Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Chin-khún

| ?Khún-lūi |
| --- |
|  |
| kok chéng ê ko͘ |
| Hoà-chio̍h hoān-ûi |
| Devon chá-kî - Hiān-tāi |
| **Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k hun-lūi** |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| He̍k: | Eukaryota  |
| Kài: | **Fungi** L., 1753 |

 |
| Mn̂g |
|
Chytridiomycota
Zygomycota
Glomeromycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Deuteromycota |

**Chin-khún**, ia̍h sī **khún-lūi**, **ko͘-lūi**, sī ko͘ chham chi̍t-kóa seng-bu̍t ê chóng-ha̍p, sio̍k tī chin-he̍k seng-bu̍t, iā-chiū-sī Latin-miâ hō chò **Fungi** ê 1 ê kài, in tī sin-thé goā-khaú siau-hoà chia̍h-mi̍h, chiah koh kā êng-ióng-sò͘ (nutrient) ê hun-chú khip-siu ji̍p-khì sè-pau--nih. Ko͘ ham sè-khún tī toā-hūn ê seng-thài-hē sī seng-bu̍t sí-thé ê hun-kái-chiá (decomposers). Chin chē ko͘ ham pa̍t chióng seng-bu̍t ū tiōng-iàu ê kiōng-seng koan-hē. Si̍t-bu̍t ham ko͘ ê mycorrhizal kiōng-seng hiān-siōng put-chí-á tiōng-iàu, 90% í-siōng ê si̍t-bu̍t tio̍h khò chit chióng kiōng-seng chiah oa̍h ē lo̍h. Jîn-lūi mā chin chia̍p lī-liōng ko͘, pí-lūn kóng kek be̍h-á-chiú ia̍h chò pháng ê sî ēng kàⁿ-bó (yeast) lâi hoat-kàⁿ (fermentation), iah sī chèng siông-jiông, hiuⁿ-ko͘, ... lâi chia̍h.
# Quran

Qur'an ê tē 1 chiuⁿ
**Qur'ān** (A-la-pek-gí:  القرآن?), he̍k-chiá kóng **Kó͘-lân-keng** ia̍h **Khó-lân-keng**, Islam-kàu chú-iàu ê chong-kàu bûn-hiàn. Sìn-tô͘ siong-sìn goân A-la-pek-bûn ê Qur'ān sī Siōng-tè keng-koè sian-ti Muhammad khé-sī sè-kan-lâng ê oē, thang kóng sī jîn-kan siōng oá-kīn Siōng-tè ê mi̍h. Sìn-tô͘ mā ū kā hō chò "Choè-āu ê Kiàn-chèng", "Chheh", "Siōng-tè ê Chheh", he̍k-chiá-sī "Khé-sī".

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat

* Al-Quran (Qur'ān online) Archived 2009-01-29 at the Wayback Machine.
* Quran (eng) Archived 2018-07-30 at the Wayback Machine.
# Bûn-gē ho̍k-heng

Leonardo da Vinci ê chok-phín *L'uomo vitruviano*.
Renaissance ("le-nái-san-suh"), ū **Bûn-gē ho̍k-heng** iā **Bûn-gē ho̍k-kó͘** téng hoan-e̍k, Hoat-gí chiàu-jī ê ì-sù sī "têng-sin chhut-sì". Che sī 14 sè-kí kàu 17 sè-kí chi kan ê Au-chiu bûn-hòa ūn-tōng. Renaissance tùi Tiong-sè-kí bóe-kî ê Italia khí-thâu, āu--lâi ta̍uh-ta̍uh thòaⁿ kàu kui-ê Au-chiu, sī bûn-ha̍k, tiat-ha̍k, gē-su̍t, kho-ha̍k, chèng-tī kiam chong-kàu kok hong-bīn ê kek-sin.

## Jîn-bu̍t

* Leonardo da Vinci
* Michelangelo Buonarroti
* Niccolò Machiavelli
* Dante Alighieri
* Lorenzo de' Medici

## Chù-kha
# Khé-bông Sî-tāi

**Khé-bông Sî-tāi** sī Au-chiu 18 sè-kí chó-iū ê le̍k-sú sî-kî, hit tong-sî tng teh hoat-seng tì-sek, bûn-hoà, kho-ha̍k to hong-bīn ê khé-bông ūn-tōng. Kong-êng Kek-bēng ê hoat-seng, ia̍h sī Louis 14-sè sî-tāi ê kiat-sok, ē-táng sǹg sī Khé-bông Sî-tāi ê khai-sí; Hoat-kok Kek-bēng sǹg sī sî-tāi ê kiat-sok. M̄-koh iáu-bô it-tēng ê kóng-hoat.

Lēng-gōa, tī Āu-hiān-tāi-chú-gī chi hā, thoân-thóng le̍k-sú lāi "Khé-bông" ê kài-liām, he̍k-chiá sī khé-bông ê su-sióng kè-ta̍t siū tio̍h tit-gî,
# Kiok-kho

| Kiok-kho Sî-kan hoān-ûi: 76–0 Ma
PreЄ
Є
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N

