Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Sìn-kù khòng-chè

**Sìn-kù khòng-chè** (Eng-gí: *authority control*) sī tô͘-su-koán-ha̍k chó͘-chit tô͘-su chu-sìn ê têng-sū. Pí-lūn chí-tēng tan-to̍k te̍k-sû ê hō-miâ ia̍h sī hō-bé tāi-piáu chi̍t hāng chú-tê. Keng-kòe sìn-kù khòng-chè ê koán-lí, lâng-miâ, tē-hng téng mi̍h-kiāⁿ thang khak-jin chí-miâ tùi-siòng.

## Iōng-gí

Sìn-kù khòng-chè ê Eng-gí sī *authority control*, he "authority" ê ì-sù sī tùi tê-bo̍k hông *authorized* ê koan-liām lâi--ê, ia̍h to̍h sī siū tio̍h "jīm-khó--ê", "kiám-tēng--ê" ê ì-sù.
# Hia̍p-tēng Sè-kài-sî

**Hia̍p-tēng Sè-kài-sî** (Hàn-jī: 協定世界時, Eng-gí: Coordinated Universal Time) mā thang kiò chò **Hia̍p-tiau Sè-kài-sî** (協調世界時), **Sè-kài Hia̍p-tiau-sî** (世界協調時), ia̍h-sī **Sè-kài Hia̍p-tiau Sî-kan** (世界協調時間), sī 1-khoán Sè-kài-sî (UT) ê phiau-chún. I ê kán-chheng sī **UTC**, "C" piáu-ta̍t i sī "hia̍p-tiau"--kòe ê sî-kan. Choân sè-kài ê sî-khu ē-iōng-tit siá chò UTC ê "chha-ta̍t". Chá-chêng ê Greenwich Piau-chún-sî (GMT) sī kin-kì thian-thé ūn-tōng lâi kè-sǹg sî-kan, āu--lâi ê UTC sī àn-chiàu goân-chú-cheng ê phiau-chún tit-tio̍h ê. Thong-sio̍k oē-gí ū-sî lia̍h GMT sī UTC ê tông-gī-sû.

UTC kap kok-chè goân-chú-sî (TAI) oân-ná ū chha-pia̍t, chha kúi-nā-ê chéng-sò͘ ê bió-cheng. UTC ê ta̍t su-iàu lâng cheng-ka (a̍h-sī kiám-chió) tām-po̍h-á, hō͘ i bē phian-lî UT1 0.9 bió khah chē. Múi-tang ê 6 go̍eh 30 kap 12 go̍eh 31 ê pòaⁿ-mî ōe lâi chim-chiok khòaⁿ beh tiâu-chéng--bô. 1-kái sī tiâu-chéng 1-bió-cheng, hō-chò lūn-bió. Chêng-kàu-taⁿ m̄-bat kiám--kè, lóng sī ēng ka--ê. Tī 1972 nî ê sî UTC kap TAI ê cheng-chha tēng-gī chò 10 bió, hiān-chú-sî í-keng chha 37 bió ah.
# Chhòng-iōng CC siū-koân tiâu-khoán

Tshòng-iōng CC piau-tsì
This video explains how Creative Commons licenses can be used in conjunction with commercial licensing arrangements
**Tshòng-iōng CC siū-kuân tiâu-khuán** (ing-gú: Creative Commons (CC) license; **Tì-sik kiōng-hióng hí-khó**) ê hí-khó sī ún-tsún bián-huì hun-huat kî-thann siūpán-kuân pó-hōo ê "tsok-phín" tsi kui-tsióng kong-kiōng pán-kuân hí-khó tsi-it. Tong tsok-tsiá siūnn-beh siū-ú thann-jîn hun-hióng, sú-iōng ê kuân-lī sî-tsūn, sú-iōng CC hí-khó; pīng-tshiánn í tsok-tsiá tshòng-tsok ê tsok-phín uî ki-tshóo. CC uī tsok-tsiá thê-kiong lîng-ua̍h sìng (pí-jû, in khó-lîng suán-ti̍k kan-na ún-tsún tuì kip-tīng ê tsok-phín tsìn-hîng hui siong-gia̍p ê iōng-tôo); pīng-tshiánn pó-hōo sú-iōng hi̍k-tsiá tiông-sin hun-huat tsok-tsiá tsok-phín ê lâng bián-siū tshim-huān pán-kuân ê tam-iu, kan-na ài in tsun-siúí-hā tiâu-kiānn teh tsok-tsiá hun-huat tsok-phín ê hí-khó tang-tiong tsí-tīng.

