Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Êng-ióng-ha̍k

Êng-ióng sêng-hūn
**Êng-ióng** (營養) sī tī chia̍h-mi̍h lāi só͘ pau-hâm ê jia̍t-liōng kap kî-thaⁿ iú-lī kiān-khong ê sêng-hūn. Lâng kap toā-to-sò͘ ê tōng-bu̍t lóng chioh-tio̍h chìn-si̍t lâi liap-chhú kàu-gia̍h ê êng-ióng-sò͘. Chia̍h-kòe chia̍h-mi̍h liáu-āu, keng-kòe thé-lāi ê siau-hoà, khip-siu kap tāi-siā, lī-iōng tī chia̍h-mi̍h lāi sin-thé su-iàu ê bu̍t-chit, lâi î-chhî sèⁿ-miā oa̍h-tāng. Thong-siông, sek-tòng ê liap-chhú êng-ióng ē-tàng bián-tû chē-chē pēⁿ-thiàⁿ.
# Kià-seng-thâng-ha̍k

**Kià-seng-thâng-ha̍k** (寄生蟲學; Eng-gú: *parasitology*) sī chi̍t mn̂g teh gián-kiù kià-seng-thâng, siok-chú kap lióng-chiá koan-hē ê seng-bu̍t-ha̍k hun-chi. Kià-seng-thâng-ha̍k ê gián-kiù m̄-nā sī ūi-tio̍h beh liáu-kái chia-ê seng-bu̍t chham khoân-kéng chi-kan ê būn-tê, iā pau-hâm in-ê seng-chûn hong-sek. Só͘-í, kià-seng-thâng-ha̍k si̍t-chè-siōng sī chi̍t mn̂g chong-ha̍p kho-ha̍k, chham sè-pau seng-bu̍t-ha̍k, seng-bu̍t chu-sìn-ha̍k, hun-chú seng-bu̍t-ha̍k, bián-e̍k-ha̍k, ûi-thoân-ha̍k iáu-koh-ū seng-thài-ha̍k lóng ū khan-liân.
# Pēⁿ-lí-ha̍k

Pēⁿ-lí-ha̍k kap gōa-kho i-seng thàu-kòe hián-bî-kiàⁿ teh koan-chhat cho͘-chit po-phìⁿ.
**Pēⁿ-lí-ha̍k** (Hàn: 病理學; Eng: *Pathology*) sī chi̍t bûn i-ha̍k léng-he̍k ê hun-chi, choan-bûn teh thàm-thó pēⁿ-chèng tī kò-thé thé-lāi ê hoat-seng goân-in, hoat-tián kap piàn-hòa, lēng-gōa koh ē gián-kiù kui-ê hoat-pēⁿ ê kòe-têng tùi hoān-chiá chō-sêng ê kok-chióng éng-hióng. Pēⁿ-lí-ha̍k tī i-ha̍k kàu-io̍k tiong, sī sio̍k-î ki-chhó͘ i-ha̍k ê ha̍k-phài. Lîm-chhn̂g chhau-chok lī-iōng pēⁿ-lí-ha̍k thê-kiong ê tì-sek lâi hun-sek chhú-iūⁿ ê kiám-thé. Pēⁿ-lí-ha̍k chò-chhut-lâi ê hun-sek ē-ēng hù-chō͘ lîm-chhn̂g i-seng chìn-hêng chín-toān kap chhú-hng. Gián-kiù chân-kip ê pēⁿ-lí-ha̍k ē chhì-tô͘ beh lâi kái-soeh chō-sêng seng-lí piàn-hòa ê goân-in kap hiān-siōng. Só͘-í, pēⁿ-lí-ha̍k i-seng tī pēⁿ-īⁿ lāi-bīn, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ pī hō-chò sī "i-seng ê i-seng" (*doctor's doctor*). Pēⁿ-lí-ha̍k sī gián-kiù pēⁿ-chèng ê hoat-seng kap hoat-tián ê kui-lu̍t, liáu-kái pēⁿ-chèng ê pún-chit ê chi̍t bûn i-ha̍k ki-chhó͘ ha̍k-kho, mā sī i-ha̍k si̍t-chiān ê ki-chhó͘.
# Io̍h-lí-ha̍k

**Io̍h-lí-ha̍k** (Eng-gí: *pharmacology*) sī tùi io̍h-bu̍t chò-iōng ê gián-kiù, choan-tô͘ thàm-thó io̍h-bu̍t kap seng-bu̍t-thé chham kî-thaⁿ hòa-ha̍k bu̍t-chit ê hō͘-siong chò-iōng.