Champagne-kî – chòe-kīn |
| --- |
|  |
| Asteroideae, Cichorioideae kap Carduoideae a-kho ê 12 chéng kiok-kho |
| Kho-ha̍k hun-lūi  |
| Kài: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Bo̍k: | Asterales |
| Kho: | **Asteraceae** Bercht. & J.Presl |
| Bô͘-sek sio̍k |
| *Aster* L. |
| A-kho |
|
Asteroideae Lindley
Barnadesioideae Bremer & Jansen
Carduoideae Sweet
Cichorioideae Chevallier
Corymbioideae Panero & Funk
Famatinanthoideae S.E. Freire, Ariza & Panero
Gochnatioideae Panero & Funk
Gymnarrhenoideae Panero & Funk
Hecastocleidoideae Panero & Funk
Mutisioideae Lindley
Pertyoideae Panero & Funk
Stifftioideae Panero
Wunderlichioideae Panero & Funk |
| Siâng-ì-miâ |
|
Compositae Giseke
Acarnaceae Link
Ambrosiaceae Bercht. & J. Presl
Anthemidaceae Bercht. & J. Presl
Aposeridaceae Raf.
Arctotidaceae Bercht. & J. Presl
Artemisiaceae Martinov
Athanasiaceae Martinov
Calendulaceae Bercht. & J. Presl
Carduaceae Bercht. & J. Presl
Cassiniaceae Sch. Bip.
Cichoriaceae Juss.
Coreopsidaceae Link
Cynaraceae Spenn.
Echinopaceae Bercht. & J. Presl
Eupatoriaceae Bercht. & J. Presl
Helichrysaceae Link
Inulaceae Bercht. & J. Presl
Lactucaceae Drude
Mutisiaceae Burnett
Partheniaceae Link
Perdiciaceae Link
Senecionaceae Bercht. & J. Presl
Vernoniaceae Burmeist.

Source: GRIN |

**Kiok-kho** (lat. **Asteraceae** ia̍h **Compositae**) sī khui-hoe si̍t-bu̍t ê chi̍t-ê tōa hun-lūi. Pún kho hâm 32,913 chéng, hun chò 1,911-ê sio̍k kap 13-ê a-kho.

## Chham-chiàu
# Eng-lân Ông-kok

1700 nî chó-iū thóng-tī hoān-ûi (chheⁿ-sek).
**Eng-lân Ông-kok** (Eng-gí: *Kingdom of England*) sī Tāi Britain tē-hng tùi 10 sè-kí í-āu goân Anglo-Saxon chu kok pēng-ha̍p sán-seng ê chi̍t-ê chú-khoân-kok. Pún ông-kok kè-sio̍k chì 1707 nî, chiah kah So͘-kek-lân liân-ha̍p chò Tāi Britain Ông-kok.
# Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
**Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de Lamarck** (1744 nî 8 goe̍h 1 ji̍t - 1829 nî 12 goe̍h 18 ji̍t) sī Hoat-kok ê phok-bu̍t-ha̍k-ka, i tùi si̍t-bu̍t-ha̍k kap tōng-bu̍t-ha̍k lóng-ū gián-kiù, sī chá-kî thê-chhut lí-lūn lâi kái-soeh seng-bu̍t ián-hòa ê lâng. Lamark ê hiō-thian ûi-thôan ha̍k-soat hō͘ āu-lâi ê kho-ha̍k-ka chèng-bêng sī m̄-tio̍h ê.
# Richard Owen

Richard Owen
**Richard Owen** (1804 nî 7 goe̍h 20 – 1892 nî 12 goe̍h 18) sī Lancaster chhut-sì ê Eng-kok seng-bu̍t-ha̍k-ka. Owen sī "Dinosauria" (iā-chiū-sī khióng-liông, "khióng-pò͘ ê sì-kha-chôa") chit-ê bêng-sû ê chhòng-sí-jîn, iā-sī chú-iàu kong-khai hóan-tùi Charles Darwin ê ián-hòa lí-lūn, iā-chiū-sī chū-jiân sóan-te̍k lí-lūn ê ha̍k-chiá. Chhú-gōa, i sī London Chū-jiân-sú Phok-bu̍t-kóan (Natural History Museum) ê thui-tōng-chiá.
# Thomas Henry Huxley

**Thomas Henry Huxley** (1825 nî 5 goe̍h 4 ji̍t – 1895 nî 6 goe̍h 29 ji̍t) sī Eng-lân ê seng-bu̍t-ha̍k-ka, choan-bûn tī pí-kàu kái-phò-ha̍k. I sī Charles Darwin chìn-hòa lí-lūn ê pò-iông-chiá, ū "Darwin ê Bulldog" chheng-hō.
# To-hē-thóng

Âng-sek sī to-hē-thóng ê hun-lūi.
Chi̍t-ê **to-hē-thóng kûn** (Eng-gí: *polyphyletic group*), sī chi̍t cho͘ seng-bu̍t, he̍k-chiá sī kî-tha ū chìn-hòa sêng-hun ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ, in bô ti̍t-chiap ê kong-ke chó͘-sian, chóng-sī hông pun chò chi̍t lūi.
# Kok-chè Tōng-bu̍t-ha̍k Hō-miâ-hoat Kui-iok

**Tōng-bu̍t-ha̍k Hō-miâ-hoat Kok-chè Kui-iok** (Eng-gí: *International Code of Zoological Nomenclature*; **IZCN**) sī chi̍t thò tùi kok khoán hun-lūi ê tōng-bu̍t ha̍k-su̍t-sèng hō-miâ ê kiàn-gī kap kui-hoān.

