gí: ἀνατομία *anatomia*) sī i-ha̍k kap seng-bu̍t-ha̍k ê ha̍k-mn̂g, sī tùi seng-bu̍t-thé ê hêng-thé, kò͘-chō ê ián-kiù.

Kái-phò-ha̍k it-poaⁿ sī kóng tùi tōng-bu̍t, iû-kî jîn-lūi ê kái-phò ián-kiù; chóng-sī tùi si̍t-bu̍t mā ū si̍t-bu̍t kái-phò-ha̍k.
# Seng-hòa-ha̍k

Chià-thn̂g tāi-lí-khài sī siāng phó͘-phiàn ê thoàⁿ-chúi hoà-ha̍k-bu̍t.
**Seng-hoà-ha̍k** (biochemistry) sī leh gián-kiù oa̍h ê seng-bu̍t chái-iūⁿ chìn-hêng hoà-ha̍k hoán-èng kap chok-iōng. Hiān-chú-sî kan-taⁿ chai-iáⁿ Tē-kiû ū seng-bu̍t tī--leh, jî-chhiáⁿ lóng sī thoàⁿ-ki ham chúi-ki ê seng-bu̍t. Sui-bóng seng-bu̍t ê ûi-thoân bi̍t-bé (genetic code) ia̍h seng-hun-chú (biomolecule) sī chiàⁿ-pêng ia̍h tò-pêng, téng-téng te̍k-sèng ná-chhiūⁿ sī chhìn-chhái koat-tēng--ê, khêng-si̍t in lóng sī kāng-thiāu (common descent)--ê, seng-hoà hoán-èng lóng chin sio-siâng. Kaù taⁿ iáu m̄ chai kám ē ū pa̍t khoán seng-hoà hoán-èng.

Seng-hoà-ha̍k gián-kiù ê tùi-siōng sī sè-pau (cell) ê kiat-kò͘ kap kong-lêng, pí-lūn kóng nn̄g-pe̍h-chit, thoàⁿ-chúi hoà-ha̍p-bu̍t (carbohydrate), iu-chi (lipid), hu̍t-sng (nucleic acid), kap kok chióng ê seng-hun-chú. Lēng-goā, hoà-seng-ha̍k (chemical biology) mā ē-tit ēng hoà-ha̍k ha̍p-sêng (chemical synthesis) ê ki-khiáu lâi kái-koat seng-hoà-ha̍k tú--tio̍h ê chi̍t-koá būn-tê.
# Seⁿ-si̍t-khì

**Seⁿ-si̍t-khì** (Hàn-jī: 生殖器) sī ho̍k-cha̍p seng-bu̍t-thé sin-khu jīm-hô hām iú-sèng seⁿ-si̍t kap cho͘-sêng seⁿ-si̍t hē-thóng siong-koan ê cho͘-chit ia̍h-sī khì-koan.
# Seng-lí-ha̍k

*Koan-hē lâng sū-gia̍p thàn-chîⁿ ê "seng-lí", chhiáⁿ khòaⁿ siong-gia̍p, kò͘-kheh kap lī-sûn téng bûn-chiong.*
**Seng-lí-ha̍k** (Eng-gí: *physiology*) sī tùi sèⁿ-miā hē-thóng it-poaⁿ kong-lêng ê kho-ha̍k gián-kiù. I sǹg sī seng-bu̍t-ha̍k ê hun-iá, chhú-lí ê tùi-siòng pau-koat kò-thé, khì-koan hē-thóng, khì-koan, sè-pau, seng-bu̍t hun-chú téng chân-kip. Chiàu bô kâng chéng-lūi kap kò͘-chō, seng-lí-ha̍k koh ē-tàng hun tōng-bu̍t seng-lí-ha̍k, si̍t-bu̍t seng-lí-ha̍k, sè-pau seng-lí-ha̍k, bî-seng-bu̍t seng-lí-ha̍k téng khoán.
# Tāi-siā

*Arabidopsis thaliana* ê le-bóng-sng sûn-khôan ê kàⁿ-sò͘ kap tāi-siā-bu̍t (*metabolite*) ê hóan-èng bāng-lō͘.
Simplified view of the cellular metabolism
Structure of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a central intermediate in energy metabolism
**Tāi-siā** (代謝; Eng-gí: *metabolism*) tī seng-hoà-ha̍k ê ì-sù, sī kok-chióng î-chhî seng-bu̍t sèⁿ-miā ê hoà-ha̍k hóan-èng ê chi̍p-ha̍p. Chia-ê hóan-èng kòe-têng ē-sái î-chhî seng-bu̍t ê seng-tióng, siⁿ-thôan, kò͘-chō chham hóan-èng.