## Siong-koan hāng-bo̍k

* Io̍h-ha̍k
* To̍k-lí-ha̍k
# Ha̍p-sêng seng-bu̍t-ha̍k

**Ha̍p-sêng seng-bu̍t-ha̍k** (合成生物學; Eng-gú: *synthetic biology*) sī chi̍t chióng kā seng-bu̍t kho-ha̍k èng-iōng tī ji̍t-siông seng-oa̍h ê sin ê hong-sek. Ha̍p-sêng seng-bu̍t-ha̍k m̄-nā kio̍k-hān tī seng-bu̍t-ha̍k tiong, i iā kiat-ha̍p chē-chē kî-thaⁿ léng-he̍k ê tì-sek kap ke-si, khan-liân ê léng-he̍k pau-hâm hē-thóng seng-bu̍t-ha̍k, ûi-thoân-chú kang-têng, ki-hāi kang-têng, tiān-ki kang-têng, chu-sìn lí-lūn, bu̍t-lí-ha̍k, nano-ki-su̍t kap tiān-náu bô͘-gí téng-téng. Bo̍k-chiân, ha̍p-sêng seng-bu̍t-ha̍k í-keng tī chē-chē hâng-gia̍p tiong pī èng-iōng, chhin-chhiūⁿ lông-gia̍p, lêng-goân, chè-chō-gia̍p kap i-ha̍k téng-téng.
# Hē-thóng seng-bu̍t-ha̍k

Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k ê hē-thóng hong-hoat
**Hē-thóng seng-bu̍t-ha̍k** (系統生物學; Eng-gú: *systems biology*) sī chi̍t ê siūⁿ-beh chioh-tio̍h chéng-ha̍p bô-kāng chân-chhù ê sìn-sit lâi lí-kái seng-bu̍t hē-thóng jû-hô hêng-sú kong-lêng ê seng-bu̍t-ha̍k hun-chi. Thàu-kòe gián-kiù bó͘-chióng seng-bu̍t hē-thóng ê bô-kāng pō͘-hūn chi-kan ê hō͘-siong koan-hē kap chok-iōng, hē-thóng seng-bu̍t-ha̍k ǹg-bāng chòe-āu ē-tàng kiàn-li̍p kui-ê hē-thóng ê ē-tàng lí-kái ê bô͘-hêng. Hē-thóng seng-bu̍t-ha̍k thong-siông lóng ài lī-iōng toā-liōng ê sò͘-ha̍k kap kè-sǹg ki-su̍t ê bô͘-hêng.
# To̍k-sèng-ha̍k

To̍k-sèng-ha̍k
**To̍k-sèng-ha̍k** (毒性學) sī teh gián-kiù goā-lâi bu̍t-chit ia̍h-sī to̍k-sèng tùi seng-bu̍t-thé ê iú-hāi chok-iōng kap i-ê chok-iōng ki-chè ê kho-ha̍k; koh ē-ēng chìn-chi̍t-pō͘ ī-chhek in tùi jîn-thé kap seng-thài khoân-kéng ê gûi-hāi ê giâm-tiōng thêng-tō͘.
# Nobel Seng-lí-ha̍k I-ha̍k Chióng

| Nobel Seng-lí-ha̍k I-ha̍k Chióng *Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin* |
| --- |
| Tùi-siōng | Seng-lí-ha̍k-ka, i-ha̍k-ka |
| Só͘-chāi |  Sūi-tián Stockholm |
| Chú-pān | Karolinska Ha̍k-īⁿ |
| Khai-sí | 1901 nî |
| Koaⁿ-hong bāng-chām | nobelprize.org |

**Nobel Seng-lí-ha̍k I-ha̍k Chióng** (Sūi-tián-gí: Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin, Eng-gí: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Ji̍t-pún-gí: ノーベル生理学・医学賞) sī Nobel Chióng ê 1 chióng.