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiong

* Tōng-bu̍t-ha̍k Hō-miâ-hoat Kok-chè Sím-gī-hoē (*International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature*)
# Kó͘-sè-khún

| ?Kó͘-sè-khún |
| --- |
|  |
| **Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k hun-lūi** |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| He̍k: | **Archaea** Woese, Kandler & Wheelis, 1990 |

 |
| Phyla / Classes |
|
Phylum Crenarchaeota
Phylum Euryarchaeota
    Halobacteria
    Methanobacteria
    Methanococci
    Methanopyri
    Archaeoglobi
    Thermoplasmata
    Thermococci
Phylum Korarchaeota
Phylum Nanoarchaeota |

**Kó͘-sè-khún** (古細菌; *archaea*) sī hiān-chhú-sî seng-bu̍t hun-lūi 3 he̍k hē-thóng (three-domain system) siāng téng chân ê 1 ê hun-lūi, lēng-goā 2 ê sī sè-khún kap chin-he̍k-seng-bu̍t. Kó͘-sè-khún ham sè-khún kāng-khoán, sī bô sè-pau-he̍k (cell nucleus) ê toaⁿ-sè-pau seng-bu̍t, sǹg sī 1 chióng goân-he̍k-seng-bu̍t (prokaryote), éng-koè "5 kài hē-thóng" ê hun-lūi kā lia̍t chò Monera. Thaû-khí-seng lia̍h-chún in kè sī ke̍k-hān-seng-bu̍t (extremophile), boé--á hoat-hiān ta̍k chióng khoân-kéng lóng ū kó͘-sè-khún tī--leh.
# Sè-khún

| ?Sè-khún |
| --- |
|  |
| Toā-tn̂g-khún *Escherichia coli* |
| **Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k hun-lūi** |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| He̍k: | **Bacteria**  |

 |
| Mn̂g |
|
Acidobacteria
Actinobacteria
Aquificae
Bacteroidetes
Chlamydiae
Chlorobi
Chloroflexi
Chrysiogenetes
Cyanobacteria
Deferribacteres
Deinococcus-Thermus
Dictyoglomi
Fibrobacteres
Firmicutes
Fusobacteria
Gemmatimonadetes
Nitrospirae
Planctomycetes
Proteobacteria
Spirochaetes
Thermodesulfobacteria
Thermomicrobia
Thermotogae
Verrucomicrobia |

**Sè-khún** (細菌; *bacterium*; ba̋i-kín) sī sò·-bo̍k chìam chiok-chē ê iú-ki-thé. Sè-khún pī the̍h-lâi chí-chheng prokaryotes he̍k eubacteria sīm-chí pau-koah Archaea. Chia, sè-khún kan-taⁿ kóng-sī eubacteria. Gián-kiù sè-khún ê ha̍k-būm kìo-chò sè-khún-ha̍k, sī bî-seng-bu̍t-ha̍k ê kî-tiong chi̍t pō·-mn̂g.

Sè-khún sī só·-ū seng-bu̍t lāi-té sò·-liōng siāng-chē ê. In kóng-hoat chûn-chāi tī thô·-bah, chúi ê khoân-kéng, koh kah kî-thaⁿ seng-bu̍t kiōng-seng (symbiosis). Chiok-chē pēⁿ-goân-thé sī sè-khún. Sè-khún ê hêng-thé chiâⁿ-sè, éng-éng kan-taⁿ 0.5 kàu 5.0 μm hiah-tōa, sui-bóng ū-ê khah-tōa chhiūⁿ Thiomargarita namibiensis kap Epulopiscium fishelsoni ē tōa-kàu chhiau-kòe 0.5 mm. In it-poaⁿ ū sè-pau-piah, chhiūⁿ si̍t-bu̍t kap ko͘ hit-khoán, m̄-koh, sè-khún ê sè-pau-piah chèng-siông sī peptidoglycan só· kò·-sêng, m̄-sī cellulose (tī si̍t-bu̍t), ia̍h-m̄-sī chitin (tī *fungus*), kah eukaryote ê sè-pau-piah mā-m̄-sī sio-kâng-goân-thâu ê. Chiâⁿ-chē ē ēng flagellum lâi sóa-tín-tang, m̄-koh in ê kò·-chō kah kî-thaⁿ seng-bu̍t ê bô-kâng.

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

* On-line text book on bacteriology (2015) Archived 2008-09-13 at the Wayback Machine.
# Chin-hu̍t seng-bu̍t

| ?Chin-hu̍t-seng-bu̍t |
| --- |
| Hoà-chio̍h hoān-ûi |
| Proterozoic - hiān-sî |
| **Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k hun-lūi** |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| He̍k: | **Eukaryota** Whittaker & Margulis,1978 |

 |
| Kài |
|
 Animalia - Tōng-bu̍t
 Fungi - Khún-lūi
 Amoebozoa
 Plantae - Si̍t-bu̍t
 Chromalveolata
 Rhizaria
 Excavata |

**Chin-hu̍t seng-bu̍t** (Eukaryota) sī sè-pau lāi-té ū sè-pau-hu̍t ê seng-bu̍t, pau-koat tōng-bu̍t, si̍t-bu̍t, khún-lūi, kap goân-seng-seng-bu̍t.
# Sè-pau-hu̍t

Sè-pau-hu̍t ê tiān-chú hián-bî éng-siōng.
**Sè-pau-hu̍t** (Eng-gí: *cell nucleus*) sī chin-he̍k sè-pau lāi-bīn chi̍t-khoán hō͘ mo̍͘h pau-ûi khí-lâi ê pau-khì (*organelle*), sī sè-pau lāi-bīn tōa-pō͘-hūn ûi-thôan bu̍t-chit só͘ pó-chûn ê só͘-chāi.
# Goân-seng seng-bu̍t