Ū kui-tsióng luī-hîng ê tì-sik kiōng-hióng hí-kh. Ta̍k ê hí-khó-tsìng ê bô kâng ê sóo-tsāi teh kài-tsāi kui-ê tsoo-ha̍p, tsia--ê tsoo-ha̍p kuat-tīng hun-huat tiâu-khuán. In siōng-thâu-á tī 2002-nî 12-gue̍h 16-ji̍t iû tshòng-kiàn tī 2001-nî ê Bí-kok hui îng-lī kong-si Creative Commons huat-pòo. Iah-koh ū 5-ê pán-pún ê hí-khó-tsìng thò-kiānn; pian-hō uì 1.0 kàu 4.0. Tio̍h-sī 4.0 hí-khó-tsìng thò-kiānn tī 2013-nî 11-gue̍h huat-pòo, sī siōng-sin ê. Sui-jiân tì-sik kiōng-hióng hí-khó siōng-thâu-á khiā-tī Bí-kok ê huat-lu̍t thé-hē; m̄-kuh hiān-iú ū kui-ê sik-ìng kok-tsè-huat ê tì-sik kiōng-hióng kuán-hat tuan-kháu.

Tī 2014-nî 10-gue̍h, Khai-hòng tì-sik ki-kim-huē (Open Knowledge Foundation) phue-tsún tì-sik kiōng-hióng CC BY、CC BY-SA hām CC0 hí-khó hû-ha̍p luē-iông kah sòo-kì ê "Khai-hòng tīng-gī" (Open Definition).

## Tsù-kiok

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t

* Free-culture movement
* Free music
* Free software
* Non-commercial educational

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

* Koaⁿ-hong bāng-chām (Eng-gí)
* Full selection of licenses (Eng-gí)
* *Licenses*. Overview of free licenses. freedomdefined.org (Eng-gí)
* *WHAT IS CREATIVE COMMONS LICENSE*. – THE COMPLETE DEFINITIVE GUIDE (Eng-gí)
* Web-friendly formatted summary of CC BY-SA 3.0 (Eng-gí)
# Wikipedia

Wikipedia| Wikipedia ê phiau-á-thâu. |
| Screenshot [tián-khui]
Screenshot of Wikipedia's portal showing the different languages sorted by article count |
| Bāng-chām lūi-hêng | Sòaⁿ-téng pek-kho-choân-su |
| Goân-sán-tē | United States |
| Ióng-iú-chiá | Wikimedia Foundation |
| Chhòng-sí-jîn | * Jimmy Wales
* Larry Sanger
 |
| Bāng-chí | wikipedia.org |
| Siong-gia̍p sèng-chit | Bô |
| Chù-chheh | Soán-te̍k-sèng |
| Thui-chhut sî-kan | 2001 nî 1 goe̍h 15 ji̍t​ (2001-01-15)  |
| Hiān-chōng | Ūn-chok-tiong |
| OCLC hō-bé | 52075003  |

**Wikipedia** (Ing-bûn tho̍k-im: **Ûi-ki̍h-phí-tī-ià** (Uikiphitia), Hàn-jī: **維基百科**, tha̍k **Ûi-ki Pah-kho/Pek-kho**) sī 1-ê chū-iû lōe-iông ê bāng-lō· pek-kho-choân-su. I ê bo̍k-tek sī beh kiàn-li̍p 1 thò "chū-iû", bián-chîⁿ, to-gí ê pek-kho-choân-su. Wikipedia sī bāng-lō· téng siāng chē lâng sú-iōng ê 1-ê chham-khó sèng-chit ê bāng-chām; i ê chu-goân pêng-kin 1 ji̍t hông lia̍h 5-chheng-bān pái . Tû-liáu thoân-thóng ê pek-kho-choân-su sû-tiâu í-gōa, iū-koh ū pau-koah tio̍h chú-iàu ê sin-bûn sū-kiāⁿ, lông-bîn-le̍k téng-téng ê lōe-iông.

Jimmy Wales.
Wikimedia Ki-kim-hōe chit-ê bô-tì-ì-beh-thàn-chîⁿ ê tan-ūi tī āu-piah chi-oān it-poaⁿ-sèng ê koán-lí kap chhau-chok. Lōe-iông hong-bīn oân-choân khai-hòng hō· chèng-lâng ha̍p-chok hoat-tián. Lōe-iông tōa-pō·-hūn sī sè-kài chē-chē kok ê jîn-sū tàu-tīn chhiâu--chhut-lâi ê kiat-kó. Chham-ka ê lâng chū-goān bô tēng-sî khai ka-kī ê sî-kan siá-chok, chè-tô·, siu-kái, chéng-lí, thó-lūn, soan-thoân chit-ê sū-kang.