## Ti̍t-chióng-jîn

* 2006 nî – Andrew Z. Fire kap Craig C. Mello
	+ In "hoat-hiān RNA kan-jiáu (*interference*): siang-tiâu RNA [ē-tàng] kā *gene* (ki-in) kuiⁿ-tiāu".
* 2005 nî – Robin Warren kap Barry Marshall
	+ "in hoat-hiān *Helicobacter pylori* chit-ê bâi-kín kap i tī ūi-iām, siau-hòa-sèng khùi-iông ê kak-sek"
* 2004 nî – Richard Axel kap Linda B. Buck
	+ "in hoat-hiān tio̍h phīⁿ-kak ê siū-thé (*odorant receptors*) kap phīⁿ-bī hē-thóng ê cho·-chit"
* 2003 nî – Paul Lauterbur kap Sir Peter Mansfield
	+ "in koan-hē chû-kiōng-tìn chō-iáⁿ (*magnetic resonance imaging*) hong-bīn ê hoat-hiān"
# Seng-bu̍t jiân-liāu

**Seng-bu̍t jiân-liāu** (biofuel) sī ùi seng-bu̍t-chit (biomass) tit tio̍h ê jiân-liāu. Seng-bu̍t jiân-liāu sī 1 chióng ē-tit chài-seng ê lêng-goân (renewable energy), lâi-chū sí--khì bô kú ê seng-bu̍t ia̍h sī in ê tāi-siā sán-bu̍t, só͘-je moeder aan de poeder chhiūⁿ kî-thaⁿ ê chū-jiân chu-goân (chio̍h-iû, thô͘-thoàⁿ, hu̍t-chú jiân-liāu téng-téng) ē ná ēng ná chió.

Seng-bu̍t-chit khó-pí thô͘-thoàⁿ, chio̍h-iû, sī 1 khoán pó-chûn--khí-lâi ê ji̍t-thâu lêng-goân (solar energy). Ji̍t-thâu ê lêng-goân keng-koè si̍t-bu̍t kng-ha̍p-sêng ê koè-têng, "siu" toà seng-bu̍t-chit lāi-té.

Chèng lâi chò seng-bu̍t jiân-liāu ê lông-gia̍p sán-phín pau-koat: hoan-be̍h, toā-tāu (Bí-kok); laxseed, rapeseed (Au-chiu); kam-chià (Pa-se); palm oil (Tang-lâm-a); jatropha (Ìn-tō͘͘). Mā ē-sái ēng kang-gia̍p, lông-gia̍p, nâ-gia̍p (forestry), chhù--ni̍h pâi--chhut-lâi hit-koá ē-tàng seng-bu̍t hun-kái ê mi̍h, chhiūⁿ kóng chháu-kó, chhâ, pûi-liāu (manure), chho͘-khng, phun. Chheh-sng-sò͘ (anaerobic) ê siau-hoà koè-têng ē-tàng kā hia--ê choán chò gá-suh.

Hiān-chhú-sî tng leh gián-kiù jû-hô seng-sán seng-bu̍t jiân-liāu lâi chhú-tāi chio̍h-iû kap thian-jiân-khì, te̍k-pia̍t sī án-choáⁿ ē-tàng ēng sio̍k--ê iú-ki mi̍h (organic matter) lâi iú-hāu seng-sán e̍k-thé kap khì-thé ê koân lêng-goân chēng-lī (net energy gain) seng-bu̍t jiân-liāu.

Seng-bu̍t jiân-liāu ū 1 tiám phēng pa̍t-khoán jiân-liāu hó: ē-tit seng-bu̍t hun-kái (biodegradable). Só͘-í pí-kàu tùi khoân-kéng khah bô hāi. In-ūi seng-bu̍t jiân-liāu lāi-té ê thoàⁿ (carbon) pún-té tō lâi-chū tāi-khì-chân ê jī-ióng-hoà-thoàⁿ (carbon dioxide, CO2), kā i the̍h khì sio pēng bē ke-thiⁿ Tē-kiû tāi-khì-chân ê CO2 hâm-liōng. In-ūi án-ne, bē chió lâng siong-sìn beh kiám-chió pàng ji̍p tāi-khì-chân--ni̍h ê CO2, 1 tiāu lō͘ tō sī ēng seng-bu̍t jiân-liāu lâi chhú-tāi bē-tit chài-seng ê lêng-goân thâu.
# Science