**Goân-seng seng-bu̍t** sī bô sio̍k tōng-bu̍t, chin-khún kap si̍t-bu̍t ê chi̍t kûn chin-hu̍t seng-bu̍t. Tī hiān-tāi hun-lūi-ha̍k siōng in ū-sî hong hun chò chi̍t ê kài (eng. *kingdom*), Latin hō-miâ **Protista**, chóng sī in pún-sin m̄-sī kiōng-tông khí-goân ê chi̍t lūi seng-bu̍t, só͘-í pún kài-liām sǹg sī hui-chèng-sek ê kui-lūi.
# Hu̍t-sng

**Hu̍t-sng** (核酸) sī hu̍t-kam-sng (核苷酸) cho͘-sêng ê tōa-hun-chú. Hu̍t-kam-sng khan-liân in-ê lîn-sng-chí (磷酸酯) kap tan-thn̂g (單醣) pō͘-ūi, chiap chò hu̍t-sng liān.
# Pēⁿ-to̍k

Kńg-lê-hêng ê Ebola [[../]].
**Pēⁿ-to̍k** (病毒; Latin-gí: *virus*, to̍k ê ì-sù) sī 1 khoán ēng hián-bî-kiàⁿ chiah khoàⁿ ē tio̍h ê lia̍p-chú, ē tī seng-bu̍t ê sè-pau oè lâi oè khì. Pēⁿ-to̍k ū nn̄g-pe̍h-chit ê goā-khak, hō chò capsid, lāi-té ū ûi-thoân-mi̍h (genetic material); kap prion, viroid bô sio-siâng. Pēⁿ-to̍k ē oè hō͘ chin chē seng-bu̍t, pí-lūn kóng chin-he̍k-seng-bu̍t (tōng-bu̍t, ko͘, si̍t-bu̍t) kap goân-he̍k-seng-bu̍t (sè-khún). Ē oè hō͘ sè-khún ê pēⁿ-to̍k hō chò *sè-khún-chia̍h* (bacteriophage). Gián-kiù pēⁿ-to̍k ê ha̍k-kho hō chò pēⁿ-to̍k-ha̍k, gián-kiù-chiá hō chò pēⁿ-to̍k-ha̍k-ka.
# Ernst Haeckel

Ernst Haeckel
**Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel** (1834 nî 2 goe̍h 16 ji̍t - 1919 nî 8 goe̍h 9 ji̍t) sī Tek-kok ê tōng-bu̍t-ha̍k-ka kap thiat-ha̍k-ka. I hoat-hiàn, biâu-su̍t koh hō-miâ liáu kúi-ā chheng ê chéng; pēng-chhiáⁿ thàm-thó kok-chióng seng-bu̍t ê chhin-goân koan-hē. Haeckel mā tī Tek-kok thôan-pò͘ Charles Darwin ê tì-chok.
# Phok-bu̍t-ha̍k

**Phok-bu̍t-ha̍k** (博物學; Eng-gí: *natural history*), mā-ū kóng **chū-jiân le̍k-sú** ia̍h **chū-jiân-sú**, **chū-jiân-ha̍k**, sī tùi seng-bu̍t-khian ia̍h seng-thài-hē lāi-bīn kok khoán oa̍h-mi̍h ê gián-kiù, iû-kî tiōng-sī tùi seng-bu̍t ê jīm-bat, ia̍h-sī tùi seng-oa̍h-sú, hun-pò͘, hong-hù-tō͘ koh ū koan-hē ê thàm-thó.

Phok-bu̍t-ha̍k ê gián-kiù tī hiān-chhú-sî ê kho-ha̍k-kài it-poaⁿ sī hun tī bô-kāng-khóan ê ha̍k-kho lāi-bīn, chhan-chhiūⁿ si̍t-bu̍t-ha̍k, tōng-bu̍t-ha̍k, seng-thài-ha̍k, hun-lūi-ha̍k, kó͘-seng-bu̍t-ha̍k, tē-chit-ha̍k ia̍h seng-bu̍t tē-lí-ha̍k téng-téng.

## Siong-koan hāng-bo̍k

* Chū-jiân tiat-ha̍k
# Chéng ê kì-chài

Chéng ê **kì-chài**, sī chí tùi sin hoat-kiàn ê seng-bu̍t chéng ê chèng-sek kì-chài, it-poaⁿ sī hoat-piáu chò kho-ha̍k lūn-bûn ê hêng-sek. Pún chhiú-sio̍k chú-iàu sī beh tùi sin (hoat-kiàn--ê) chéng chò chheng-chó ê kong-bêng, iû-kî sī ké-soeh in kap í-chêng í-keng hông kì-chài ê pat chéng chi kan ê chha-pia̍t kap koan-hē.
# Tōng-bu̍t-ha̍k

Carolus Linnaeus tī *Systema Naturae* chè-chō ê tōng-bu̍t hun-lūi piáu-keh.
**Tōng-bu̍t-ha̍k** sī chi̍t-ê choan-bûn gián-kiù tōng-bu̍t seⁿ-sèng ê seng-bu̍t-ha̍k hun-ki, thàm-thó tōng-bu̍ ê kò͘-chō, ki-lêng, hêng-ûi, hun-lūi kap ián-hòa téng-téng.
# Á-chéng

**Á-chéng** (Eng-gí: *subspecies*, kán-lio̍k: **subsp.** iā **ssp.**) sī seng-bu̍t-ha̍k tùi seng-bu̍t ê hun-lūi kai-chân, mā ēng-lâi chí kai-chân tiong ê chi̍t-ê tan-oân.