Wikipedia chū 2001 nî 1 go̍eh 15 khai-sí ūn-chok. Tú khai-sí tan-sûn sī 1-ê Eng-gí ê sū-kang. Aū--lâi ta̍uh-ta̍uh-á cheng-ka kî-thaⁿ ê gí-giân. Bo̍k-chêng ū pah-gōa-chióng gí-giân pán-pún.

Wikipedia koàn-sì iōng bûn-chiuⁿ ê sò·-liōng (bô-lūn tn̂g-té hó-bái) chò sêng-tióng ê chí-sò·. Tùi chit-ê kak-tō· lâi khoàⁿ, ē-sái kóng sêng-tióng chiâⁿ kín. Kàu 2004 nî 2 goe̍h 25 ûi-chí ū 50-bān phiⁿ. Kàu kah hit nî 7 go̍eh ū chhiau kòe 31 bān phiⁿ ê Eng-bûn bûn-chiuⁿ, lēng-gōa ū 53 bān phiⁿ siá kî-thaⁿ gí-giân. 9 goe̍h 20 hit ji̍t chhèng kàu 100-bān phiⁿ.

Wiki ki-su̍t kap bûn-hòa sī tàu-tīn pian-chi̍p ê tiōng-iàu ki-chhó·. Wikimedia Ki-kim-hōe chio thêng-sek siat-kè-su gī-bū khai-hoat MediaWiki chit thò wiki nńg-thé.

## Chí-mōe sū-kang

The Wikipedia is governed by the impartiality.
* Wiktionary
* Wikibooks
* Wikiquote
* Wikisource
* Wikinews
* Wikimedia Commons
* Wikispecies
* Wikiversity

## Chù-kái

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ

* Holopedia
* GNU Chū-iû Bûn-kiāⁿ Hí-khó-su

## Goā-pō· liân-kiat

* Wikipedia gí-giân chóng-lia̍t-toaⁿ
* Ta̍k-ê lâi siá Wiki Pek-kho-choân-su Archived 2004-05-28 at the Wayback Machine. (Hoâ-gí)
# Kì-hō (kì-hō-lūn)

**Kì-hō**, tī kì-hō-ha̍k ê ì-gī, sī kóng ē-tàng hông ké-soeh chò sī iú ì-gī ê bó͘ hāng mi̍h-kiāⁿ, iā tio̍h sī ē-tàng tāi-piáu ka-tī í-gōa ê sū-bu̍t, chìn chi̍t pō͘ thang hiòng ké-soeh-chiá kau-thong chu-sìn. Kì-hō ē-tàng keng-kòe chē khoán kám-kak chok-iōng, pí-lūn sī-kak, thèng-kak, chhok-kak, phīⁿ-kak he̍k-chiá sī bī-kak.

## Siong-koan

Nā sī Hō-ló-ōe kháu-gū siōng he̍k-chiá phó͘-thong ì-sù, "kì-hō" it-poaⁿ sī chí bûn-jī kiam kî-tha su-siá tan-goân, he̍k-chiá sī chi̍t kóa kán-tan ê ōe-tô͘.
# Keng-hūi-tō͘

Hūi-tō͘ kap keng-tō͘
**Keng-hūi-tō͘** (經緯度), mā thang kiò chò **tē-lí chō-piau-hē** (地理座標系) ia̍h sī **tē-lí chō-piau hē-thóng** (地理座標系統), sī iû keng-tō͘ kap hūi-tō͘ cho͘-sêng ê chi̍t ê chō-piau-hē.
# Latin-gí