**Science** (ì-sù: "kho-ha̍k") sī chi̍t pō͘ ha̍k-su̍t cha̍p-chì, hoat-hêng-chiá sī Bí-kok Kho-ha̍k Chín-heng Hia̍p-hōe (American Association for the Advancement of Science; AAAS), sī thong sè-kài siāng jió-to ê kho-ha̍k cha̍p-chì chi it. I sī 1880 nî chhòng-li̍p, chú-iàu hong hoat-piáu siū ha̍k-kài sím-cha ê gián-kiù bûn-chiong.
# Khong-kan

**Khong-kan** chit-ê sû, tī koh-iūⁿ ê léng-he̍k lāi-té, ū bô-kâng ê ì-sù.

## Bu̍t-lí-tek khong-kan sèng-chit

Ēng bu̍t-lí lâi kóng, khong-kan ū 2-khoán tia̍t-sèng: **choa̍t-tùi ê khong-kan** kap **siong-tùi ê khong-kan**.

Choa̍t-tùi ê khong-kan sī Eng-kok ê bu̍t-lí ha̍k-chiá Newton the̍h-chhut--ê, i chú-tiuⁿ khong-kan sī sio-liân-soà--ê, chiâu-ûn--ê, bô-chè-hān--ê, khong-kan chiâⁿ-chò pau-koat chū-jiân-te̍k, keng-chè-te̍k kap siā-hoē-te̍k bān-hāng-mi̍h iông-khì ê lō·-iōng.

Tī Newton tùi khong-kan ê soat-bêng lāi-té, ū khan-sia̍p-tio̍h tiong-sè-kí ê chong-kàu koan-liām, tì-sú ū lâng kā hoán-tùi.

In-ūi án-ne, Tek-kok ê ha̍k-chiá Leibniz choaⁿ-á chú-tiuⁿ siong-tùi ê kong-kan koan-liām. I jīn-ûi khong-kan sī ta̍k-hāng mi̍h hō·-siong-chi-kan ê koan-hē, chit-khoán koan-hē, ē-ēng-tit thàu-koè kí-hô-ha̍k iú-tiâu-iú-toāⁿ lâi poé-hoē. Iā-chiū-sī kóng, khong-kan ê sèng-chit, sī tī mi̍h-kiāⁿ kap mi̍h-kiāⁿ tiong-kan sio-lī ū goā-hn̄g lâi piáu-hiān.

Newton kap Leibniz chit-2 phài, ū-bat oan kah chin kek-ka, liáu-aū, Einstein the̍h-chhut siong-tùi-lūn, koh ka-siōng ú-tiū kho-ha̍k ê hoat-tián, chhut-hiān khong-kan sī ú-tiū toā-phek-le̍k lâi sán-seng ê kheh-koan chûn-chāi ê khoàⁿ-hoat.

Chit-khoán chú-tiuⁿ, sī kā choa̍t-tùi ê khong-kan kap siong-tùi ê khong-kan tòng-chò chit-ê kheh-koan chûn-chāi ê 2-chióng sèng-chit, goân-té tùi-ngó͘-chhiong ê 2-khoán chú-tiuⁿ choaⁿ-á án-ne hông chò-hoé chiap-siū.

## Sò·-ha̍k ê khong-kan

 *Chit pha iáu-bōe ū lâng siá. Chhiáⁿ tàu pó͘-chhiong lōe-iông.*

## Bu̍t-lí ê khong-kan

 *Chit pha iáu-bōe ū lâng siá. Chhiáⁿ tàu pó͘-chhiong lōe-iông.*

## Tē-lí-ha̍k ê khong-kan

 *Chit pha iáu-bōe ū lâng siá. Chhiáⁿ tàu pó͘-chhiong lōe-iông.*
# Si̍t-bu̍t-hn̂g

Sin-ka-pho ê si̍t-bu̍t-hn̂g Gardens by the Bay
**Si̍t-bu̍t-hn̂g** (植物園) sī chi̍t chióng siu-chi̍p, seⁿ-thòaⁿ kap gián-kiù si̍t-bu̍t ê kho-ha̍k gián-kiù ki-koan, mā ūi siā-hōe thê-kiong siu-ióng kap kàu-io̍k ê ho̍k-bū. Si̍t-bu̍t-hn̂g lāi ê si̍t-bu̍t it-poaⁿ chiàu bô-kāng chióng-lūi pôe-ióng, sui-jiân si̍t-bu̍t-hn̂g tī pò͘-kio̍k kap siu-chông siōng it-poaⁿ mā khó-lū tio̍h bí-ha̍k koan-liām, m̄-koh i-ê kho-ha̍k sú-iōng kè-ta̍t sī tiōng-tiám, che sī in hām it-poaⁿ koan-sióng hoe-hn̂g ê khu-pia̍t. Tāi-to-sò͘ ê si̍t-bu̍t-hn̂g iû tāi-ha̍k ia̍h choan-bûn ê kho-ha̍k gián-kiù ki-koan koán-lí. Bo̍k-chiân thong-sè-kài 150 gōa ê kok-ka ū 2400 gōa ê si̍t-bu̍t-hn̂g.
# Tōng-bu̍t-hn̂g