Á-chéng sī tùi chéng lāi-té bô-kâng kûn-thé chi kan ê chha-pia̍t só͘ chò ê hun-lūi. Á-chéng nā chiàu hun-lūi ê kui-hoān, tī chéng lāi bē-tàng tan-to̍k chûn-chāi, iā-chiū-sī kóng, chi̍t chéng ē-té, ē-sài ū 2-ê á-chéng, bē-sài kaⁿ-taⁿ 1-ê á-chéng.
# Chin-khún-ha̍k

Ko͘ sī chin-khún ê seⁿ-thoàⁿ kiat-kò͘
**Chin-khún-ha̍k** (真菌學; Eng-gú: *mycology*) sī chi̍t mn̂g choan-bûn teh gián-kiù chin-khún ê seng-bu̍t-ha̍k hun-chi, thàm-thó chit lūi seng-bu̍t ê ûi-thoân-ha̍k, seng-hoà-ha̍k kap hun-lūi-ha̍k; lēng-goā iáu-koh ū chin-khún tùi jîn-lūi ê iōng-tô͘ kap gûi-hiám, chhin-chhiūⁿ hóe-chéng, io̍h-bu̍t, chia̍h-mi̍h, tiòng-to̍k kap kám-jiám téng-téng. choan-bûn teh chông-sū chit khoán gián-kiù ê lâng chiū hō-chò **chin-khún-ha̍k-chiá** (真菌學者).
# Si̍t-bu̍t-ha̍k

Si̍t-bu̍t-ha̍k-ka Otto Wilhelm Thomé oē ê *Castanea sativa* ang-á.
**Si̍t-bu̍t-ha̍k** (植物學) sī chi̍t-ê choan-bûn gián-kiù si̍t-bu̍t seⁿ-sèng ê seng-bu̍t-ha̍k hun-ki, tû-liáu si̍t-bu̍t í-gōa, si̍t-bu̍t-ha̍k thôan-thóng-siōng ê gián-kiù tùi-siōng mā-ū khún-lūi kap chó-lūi. Si̍t-bu̍t-ha̍k thàm-thó chia-ê seng-bu̍t ê kò͘-chō, seng-tióng, siⁿ-thôan, tāi-siā, hoat-io̍k, pēⁿ-chèng, ián-hòa kap hòa-ha̍k sèng-chit.

## Siong-koan hāng-bo̍k

* Flora
* Lîm-ha̍k
* Lîm-gia̍p
* Si̍t-bu̍t-hn̂g
* Oân-gē
* Lông-gē
# Bô͘-sek chéng

**Bô͘-sek chéng** (eng. *type species*; lat. *species typica*), nā chiàu tōng-bu̍t hō-miâ-hoat kui-hoān, sī chi̍t-ê sio̍k he̍k-chiá á-sio̍k ē-té hâm bô͘-sek piau-pún ê chi̍t chéng. Si̍t-bu̍t-ha̍k siōng tùi pún kài-liām bô chò kui-tēng, in chèng-sek chhái-ēng ê sī bô͘-sek (*type*) ê koan-liām, chi̍t-ê sio̍k ê bô͘-sek sī chi̍t hāng piau-pún (ū-sî kaⁿ-taⁿ ū ōe-tô͘), hit hāng piau-pún mā sī bó͘ chéng ê bô͘-sek.

Nā sè-khún-ha̍k siōng, bô͘-sek chéng sī bí chi̍t sio̍k lóng ū chí-tēng--ê.
# Si̍t-bu̍t-ha̍k ê chok-chiá ín-chiàu

Tī si̍t-bu̍t-ha̍k hō-miâ-hoat lāi-bīn, chok-chiá ín-chiàu sī chí chèng-tong hoat-piáu si̍t-bu̍t-ha̍k hō-miâ ê kò-jîn ia̍h thoân-thé ê ín-chiàu.

Tī si̍t-bu̍t-ha̍k-kài, chi̍t khoán koàn-si̍p sī sú-iōng kò͘-tēng ê chok-chiá hō-miâ kán-lio̍k. Pí-lūn **L.** sī choan-bûn chí Carolus Linnaeus.
# Chu-liāu-khò͘

Chu-liāu-khò͘ sī tsi̍t-ê tiān-tsú-huà tóng-àn-khòo. Iōng-lâi sin-tsing, tha̍k-tshú, king-sin, san-tû (CRUD) tsu-liāu.

## Hun-luī

### Kuan-liân-sik Chu-liāu-khò͘（SQL）

* MySQL
	+ MariaDB
	+ Percona Server
* PostgreSQL
* Microsoft Access
* Microsoft SQL Server
* Google Fusion Tables
* FileMaker
* Oracle資料庫
* Sybase
* dBASE
* Clipper
* FoxPro
* foshub

### Hui kuan-liân-sik Chu-liāu-khò͘（NoSQL）

* BigTable（Google）
* Cassandra
* MongoDB
* CouchDB
* Redis

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat
# Sò͘-lí hun-lūi-ha̍k

**Sò͘-lí hun-lūi-ha̍k** (Eng-gí: *numerical taxonomy*) sī seng-bu̍t hun-lūi-ha̍k ê chi̍t khoán hong-hoat, chú-iàu ēng sò͘-jī-hòa ê seng-bu̍t tek-sèng, thong-kòe ián-sǹg lâi hun-lūi.
# Chi̍p-ha̍p-lūn