| Latin-gú |
| --- |
| lingua Latīna |
|  |
| Hoat-im | [laˈtiːna] |
| Goân-chū kok-ka | * Latium
* Lô-má Ông-kok / Lô-má Kiōng-hô-kok / Lô-má Tè-kok
 |
| Sú-iōng tē-khu | Í-tāi-lī poàn-tó kap Lô-má Tè-kok |
| Bîn-cho̍k | La-teng-lâng, Lô-má-lâng |
| Era | 7th century BC - 18th century AD |
| Gí-hē | Ìn-Au gí-hē
* Italic
	+ Latino-Faliscan
		- **Latin-gú**
 |
| Bûn-jī hē-thóng | Latin jī-bió  |
| Koaⁿ-hong tē-ūi |
| Koaⁿ-hong gí-giân |  Sèng-chō  Vaticano |
| Koán-lí ki-kò͘ | * Antiquity: Roman schools of grammar/rhetoric
* Today: Pontifical Academy for Latin
 |
| Gí-giân tāi-bé |
| ISO 639-1 | `la` |
| ISO 639-2 | `lat` |
| ISO 639-3 | `lat` |
| Glottolog | `impe1234` `lati1261` |
| Linguasphere | `51-AAB-aa to 51-AAB-ac` |
| Lô-má Tè-kok ê hoān-ûi |
| Roman gí-cho̍k ê hun-pò͘ |
|

Recording of two fluent modern-day Latin speakers talking about the Ninfa Gardens, with English and Latin subtitles
**Latin-gí** (*Lingua Latina*), he̍k-chiá **La-teng-gí**, **Lat-teng-gí**, **Lia̍p-teng-gí**, sī chi̍t-chióng kó͘-chá Roma-lâng kóng ê gí-giân. Roma Thian-chú-kàu Kàu-hoē chit-má tī chèng-sek to͘-ha̍p iû-goân ēng Latin-gí, só͘-í i sī Vaticano ê koaⁿ-hong gí-giân.

Kho-ha̍k kap i-ha̍k ū chiâⁿ chē jī-sû sī Latin-gí. Hiān-tāi ê gí-giân mā ū chiâⁿ chē sī ùi Latin-gí lâi--ê, chhin-chhiūⁿ Se-pan-gâ-gí, Portugal-gí, Hoat-gí, Italia-gí kap Romania-gí.

## Chham-khó

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat

Wikipedia
Wikipedia ū  Latin-gí ê pán-pún.

 Wikibooks ū koan-hē **Latin-gí** ê kàu-châi kap soat-bêng-su.
# Kok-ka

**Kok-ka** sī 1 ê ū thó͘-tē, chú-koân ê chèng-tī tan-ūi. Kok-ka ū chèng-hú hoa̍t-lo̍h hêng-chèng, pau-koat lī-iōng kéng-chhat, kun-tūi chè-tō͘ chip-hêng hoat-lu̍t (chhin-chhiūⁿ kā jîn-bîn khioh-sòe). Hiān-tāi ê kok-ka it-poaⁿ ū hiàn-hoat; pau-koat chi̍t-kóa ông-kok mā sī.

Ū-kóa kok-ka tī le̍k-sú-siōng iû 1 ê chú-iàu ê cho̍k-kûn/bîn-cho̍k kiàn-li̍p, a̍h-sī tī kiàn-kok ê kòe-têng ū kúi-ā-ê cho̍k-kûn chiâⁿ-chò 1 ê ū ì-sek ê kûn-thé. Ū lâng chheng-ho͘ chit khoán kok-ka sī bîn-cho̍k kok-ka. Mā ū kok-ka iû kúi-ā-ê ū thoân-thóng thó͘-tē ê bîn-cho̍k chó͘-sêng, āu--lâi kè-sio̍k î-chhî ka-kī ê bûn-hòa, chèng-tī ì-sek kap hêng-chèng tan-ūi, sīm-chì ū chū-tī-koân, kî-á, kok-koa. Chit-khoán kok-ka lāi-té ê tan-ūi ū-sî oân-nā ū lâng chheng-hō͘ sī "kok-ka"; in it-poaⁿ bô hoa̍t-lo̍h gōa-kau ê koân-lī. Chhiūⁿ Liân-ha̍p ông-kok ê Ui-le̍k-sū, Se-pan-gâ ê Catalunya, Tan-be̍h ê Føroyar-tó, Lō͘-se-a lāi-pō͘ ê Mordovia Kiōng-hô-kok (Мордовскяй Республикась).

Kok-ka ê léng-thó͘ ū-sî m̄-sī kui tè kiap chò-hóe. Chhin-chhiūⁿ Tang Timor ū sè-tè thó͘-tē (Oecussi-Ambeno) tī Ìn-nî thóng-tī ê Sai Timor.