Tāi-siā ē-sái hūn nn̄g tōa khóan: tông-hòa cho̍k-iōng (*anabolism*) ē-sái lī-ēng lêng-liōng lâi kā sió hun-chú ha̍p-sêng chò tōa hun-chú; ī-hòa cho̍k-iōng (*catabolism*) ē-sái kā tōa hun-chú hun-kái lâi seng-sán lêng-liōng.

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

 Wikibooks ū koan-hē **Tāi-siā** ê kàu-châi kap soat-bêng-su.

Wiktionary
Khì Wiktionary chhâ
Tāi-siā chit ê sû.

**It-puann tsu-sìn The Biochemistry of Metabolism (archived 8 March 2005)
* Sparknotes SAT biochemistry Overview of biochemistry. School level.
* MIT Biology Hypertextbook Archived 2016-05-19 at the Portuguese Web Archive Undergraduate-level guide to molecular biology.

**Jîn-luī ê sin-tîn tāi-siā Topics in Medical Biochemistry Guide to human metabolic pathways. School level.
# Hun-chú seng-bu̍t-ha̍k

DNA kap lambda repressor (1-chióng nn̄g-pe̍h-chit).
**Hun-chú seng-bu̍t-ha̍k** (molecular biology) sī tùi seng-bu̍t tī hun-chú téng-kip ê gián-kiù, sī seng-bu̍t-ha̍k kap hòa-ha̍k ê khòa hun-iá ê kho-ha̍k.

## Gián-kiù hong-hoat

* Cloning
* PCR
* Electrophoresis

## Koan-liân

* Seng-bu̍t ki-su̍t
* Seng-hòa-ha̍k
* Kò͘-chō seng-bu̍t-ha̍k
# Hêng-ûi

**Hêng-ûi** sī kóng lâng kap kî-tha tōng-bu̍t kò͘-thé, he̍k-chiá chi̍t-ê hē-thóng (chhan-chhiūⁿ lâng ê kûn-thé) goā-sin ê tōng-chok.

## Siong-koan

* Tōng-ki
* Sim-lí
* Hêng-ûi-ha̍k
* Hêng-ûi-chú-gī
# Tē-lí

*Chia sī kài-siāu tē-lí kho-ha̍k, nā koan-hē hong-súi ê ì-sù, khòaⁿ tē-lí (kham-û).*
**Tē-lí** ia̍h sī **tē-lí-ha̍k** sī chi̍t mn̂g ha̍k-būn, choan-bûn gián-kiù Tē-kiû téng iû-kî tē-piáu ê sèng-chit, oa̍h-mi̍h ê khiā-khí chêng-hêng, ia̍h sī kok chióng ê hiān-siōng. Tē-lí gián-kiù ū 4 khoán chú-iàu ê thôan-thóng, pau-koat tùi chū-jiân kap jîn-bûn hiān-siōng ê khong-kan hun-sek (*spatial analysis*), khu-he̍k gián-kiù (*area studies*), lâng kap thó͘-tē ê koan-hē (*man-land relationship*), kap tē-kiû kho-ha̍k. Tē-lí-ha̍k ē-sài hun chò nn̄g-ê toā hun-ki, tio̍h sī chū-jiân tē-lí-ha̍k kap jîn-bûn tē-lí-ha̍k.

## Iōng-gí

Tang-iûⁿ kok-ka pí-lūn Ji̍t-pún teh siat-kè ha̍k-hāu kho-bo̍k ê sî, tiāⁿ kā "tē-lí" ēng chò tē-lí tì-sek ha̍k-si̍p ê ì-sù, kā "tē-lí-ha̍k" tòng chò tùi tē-lí būn-tê ê tiâu-cha kiam hun-sek téng gián-kiù khang-khòe ê ì-sù. Nā chiàu chit chióng lí-lō͘, "tē-lí" sī gián-kiù hó-sè ê tì-sek; "tē-lí-ha̍k" sī kap gián-kiù pún-sin khah ū koan-hē ê tāi-chì.