A sī B ê pō͘-hūn chi̍p-ha̍p (subset).
**Chi̍p-ha̍p-lūn** (set theory) sī leh gián-kiù chi̍p-ha̍p ê sò͘-ha̍k lí-lūn, ah chi̍p-ha̍p sī kā chi̍t-koá thiu-siōng ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ (object) khǹg taù-tīn ê 1 ê khài-liām. Chi̍p-ha̍p-lūn pau-hâm sió-ha̍k tō ū siāu-kài ê chit-koá koan-liām, chhiūⁿ chi̍t-koá mi̍h-kiāⁿ chiâⁿ-chò 1 ê chi̍p-ha̍p, chi̍p-ha̍p ê goân-sò͘, chi̍p-ha̍p ê sêng-oân (membership). Chi̍p-ha̍p-lūn, lô-chek, ham it-kai lô-chek (First-order logic) sī hiān-tāi sò͘-ha̍k ê ki-chân (foundations of mathematics), sò͘-ha̍k ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ ē-tit ēng bô tēng-gī ê "chi̍p-ha̍p" ham "chi̍p-ha̍p sêng-oân" lâi khí-chō.
# Hun-lūi-ha̍k

**Hun-lūi-ha̍k** sī hun-lūi ê kho-ha̍k, bô-kâng ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ kap ha̍k-būn ū bô-kâng ê hun-lūi-ha̍k hong-hoat teh gián-kiù, chi-chhî.

## Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k

Tī seng-bu̍t-ha̍k lāi-bīn, hun-lūi-ha̍k sī siōng-kài ki-pún ê ha̍k-kho chi it. Tī Se-iûⁿ, "hun-lūi-ha̍k" (Eng-gí: *taxonomy*) chi̍t-ê bêng-sû khí-seng tio̍h-sī kan-nā teh kóng oa̍h-mi̍h ê hun-lūi.
# ISSN

**ISSN** sī **Kok-chè Phiau-chún Liân-chài Hoan-hō** (*International Standard Serial Number*) ê Eng-gí kán-lio̍k. ISSN sī 8-ê sò͘-jī--ê, ēng lâi tùi liân-chài-sèng ê chhut-pán-bu̍t siat-tēng to̍k-iú hoan-hō.
# Encyclopædia Britannica

Encyclopædia Britannica
**Encyclopædia Britannica** sī chi̍t-pō͘ Eng-gí chhut-phín ê pek-kho-choân-su, chhut-pán-chiá sī su-jîn kong-si Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. Thâu-chi̍t ê pán-pún chhut tī 1768 nî kàu 1771 nî.

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat

* Bāng-chām
# Lông-ha̍k

Toā chhân-hn̂g
**Lông-ha̍k** (農學), hia̍p-gī laqî kóng sī **lông-gē-ha̍k** (農藝學), sī teh gián-kiù hām lông-chok-bu̍t seng-sán siong-koan léng-he̍k ê kho-ha̍k, pau-hâm chok-bu̍t seng-tióng hoat-io̍k kui-lu̍t kap i chham goā-kài khoân-kéng tiâu-kiāⁿ ê koan-hē, pēⁿ-thâng-hāi hông-tī, thô͘-jióng kap êng-ióng, chèng-si̍t chè-tō͘, ûi-thoân io̍k-chèng téng-téng léng-he̍k. Kóng-gī ê lông-ha̍k koh hâm-kài lông-gia̍p siong-koan ê kok-chióng kho-ha̍k léng-he̍k.

Hia̍p-gī lông-ha̍k chú-iàu gián-kiù nn̄g toā lūi chok-bu̍t ê seng-sán: ti̍t-chiap thê-kiong jîn-lūi niû-si̍t ê chok-bu̍t kap ūi-tio̍h beh iúⁿ-chhī cheng-seⁿ ê chhī-liāu chok-bu̍t. Tān-sī chi̍t-koá hun-chi ha̍k-kho mā gián-kiù kóe-chí kap keng-chè chok-bu̍t ê seng-sán.

Lông-ha̍k chú-iàu pau-koat si̍t-bu̍t chai-pôe-ha̍k, si̍t-bu̍t io̍k-chèng-ha̍k, keng-choh-ha̍k, thô͘-jióng-ha̍k, si̍t-bu̍t pó-hō͘-ha̍k, pûi-liāu-ha̍k, lông-chhân chúi-lī-ha̍k, lông-gia̍p ki-hāi-ha̍k, khun-thiông-ha̍k kap pēⁿ-thâng-hāi hông-tī.

Lông-gia̍p kho-ha̍k ha̍k-chiá
# Jîn-lūi-ha̍k

**Jîn-lūi-ha̍k** kán-tan lâi kóng tō-sī gián-kiù jîn-lūi ê ha̍k-kho / ha̍k-būn. Kui-ê lâi khòaⁿ ū 2-ê ì-gī tī--leh:

* **Jîn-lūi-ha̍k** hām jīm-hô sî-tāi ê jîn-lūi lóng ū koan-hē.

* **Jîn-lūi-ha̍k** mā kap jîn-lūi ê ta̍k-hong-bīn ū koan-hē.

Chiàu thôan-thóng ê kóng-hoat, jîn-lūi-ha̍k kap kî-thaⁿ jîn-bûn ha̍k-kho chú-iàu bô-kāng-khóan ê te̍k-sek sī i kiông-tiāu koh-iūⁿ bûn-hoà chi-kan ê pí-kàu. M̄-koh in-ūi hiān-chhú-sî jîn-lūi-ha̍k ê gián-kiù hong-hoat tōa-hūn sī ēng tī 1-ê 1-ê ê siā-hōe / thôan-thé gián-kiù téng-kôan, thâu-chêng kóng--ê hit-ê cheng-chha ê só·-chāi í-keng ū lú lâi lú chē lâng teh thó-lūn, mā siū-tio̍h lú lâi lú chē ê cheng-gī.
# Seng-bu̍t chu-sìn-ha̍k

**Seng-bu̍t-chu-sìn-ha̍k** (Eng-gí: *bioinformatics*) sī seng-bu̍t-ha̍k siōng tùi chu-sìn kho-ha̍k ê èng-iōng. I tāi-seng chòe chú-iàu sī ēng tī tùi ûi-thoân-ha̍k siōng DNA chu-sìn ê gián-kiù téng-bīn, āu--lâi mā ēng ùi chìn-hòa-ha̍k kap kēng-ka ho̍k-cha̍p ê nn̄g-pe̍h-chit kò͘-chō téng hong-bīn.

