# Eng-gí

| Eng-gí |
| --- |
| English |
| Hoat-im | [ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ] |
| Goân-chū kok-ka |  Ò-chiu,  Ka-ná-tāi,  Ài-ní-lân,  Niú-se-lân,  Eng-kok,  Bí-kok,  Lâm-hui-kok,  Hui-li̍p-pin,  Sin-ka-pho téng-téng 100 kúi chiah kok-ka kap tē-khu |
| Sú-iōng tē-khu | chú-iàu tī Sai Au-chiu, Pak Au-chiu, Pak Bí-chiu kap Tāi-iûⁿ-chiu |
| bú-gí sú-iōng-chiá | 360–400 pah-bān (2006) |
| Gí-hē | Ìn-Au gí-hē
* German gí-cho̍k
	+ Sai German gí-chi
		- Pak-hái German-gí
			* Anglo-Frisia gí-kûn
				+ Eng gí-kûn
					- **Eng-gí**
 |
| Chá-kî hêng-sek | Kó͘ Eng-gí
* Tiong Eng-gí
	+ Chho͘-kî Hiān-tāi Eng-gí
 |
| Bûn-jī hē-thóng | Lô-má-jī |
| Koaⁿ-hong tē-ūi |
| Koaⁿ-hong gí-giân | 73 chiah kok-ka kap tē-khu; Au-chiu Liân-bêng, Liân-ha̍p-kok kap chin chē ê kok-chè cho͘-chit |
| Gí-giân tāi-bé |
| ISO 639-1 | `en` |
| ISO 639-2 | `eng` |
| ISO 639-3 | `eng` |
|   iōng-chòe jîn-bîn bó-gí ê kok-ka  iōng-chòe koaⁿ-hong gí-giân ia̍h-sī chú-iàu ê hêng-chèng gí-giân ê kok-ka |

**Eng-gú** (英語) ia̍h-sī **Eng-gí**, **Eng-kiat-lī-gí** (英吉利語), sī 1 chióng Se Tek-gí-hē ê gí-giân, i ê goân-thâu tī Eng-kok. Eng-gí ê bó-gí jîn-kháu chhiau-kòe 4-ek (2002 nî sò͘-kì). Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok kap āu--lâi Bí-kok tī kun-sū, keng-chè, kho-ha̍k, chèng-tī, bûn-hòa ê éng-hióng tì-sú Eng-gí chiâⁿ-chò sè-kài chú-iàu ê thong-hêng-gí chi it.

## Kán-sú

Kóng Tek-gí-hē gí-giân ê Angle, Saxon, Jute téng-téng ê pō͘-lo̍k tī Se-goân 500 nî chó-iū khai-sí si̍t-bîn Britain-tó. In chi-phoè pún-té í-keng tī England tē-khu ê Celt-gí cho̍k-kûn. In ê hong-giân sī Eng-gí ê sian-chó͘, āu--lâi chheng-ho͘ sī Kó͘ Eng-gí (Old English). Kó· Eng-gí oan-nā siū Kó͘ Norse-gí (Old Norse) chit ê Tek-gí-hē hong-giân éng-hióng. Hiān-tāi ê hun-lūi jīn-ûi Kó͘ Eng-gí î-chhî kàu 1100 nî, Norman-lâng chhim-lio̍k Britain-tó liáu-āu bô joā kú. *Beowulf* sī Kó͘ Eng-gí ê tāi-piáu-chok.

Norman-lâng toà--lâi ê Kó͘ Hoat-gí (Old French) chhim-chhim éng-hióng Tiong Eng-gí (Middle English), iok-lio̍k tùi 1100 nî (Norman-lâng tī 1066 nî khai-sí thóng-tī) kàu 1500 nî (ìn-soat-ki hoat-bêng liáu-āu). Tiong Eng-gí sî-kî lâu--lo̍h-lâi siōng ū miâ-siaⁿ ê tù-chok sī Geoffrey Chaucer ê *The Canterbury Tales*. Chit toāⁿ sî-kî Eng-gí keng-koè Ūn-bó Toā Soá-ūi (Eng-gí: Great Vowel Shift) ê im-ta̍t piàn-chhian, liáu-āu chiâⁿ-chò Hiān-tāi Eng-gí (Modern English).

Hiān-tāi Eng-gí tùi William Shakespeare ê sî-tāi khai-sí hoat-tián. I ê gí-hoat, hoat-im chêng hit-chūn kàu taⁿ goân-chek-siōng bô kái-piàn, ke̍k-ke sû-lūi ū toā cheng-ka niā-niā. Ū-ê ha̍k-chiá khu-pia̍t chá-kî kap āu-kî (1800 nî) ê Hiān-tāi Eng-gí. 1800 nî liáu-āu, Tai-eng Tè-kok chiàm-niá sè-kài toā pō͘-hūn, siâng-sî ia̍h siū hia ê gí-giân éng-hióng.