## Chham-chiàu
# Seng-thài-ha̍k

Ernst Haeckel tī 1886 hoat-bêng seng-thài-ha̍k (Tek-gí: *Ökologie*) chit ê gí-sû.
**Seng-thài-ha̍k** sī leh gián-kiù seng-thài-hē (ecosystem) ê kho-ha̍k, khiā kóng oa̍h-mi̍h kap i khiā-khí ê chū-jiân khoân-kéng chái-iūⁿ hō͘-tōng (interaction). Khoân-kéng pau-hâm khiā toà kāng 1 ê seng-thài-hē, ū sìⁿ-miā ê chióng chióng oa̍h-mi̍h kap bô-sìⁿ-miā (abiotic) ê pha̍k-ji̍t (insolation), khì-haū, tē-chit, ....
# Ernst Mayr

Mayr (1994)
**Ernst Walter Mayr** (1904 nî 7 goe̍h 5 ji̍t – 2005 nî 2 goe̍h 3 ji̍t) sī Tek-kok chhut-sin ê seng-bu̍t-ha̍k-ka. Tùi chìn-hòa, hun-lūi téng ha̍k-būn chin ū gián-kiù.
# Systema Naturae

Systema Naturae, goân-pún Latin siá Systema Naturæ, sī Sūi-tián si̍t-bu̍t-ha̍k-chiá, tōng-bu̍t-ha̍k-chiá, kiam i-su Carl Linnaeus ê chú-iàu chok-phín chi it. Pún chok kài-siāu liáu Linnaeus hun-lūi-ha̍k. Sui-bóng hit thò hē-thóng, chit-má hō chò siang-bêng hō-miâ-hoat, pō͘-hūn tī 200 tang chêng to̍h ū Gaspard kap Johann hiaⁿ-tī leh hoat-tián,
Linnaeus sī tāi-seng tī kui pún chheh tang-tiong it-tì lī-iōng ê lâng. Thâu pán sī 1735 nî chhut--ê. 1758 nî ê tē 10 pán, sī siōng kài tiōng-iàu ê chi̍t pán.

## Chham-chiàu
# Sòng

Sòng Tiâu ê thâu-chi̍t-ê hông-tè Tiō Khong-īn (Sòng Thài-chó͘).
**Sòng-tiâu** (宋朝) sī Tiong-kok le̍k-sú-siōng tùi 960 nî kàu 1279 nî ê chi̍t-ê tiâu-tāi, tī Ngó͘-tāi Si̍p-kok ê bóe-āu; tī Goân-tiâu ê chìn-chêng. Sòng Tiâu koh ē-tàng hun 1127 nî í-chêng ê Pak Sòng kap 1127 nî í-āu ê Lâm Sòng nn̄g-ê sî-kî, ha̍p-chheng chò **Lióng Sòng** (兩宋).
# Kó͘-tāi Hi-lia̍p

**Kó͘-tāi Hi-lia̍p**, he̍k-chia kóng **Kó͘ Hi-lia̍p**, sī tùi Se-iûⁿ bûn-bêng chin ū éng-hióng ê le̍k-sú sî-kî, ē-tàng tùi chiân 8 sè-kí Homer Sú-si ê chhòng-chok khai-sí sǹg, kàu chiân 146 nî Hi-lia̍p hō͘ Lô-má Tè-kok cheng-ho̍k liáu-āu kiat-sok.
# Bô-chek-chui tōng-bu̍t