## Chham-khó

* Henderson, Harry (2008). "bioinformatics". *Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology (Revised Edition)*. Facts On File.
# Seng-bu̍t bu̍t-lí-ha̍k

Kong-ha̍p-sêng ê hoán-èng tiong-sim
**Seng-bu̍t bu̍t-lí-ha̍k** (生物物理學; *biophysics*) sī teh gián-kiù seng-bu̍t ê bu̍t-lí te̍k-sèng ê chi̍t mn̂g seng-bu̍t-ha̍k kap bu̍t-lí-ha̍k kau-chhe ê kho-ha̍k.

 *Che sī chi̍t phiⁿ koan-î seng-bu̍t-ha̍k ê phí-á-kiáⁿ. Chhiáⁿ tàu khok-chhiong.*
# Seng-bu̍t ki-su̍t

**Seng-bu̍t ki-su̍t** (Eng-gí: *biotechnology*) sī seng-bu̍t-ha̍k tī san-gia̍p-siōng ê èng-iōng, pí-lūn thoân-thóng lông-gia̍p ki-su̍t tio̍h sǹg sī seng-bu̍t ki-su̍t; m̄-koh hiān-sî nā kóng seng-bu̍t ki-su̍t, it-poaⁿ sī kóng khah sin hoat-tián he̍k-chiá sī kang-gia̍p-hòa ê ki-su̍t, chhan-chhiūⁿ seng-bu̍t kang-têng, chè-io̍h, iā sī hoat-kàⁿ téng-téng.
# Seng-bu̍t thóng-kè-ha̍k

**Seng-bu̍t thóng-kè-ha̍k** (生物統計學) sī thóng-kè-ha̍k ê goân-lí kap hong-hoat tī seng-bu̍t-ha̍k gián-kiù tiong ê èng-iōng, sī chi̍t mn̂g èng-iōng sò͘-ha̍k, siōng chia̍p-khòaⁿ ê sī èng-iōng tī i-ha̍k.

## Bo̍k-tek

Tī seng-bu̍t-ha̍k, i-ha̍k, lông-ha̍k téng ê gián-kiù tiong, ha̍p-lí tek chìn-hêng tiau-cha ia̍h si̍t-giām siat-kè, kho-ha̍k tek chéng-lí, hun-sek siu-chi̍p tit-tio̍h ê chu-liāu, sī seng-bu̍t thóng-kè ê kin-pún jīm-bū.

## Èng-iōng

Seng-bu̍t thóng-kè pī èng-iōng kàu chē-chē léng-ha̍k tiong; chhin-chhiūⁿ kong-kiōng ōe-seng (pau-hâm liû-hêng-pēⁿ-ha̍k, êng-ióng-ha̍k kap khoân-kéng ōe-seng-ha̍k), ûi-thoân-thé-ha̍k, kûn-thé ûi-thoân-ha̍k, i-ha̍k, seng-thài-ha̍k, seng-bu̍t kiám-tēng-hoat kap lông-ha̍k téng. In-ûi seng-bu̍t-ha̍k kap i-ha̍k gián-kiù ê būn-tê chiok chē, seng-bu̍t thóng-kè-ha̍k kā i-ê léng-he̍k hoān-ûi khok-tāi kàu pau-hâm só͘-ū iōng-lâi hôe-tap chia-ê būn-tê ê tēng-liōng koh m̄-kan-na sī thóng-kè ê bô͘-hêng. Lîm-chhn̂g chhì-giām ê siat-kè kap hun-sek sī thóng-kè tī i-ha̍k siōng siōng-kài pī kong-chiòng só͘ chai-iáⁿ ê èng-iōng. Thóng-kè-ha̍k hong-hoat iā khai-sí chong-ha̍p kàu seng-bu̍t sìn-sek-ha̍k kap i-liâu sìn-sek-ha̍k tiong.

Seng-bu̍t thóng-kè kap **seng-bu̍t kè-liông** (生物計量) ná-chhiūⁿ ē-sái thong-iōng, tān-sī seng-bu̍t kè-liông chhu-hiòng teh kóng seng-bu̍t-ha̍k (he̍k chú-iàu sī lông-ha̍k) hong-bīn ê èng-iōng, m̄-sī i-ha̍k hong-bīn--ê. Chit-má ê chhu-sè sī kā seng-bu̍t kè-liông the̍h-lâi kóng chi̍t mn̂g oân-choân bô-kāng ê ha̍k-kho.

Pang-bô͘:Kong-kiōng ōe-seng
# Hòa-ha̍k seng-bu̍t-ha̍k

**Hoà-ha̍k seng-bu̍t-ha̍k** (化學生物學; Eng-gú: *chemical biology*) sī lī-iōng hun-chú seng-bu̍t-ha̍k ê chhiú-lō͘, tah-phòe iú-ki hoà-ha̍k ê hong-sek, lâi thàm-thó sè-pau lāi hu̍t-sng ia̍h-sī nn̄g-pe̍h-chit téng seng-bu̍t thé-lāi hun-chú ê kong-lêng kap hoán-èng.