1835 nî ê London Tōng-bu̍t-hn̂g.
**Tōng-bu̍t-hn̂g** sī choan-bûn teh siu-chi̍p, gián-kiù kap tián-sī tōng-bu̍t ê siat-si.

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiong

* Chiáu-hn̂g
* Si̍t-bu̍t-hn̂g
* Hoe-hn̂g
* Jîn-lūi tōng-bu̍t-hn̂g
# Iú-si hun-lia̍t

Mitosis
**Mitosis** sī chin-he̍k sè-pau (eukaryotic cell) kā sè-pau-he̍k lāi-bīn ê liám-sek-thé hūn-chò nn̄g cho͘ , jî-chhiáⁿ ín-ji̍p sin-ê sè-pau-he̍k lāi-bīn ê kòe-têng. Mitosis sī sè-pau chiu-kî ê chi̍t-ê kai-tōaⁿ, cytokinesis tòe-tī i ê āu-piah. Mitosis chham cytokinesis ha̍p-chò sè-pau chiu-kî lāi-bīn ê "M phase", M phase chi-gōa lóng-sī Interphase.

Tī mitosis ê kòe-têng lāi-bīn ē-tàng hūn-chò:

* Prophase
* Prometaphase
* Metaphase
* Anaphase
* Telophase

## Chham-khòaⁿ

* Meiosis
* Sè-pau hun-lia̍t
# Tōa-be̍h

| ?Toā-be̍h |
| --- |
|  |
| **Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k hun-lūi** |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Kài: | Plantae  |
| Mn̂g: | Magnoliophyta  |
| Kong: | Liliopsida  |
| Bo̍k: | Poales  |
| Kho: | Poaceae  |
| Sio̍k: | *Hordeum*  |
| Chéng: | H. vulgare  |

 |
| Ha̍k-miâ |
| Hordeum vulgare L. |

**Toā-be̍h** (*Hordeum vulgare*) sī chú-iàu ê 1 chióng niû-chháu kiam chhī-liāu, sio̍k tī chháu-á-kho Poaceae. Tī 2005 nî toā-be̍h tī kok-lūi lāi-bin, seng-sán-gia̍h kap chèng-choh bīn-chek (560,000 km²) lóng pâi tē-4-ūi .

Toā-be̍h phēng be̍h-á khah ē-kham-tit thô͘ kāu iâm. Che hoān-sè ē-tàng kái-soeh choáⁿ-iūⁿ se-goân-chêng 2000 nî, lâng khai-sí chèng khah chē toā-be̍h. Toā-be̍h ū châi-tiāu tī thǹg-theh-be̍h (rye) tòng bē tiâu ê léng khoân-kéng seng-tióng.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
# Tai-á-bí

Chi̍t koāⁿ tai-á. (Khǹg ū khah-kú í-keng siⁿ̄-ko͘, seng hō͘ m̄-bat khoàⁿ-tio̍h ê lâng seng-khoàⁿ, lēng-kang ū ki-hoē tah lâi kā-i oāⁿ--lo̍h-lâi.)
**Tai-á-bí** mā hō-chò **káu-bú-tai**, **káu-boé-sé**, **káu-boé-tai**, **tì-á**, **sek-á** he̍k-chiá-sī **tai-á**, **te-á**, tī bîn-kan ū chē-chē khóan miâ teh kiò.

Khêng-si̍t tai-á-bí m̄-sī ko·-1-khóan si̍t-bu̍t, sè-kài ta̍k-só·-chāi iá-chéng--ê hām ū lâng chèng-choh--ê tai-á-bí sī chiâⁿ cha̍p-chhò--ê.

The̍h Tâi-oân chò lē, it-poaⁿ kóng ê tai-á-bí sī sio̍k-tī si̍t-bu̍t-ha̍k Gramineae-kho ê 1-khóan it-liân-seng châng-á-lūi (chháu-pún) ê si̍t-bu̍t.