*Thelenota ananas*, chi̍t-khoán hái-sam.
**Bô-chek-chui tōng-bu̍t** (Eng-gí: *invertebrate*) pau-hâm chek-chui tōng-bu̍t í-gōa só͘-ū bô chek-chui ê tōng-bu̍t. Bô-chek-chui tōng-bu̍t sī chi̍t-ê paraphyletic group, lāi-bīn ū chi̍t-kóa-á sio̍k tī chit-soh tōng-bu̍t. Tī hiān-sî ê hun-lūi-ha̍k lāi-bīn, bô-chek-chui tōng-bu̍t ē-sái hun chhiau-kòe 30-ê mn̂g (*phylum*).
# Cetacea

| ?Cetacea |
| --- |
|  |
| Toā-si̍t-keng |
| **Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k hun-lūi** |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Kài: | Animalia  |
| Mn̂g: | Chordata  |
| Kong: | Mammalia  |
| Ē-kong: | Eutheria  |
| Chhiau-bo̍k: | Laurasiatheria  |
| Bo̍k: | **Cetacea** Brisson, 1762 |

 |
| A-ba̍k |
|
Mysticeti
Odontoceti
Archaeoceti (khu̍t-chéng)  |

**Cetacea** ("Toā hái-koài") chit ê ba̍k sī pau-koah hái-ang kap hái-ti chāi-lāi ê chúi-chhe chhī-leng-lūi, ū 80-goā-ê chéng, pun-chò 2 ê a-ba̍k: Mysticeti (chhiu-keng) kap Odontoceti (khí-keng, pau-koah hái-ti-á).

In sī sek-èng chúi-té seng-oa̍h siōng thiat-té ê chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t. In ê sin-khu sī liû-soàⁿ-hêng--ê, goā-phoê kng-ku̍t, kiông beh bô mo͘, ē-té kāu keng-lâ (*blubber*), thang pó-un. Chêng 2 ki "chhiú" pìⁿ ē-tit poé chúi ê si̍t, āu 2 ki "kha" chhàng tī thé-lāi, iā í-keng thoè-hoà bô lō͘-iōng. Boé-chhe sī thán-hoâiⁿ--ê.

Lē: 1- Chheⁿ-tē Hái-ang; 2- Orca; 3- Chiàⁿ Hái-ang; 4- Boah-phang-keng; 5- Narwhal; 6- Khóng-sek Hái-ang; 7- Rorqual; 8- Beluga
# Soa-hî

| ?Soa-hî |
| --- |
|  |
| *Stegostoma fasciatum* |
| Hoà-chio̍h hoān-ûi |
| Early Devonian - Recent |
| **Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k hun-lūi** |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Kài: | Animalia  |
| Mn̂g: | Chordata  |
| A-mn̂g: | Vertebrata  |
| Kong: | Chondrichthyes  |
| A-kong: | Elasmobranchii  |
| Chhiau-bo̍k: | **Selachimorpha**  |

 |
| Ba̍k |
|
Carcharhiniformes
Heterodontiformes
Hexanchiformes
Lamniformes
Orectolobiformes
Pristiophoriformes
Squaliformes
Squatiniformes |

**Soa-hî** sī kut hē-thóng choân nńg-kut, sin-khu liû-soàⁿ-hêng (streamlined) ê hî, sio̍k tī **Selachimorpha** chhiau-ba̍k. In khò 5~7 ê hî-chhi-li̍h (gill slits) ho͘-khip. In ū 1 têng chin-phoê sió-khí (dermal denticles) khàm tī phoê-hu goā-bīn pó-hō͘ kiam ī-hông thâng kià-seⁿ, mā ū kái-siān liû-thé-le̍k-ha̍k (fluid dynamics) ê lō͘-iōng. In ê chhùi-khí ū koh seⁿ ê châi-tiāu. Soa-hî sī siōng chia̍p hō͘ lâng gō͘-kái ê 1 chióng lia̍h-chia̍h tōng-bu̍t (predator); nā m̄ sī siū tio̍h ui-hiap, in khêng-si̍t hán-tit kong-kek lâng.
# Tiong-sè-kí

**Tiong-sè-kí** (Eng-gí: *Middle Ages*), mā kóng **Tiong-sè**, **Tiong-sè sî-tāi**, ia̍h **Tiong-kó͘ sî-tâi** (*Medieval period*), sī Au-chiu tùi 5 sè-kí kè-sio̍k kah 15 sè-kí ê chit tōaⁿ sî-kan. Ē-sài tùi Sai Lô-má Tè-kok ê bia̍t-kok sǹg khí, sòa ji̍p-khì Bûn-gē-ho̍k-heng kap Hoat-kiàn sî-tāi.