## Siong-koan

* Seng-hoà-ha̍k
# Sî-kan seng-bu̍t-ha̍k

**Sî-kan seng-bu̍t-ha̍k** (時間生物學) sī teh gián-kiù seng-bu̍t thé-lāi hām sî-kan ū-koan ê chiu-kî-sèng hiān-siōng, iáu-koh ū chia-ê hiān-siōng ê sî-kan ki-chè.
# Liû-hêng-pēⁿ-ha̍k

**Liû-hêng-pēⁿ-ha̍k** (流行病學; Eng-gú: *epidemiology*) sī chi̍t mn̂g teh thàm-thó éng-hióng jîn-lūi kûn-thé kiān-khong kap chi̍t-pēⁿ ê ha̍k-būn, iā sī kong-kiōng ōe-seng kap ī-hông i-ha̍k ê ha̍k-būn hoân-chio̍h. Liû-hêng-pēⁿ-ha̍k pī khoàⁿ-chò sī gián-kiù kong-kiōng ōe-seng ê ki-chhó͘ hong-hoat-lūn, tông-sî tī si̍t-chèng i-ha̍k tiong pān-ián piān-pia̍t chi̍t-pēⁿ in-sò͘ kap chòe-ka lîm-chhn̂g tī-liâu tô͘-kèng ê kho-ha̍k lí-lūn. Teh gián-kiù thoân-jiám-pēⁿ kap hui-thoân-jiám-pēⁿ ê sî-chūn, liû-hêng-pēⁿ-ha̍k-chiá ē chông-sū chē-chē sū-hāng, pau-hâm po̍k-hoat tiâu-cha, gián-kiù siat-kè, sò͘-kì ê so͘-chi̍p kap hun-sek téng-téng. Liû-hêng-pēⁿ-ha̍k-chiá pit-su ióng-iú liáu-kái kap sú-iōng bô-kāng léng-he̍k ê tì-sek, chhin-chhiūⁿ seng-bu̍t-ha̍k, seng-bu̍t thóng-kè-ha̍k, tē-lí chu-sìn hē-thóng kap siā-hōe kho-ha̍k téng. Liû-hêng-pēⁿ-ha̍k m̄-nā gián-kiù thoân-jiám-pēⁿ, kî-thaⁿ chhin-chhiūⁿ bān-sèng-pēⁿ, cheng-sîn-pēⁿ kap chū-sat téng-téng kiān-khong gī-tê; sīm-chì kok-chióng chi̍t-pēⁿ ê gûi-hiám in-chú iā ē-tàng chiâⁿ-chò i-ê gián-kiù chú-tê.
# Ûi-thoân-thé-ha̍k

**Ûi-thoân-thé-ha̍k** (Eng-gí: *genomics*) sī chi̍t khoán kho-ha̍k hun-iá, choan-bûn tī ûi-thoân-thé ê kò͘-chō, chok-iōng, chìn-hòa, chè-tô͘ (*mapping*, tùi ûi-thoân-chú chē-chí ê gián-kiù), kap pian-chi̍p. Ûi-thoân-thé sī bó͘ chi̍t-ê seng-bu̍t-thé só͘-ū ê DNA, tang-tiong koh hâm só͘-ū ê ûi-thoân-chú. Siong-tùi khah chim-chiok tī kò-pia̍t ûi-thoân-chú sèng-chit ê ûi-thoân-ha̍k, ûi-thoân-thé-ha̍k sī khah tiōng kui cho͘ ê sèng-chit kap ûi-thoán-chú ê sò͘-liōng-sèng gián-kiù.
# Cho͘-chit-ha̍k

*Siā-hōe kho-ha̍k lāi-bīn mā-ū "cho͘-chit-ha̍k", ia̍h-tio̍h-sī cho͘-chit-lūn.*
 Cho͘-chit-ha̍k (1950)
**Cho͘-chit-ha̍k** (Eng-gí: *Histology*) sī tùi tōng-bu̍t kap si̍t-bu̍t ê sè-pau kap cho͘-chit ê kái-phò gián-kiù. Hong-hoat sī chè-chō cho͘-chit ê chhiat-phìⁿ, koh lī-iōng hián-bî-kiàⁿ lâi koan-chhat. Cho͘-chit-ha̍k sī seng-bu̍t-ha̍k kap i-ha̍k ê ki-chhó͘ ha̍k-kho chi it.
# Jîn-thé seng-bu̍t-ha̍k

**Jîn-thé seng-bu̍t-ha̍k** (人體生物學; *human biology*) sī teh gián-kiù jîn-thé ê chi̍t mn̂g seng-bu̍t-ha̍k ê hun-iá.

 *Che sī chi̍t phiⁿ koan-î seng-bu̍t-ha̍k ê phí-á-kiáⁿ. Chhiáⁿ tàu khok-chhiong.*
# Bî-seng-bu̍t-ha̍k

**Bî-seng-bu̍t-ha̍k** (eng. *microbiology*) sī chi̍t mn̂g choan-bûn ián-kiù bî-seng-bu̍t ê ha̍k-būn, chia-ê seng-bu̍t it-poaⁿ seng-chûn hong-sek sī tan sè-pau, he̍k-chiá sī se-pau chi̍p-thoân. Lēng-gōa, pēⁿ-to̍k mā sī bî-seng-bu̍t-ha̍k ê ián-kiù tùi-siòng. Ki-su̍t hong-bīn, bî-seng-bu̍t-ha̍k ia̍h chhù-lí e̍k-biâu, hoat-kàⁿ, clone téng būn-tê.