Tai-á-bí sī Tâi-oân goân-chū-bîn put-chí-á tiōng-iàu ê choh-bu̍t, m̄-nā sī tī phó·-thong-sî-á chú pn̄g chú bê lâi chia̍h, mā ēng lâi kek-chiú, chò bô-kâng ê sì-siù, tai-á-bí ê chháu-kut téng-téng koh thang ēng lâi chò cheng-siⁿ ê chhī-liāu. Chit-chióng lông-chok-bu̍t lóng-sī chèng-tī m̄-bián kài su-iàu ak-chúi ta-sò ê hn̂g-nih.

Ti Tâi-oân goân-chū-bîn ê chè-lé lāi-té, tai-á-bí-chiú sī tiāⁿ-tio̍h ài ū ê mi̍h.

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat

* Lông-niû-sú chu-liāu
# Andes Soaⁿ-me̍h

| Andes Soaⁿ-me̍h |
| --- |
| Se-pan-gâ-gí: Cordillera de los Andes |
|  |
| Tē-lí |
|  |
| Kok-ka | * Argentina
* Bolivia
* Chile
* Colombia
* Ecuador
* Peru
* Venezuela
 |

**Andes Soaⁿ-me̍h** sī lio̍k-tē siāng-siōng-chhiâng ê soaⁿ-me̍h, tī lâm-bí-chiu ê sai-hoāⁿ, hoān-ûi tùi Pa-ná-má it-ti̍t-kàu Tì-lī.

Andes Soaⁿ-me̍h ê khoan pêng-kin sī 241 kong-lí, siōng-khoaⁿ chhù tī Arica tio̍h Santa-Cruz chi-kan, khoaⁿ-iok-750 kong-lí. Kui-ê soaⁿ-me̍h ê pêng-kin hái-poa̍t 3660 bí, ū chin-choē ko-hong chiong-nî chek-seh, hái-poa̍t chhiau-koè 6000 bí.

Tióng-iok 7500 kong-lí, sī Hí-má-la̍h-ngá Soaⁿ-me̍h ê saⁿ-poē, mā-sī lio̍k-tē siāng-siōng-chhiâng ê soaⁿ-me̍h, ùi-ūi tī hái-ē kap tē-siōng choè-tn̂g ê soaⁿ-me̍h tiong-iûⁿ-chit (tióng-iok-80000 kong-lí).

Iû pe̍h ò͘-khí sî-tāi hêng-sêng ê hoe kang giâm cho͘-sêng, sī lâm-ke̍k chiu pán teh-chè-ap chih khek lâm-bí pán teh sî só͘ lēng khí ê, sio̍k tāi-iûⁿ tē-khak. ha̍k-chiá jīn-ûi, koè-khì ê 2800-bān nî keng, iû tē-khak ūn-tōng chō-sêng ê hoé-soaⁿ po̍k-hoat kap toē-tín, kā an toē-si soaⁿ-me̍h ê ko-tō͘ thê-seng 1500 bí.

Andes Soaⁿ-me̍h khòng bah hong-hù, te̍k-pia̍t sī tâng khòng, sè-kài siōng toā--ê toē-ē tâng khòng chhái khòng-tiûⁿ chiū tī chit ê soaⁿ-me̍h tiong, chāi-tē té chhim ta̍t 1200 bí, chhái-khòng khiⁿ-tō chóng-tiúⁿ chhiau-koè 2000 kong-lí.
# Vergili

**Publius Vergilius Maro** (kong-goân-chêng 70 nî 10 goe̍h 15 – kong-goân-chêng 19 nî 9 goe̍h 21) ia̍h **Vergili** sī kó͘-chá Lô-má ê si-jîn. *Bo̍k-si* (Eclogae ia̍h Bucolica), *Lông-si* (Georgica) kap sú-si *Aeneis* sī Vergili siāng tiōng-iàu ê 3 phō chok-phín. *Aeneis* ū 12 chheh, lō͘-boé chiâⁿ-chò Lô-má Tè-kok ê sú-si.
# Hoat-gí