## Hun-lūi

Eng-gí sio̍k Ìn-Au gí-hē chi-hā ê Tek-gí-hē.

Eng-gí siōng chhin ê hiān-tāi chhin-chiâⁿ sī Scots kap Frysk. Koan-hē khah hn̄g--tām-po̍h-á ê gí-giân sī Kē-tē Saxon-gí (tī Hô-lân tang-pêng kap Tek-kok pak-pō͘). Kî-thaⁿ ū koan-hē ê gí-giân ū Hô-lân-gí, Afrikaans, Tek-gí, Pak Au ê gí-giân. In-ūi Eng-gí tùi Norman-lâng ê Hoat-gí khip-siu chē-chē sû-lūi, bat Eng-gí ê lâng mā ē-tit liáu-kái chin chē Hoat-gí ê sû; phèng-im, ì-sù mā sio-oá he̍k-chiá kāng-khoán.

## Siaⁿ-im

### Ūn-bó

Siaⁿ-bó ê IPA pió

| IPA | SAMPA | Jī |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [i(:)] | [i(:)] | b**ea**d |
| [ɪ] | [I] | b**i**d |
| [e(ɪ)] | [e(I)] | b**ay**ed |
| [ɛ] | [E] | b**e**d |
| [æ] | [{] | b**a**d |
| [ɒ] | [Q] | b**o**d 1 |
| [ɔ(:)] | [O(:)] | p**aw**ed 2 |
| [o(ʊ)] | [o(U)] | b**o**de |
| [ʊ] | [U] | g**oo**d |
| [u(:)] | [u(:)] | b**oo**ed |
| [ʌ] | [V] | b**u**d |
| [ɝ(:)] | [3(`)(:)] | b**ir**d 3 |
| [aɪ] | [aI] | b**uy** |
| [aʊ] | [aU] | b**ou**gh |
| [ɔɪ] | [OI]  | b**oy** |
| [ə] | [@] | Ros**a'**s 4 |
| [ɨ] | [1] | ros**e**s 5 |

### Siaⁿ-bó

|   | siang-tûn | tûn-khí | khí-kan | chi̍h-chiam | palato-alveolar | palatal | chi̍h-kin | âu |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| sat-im | p [p] b [b] |   |   | t [t] d [d] |   |   | k [k] g [g] |   |
| phīⁿ-im | m [m] |   |   | n [n] |   |   | ŋ [N] 1 |   |
| flap |   |   |   | ɾ [4] 2 |   |   |   |   |
| chhat-im |   | f [f] v [v] | θ [T] ð [D] 3 | s [s] z [z] | ʃ [S] ʒ [Z] |   | x [x] 4 | h [h] |
| sat-chhat-im |   |   |   |   | tʃ [tS] dʒ [dZ] |   |   |   |
| approximant | ʍ [W] 5 w [w] |   |   | ɹ [r\] |   | j [j] |   |   |
| lateral approximant |   |   |   | l [l] |   |   |   |   |

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ

* Ông-kok Eng-gí
* So͘-kat-lân Eng-gí
* Bí-kok Eng-gí
* Ka-ná-tāi Eng-gí
* Ò-chiu Eng-gí
* Niú-se-lân Eng-gí
* Sin-ka-pho Eng-gí

## Chham-khó

* Aarts, Bas; Haegeman, Liliane (2006). "6. English Word classes and Phrases". Chū Aarts, Bas; McMahon, April. *The Handbook of English Linguistics*. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.  (Eng-gí)
* Abercrombie, D.; Daniels, Peter T. (2006). "Spelling Reform Proposals: English". Chū Brown, Keith. *Encyclopedia of language & linguistics*. Elsevier. pp. 72–75. doi:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04878-1. ISBN 978-0-08-044299-0. Lay summary (6 February 2015).  (Eng-gí)
* Aitken, A. J.; McArthur, Tom, pian. (1979). *Languages of Scotland*. Occasional paper – Association for Scottish Literary Studies; no. 4. Edinburgh: Chambers. ISBN 978-0-550-20261-1.  (Eng-gí)
* Alcaraz Ariza, M. Á.; Navarro, F. (2006). "Medicine: Use of English". Chū Brown, Keith. *Encyclopedia of language & linguistics*. Elsevier. pp. 752–759. doi:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/02351-8. ISBN 978-0-08-044299-0. 6 February 2015 khòaⁿ--ê. Lay summary (6 February 2015). Pang-bô͘:Subscription or libraries (Eng-gí)
* Algeo, John (1999). "Chapter 2:Vocabulary". Chū Romaine, Suzanne. *Cambridge History of the English Language*. IV: 1776–1997. Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–91. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521264778.003. ISBN 978-0-521-26477-8.  (Eng-gí)

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat

* Re-Romanization of English

Wikipedia
Wikipedia ū  Eng-gí ê pán-pún.