| Hoat-gí |
| --- |
| français |
| Hoat-im | [fʁɑ̃sɛ] |
| Goân-chū kok-ka | Hoat-kok téng-téng kok-ka |
| bú-gí sú-iōng-chiá | 76.8 pah-bān |
| Gí-hē | Ìn-Au gí-hē
* Í-tāi-lī gí-cho̍k
	+ Roman gí-cho̍k
		- Sai Roman gí-chi
			* Gaul-Roman gí-chi
				+ Oïl
					- **Hoat-gí**
 |
| Koaⁿ-hong tē-ūi |
| Koaⁿ-hong gí-giân |
29 kok
* Pe̍k-ní-gī
* Benin
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Canada
* Tiong-hui Kiōng-hô-kok
* Chad
* Comoros
* Congo
* Congo Bîn-chú Kiōng-hô-kok
* Djibouti
* Chhiah-tō Guinea
* Hoat-kok
* Gabon
* Guinea
* Haiti
* Côte d'Ivoire
* Luxembourg
* Madagascar
* Mali
* Monaco
* Niger
* Rwanda
* Senegal
* Seychelles
* Sūi-se
* Togo
* Vanuatu
 |
| Gí-giân tāi-bé |
| ISO 639-1 | `fr` |
| ISO 639-2 | `fre (B)` `fra (T)` |
| ISO 639-3 | `fra` |
| Linguasphere | `51-AAA-i` |
|   bú-gí
  koaⁿ-hong gí-giân
  phó͘-phiàn ū sú-iōng
  chió-sò͘ gí-giân |

**Hoat-gí** (法語, Hoat-gí: français) ia̍h-kiò **Hoat-lân-se-gí** (法蘭西語), **Hu̍t-lân-se-gí** (佛蘭西語), **Hu̍t-gí** (佛語), sī chi̍t-khoán Romance gí-giân. Thong-sè-kài ū chhiau-kòe 7-chheng-bān lâng ê bú-gí sī Hoat-gí, Romance gí-giân lāi-té kan-na Se-pan-gâ-gí kap Phû-tô-gâ-gí ū koh-khah toā ê bú-gí jîn-kháu.

Ū 52-ê kok-ka ê lâng kóng Hoat-gí, 25-ê kok-ka ēng i chò chi̍t-ê koaⁿ-hong gí-giân. Chú-iàu ê sú-iōng kok-ka ū Hoat-kok, Pe̍k-ní-gī, Sūi-se, kap Canada.

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat

Wikipedia
Wikipedia ū  Hoat-gí ê pán-pún.

 Wikibooks ū koan-hē **French** ê kàu-châi kap soat-bêng-su.
# Herbert Spencer

Herbert Spencer
**Herbert Spencer** (1820 nî 4 goe̍h 27 ji̍t - 1903 nî 12 goe̍h 8 ji̍t) sī Eng-kok ê tiat-ha̍k-ka, seng-bu̍t-ha̍k-ka kiam siā-hoē-ha̍k-ka. I ê ián-kiù hèng-chhù chin khoà, i kā chá-kî ê seng-bu̍t ián-hoà kài-liām èng-iōng tī kî-tha ha̍k-būn, chan-chhiūⁿ jîn-lūi siā-hoē.

I só͘ thê chhut ê chi̍t kù oē "siāng sek-ha̍p chiá chûn-oa̍h" (*survival of the fittest*) chin ū miâ.

## Chhut-sin

Spencer sī 1820 nî 4 goe̍h 27 ùi Eng-lân ê Derby chhut-sì--ê. I ê lāu-pē sī William George Spencer, tī tē-hng keng-êng ha̍k-hāu.
# Ho͘-khip (seng-lí-ha̍k)

Seng-lí-ha̍k kóng ê **ho͘-khip** (Eng-gí: *respiration*) sī tēng-gī chò kā gōa-kháu khoân-kéng ê sng-sò͘ sàng ji̍p cho͘-chit lāi-té ê sè-pau, kiam tò-péng hong-hiòng sàng chhut jī-sng-hòa thòaⁿ-sò͘ ê kòe-têng.

Seng-lí-ha̍k ê ho͘-khip tùi seng-hòa-ha̍k chân-kip ê sè-pau ho͘-khip lâi kóng sī pì-iàu--ê, chóng-sī in nn̄g-ê sī bô kâng ê kòe-têng. Sè-pau ho͘-khip sī hoat-seng tī kò-pia̍t sè-pau lāi-bīn, seng-lí-ha̍k ê ho͘-khip sī hoat-seng tī kui-ê kò-thé sin-thé ê kòe-têng.