## Chham-chiàu

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ

* Pang-kok (*state*)
* Kok-ka lia̍t-toaⁿ
* Kok-ka lia̍t-toaⁿ (Àn-chiàu tāi-lio̍k pâi-lia̍t)
# Hamilton Kūn (Ohio)

| Hamilton County, Ohio |
| --- |
| **Hamilton Kūn *Hamilton County |
| Hamilton Kūn ê kéng-sek |
|

|  |
| --- |
|  **Seal** |

 |
|  Tī Bí-kok Ohio chiu ê ūi-tì |
| Kiàn-li̍p | 1 goe̍h 2 ji̍t, 1790 nî |
| Kūn-hú | Cincinnati |
| Jîn-kháu |  |
|  • Chóng-kè | 802,374 |
| Bāng-chām | www.hamilton-co.org |

**Hamilton Kūn** (Eng-gí: *Hamilton County*) sī Bí-kok Ohio chiu ê kūn (*county*), ū jîn-kháu 804520.

## Tē-lí

Tī pún kūn-koān sì-ûi ê hêng-chèng-khu ū Butler Kūn.

## Jîn-kháu

Hamilton Kūn tī 2010 nî 7 goe̍h sî ê jîn-kháu ū 802,279 lâng; kàu 2013 nî 7 goe̍h ê sî piàn 804,520.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
# Bîn-chú Tóng (Bí-kok)

| Bîn-chú Tóng |
| --- |
| Democratic Party |
|  |
| Chú-se̍k | Jaime Harrison (SC) |
| Khai-ki-chiá | * Andrew Jackson
* Martin Van Buren
 |
| Khí-chō | 1828 nî 1 goe̍h 8 ji̍t​ (1828-01-08)  |
| Chiap-sio̍k | Democratic-Republican Party |
| Chóng-pō͘ |  Bí-kok Washington, D.C. |
| Tóng-ôan (2021) |  48,517,845 |
| Sek-chhái |      lâm-sek |
| Siōng-īⁿ | 48 / 100 |
| Hā-īⁿ | 221 / 435 |
| Chiu-tiúⁿ | 23 / 50 |
| Chiu siōng-īⁿ | 861 / 1,972 |
| Chiu hā-īⁿ | 2,438 / 5,411 |
| Chún-chiu chiu-tiúⁿ | 3 / 5 |
| Chún-chiu siōng-īⁿ | 31 / 97 |
| Chún-chiu hā-īⁿ | 8 / 91 |
| Soán-kí piau-chì |
|  |
| Bāng-chām |
| www.democrats.org |

**Bîn-chú-tóng** (民主黨, Eng-gí: Democratic Party) sī hiān-tāi Bí-kok 2 toā chèng-tóng ê kî-tiong 1 ê, 1828 nî kiàn-tóng.

## Chham-khó

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

* Koaⁿ-hong bāng-chām
* Democratic Party teh DMOZ.
# Chhī-khu

Tang-kiaⁿ sī choân sè-kài jîn-kháu bi̍t-tō͘ siōng koân ê chhī-khu.
**Chhī-khu** (市區) sī siâⁿ-chhī hōan-ûi lāi-bīn pau-hâm ê só͘-chāi; it-poaⁿ tāi-piáu jîn-kháu kap kiàn-tio̍k-bu̍t bi̍t-chi̍p, siong-gia̍p hoat-tián chin hó ê tē-khu.

## Siong-koan

* Chhī-lāi
* Chhī-gōa
# To͘-hōe-khu

New York to͘-hōe-khu
**To͘-hōe-khu** sī chi̍t kóa jîn-kháu bi̍t-tō͘ to͘-chhī khah koân ê siâⁿ-chhī kap i hū-kīn chhī-ke kiam kau-gōa cho͘-sêng ê khu-he̍k, in ū kiông-tông hoat-tián ê sán-gia̍p, ki-chhó͘ kiàn-siat kap khiā-khí.

Ū-sî chèng-hú ki-koan pí-lūn thóng-kè pō͘-mn̂g tī hêng-chèng-siōng tùi to͘-chhī-khu ū it-tēng ê tēng-gī. Tī ha̍k-su̍t he̍k-chiá sī sán-gia̍p ū su-iāu mā ē siat-ēng to͘-hōe-khu ê hoān-ûi.
# Jîn-bîn hō-miâ

**Jîn-bîn hō-miâ** sī tùi chi̍t-ê só͘-chāi chū-bîn ia̍h sī chhut-sin-chiá ê chheng-ho͘. Tī Ho̍h-ló-ōe it-poaⁿ sī kán-tan kā tē-hō-miâ ka-chiūⁿ “lâng”, phì-jû “Ji̍t-pún-lâng”, “Tâi-tang-lâng” tiō sī Ji̍t-pún kap Tâi-tang jîn-bîn ê chheng-ho͘.

Nā sī tī chi̍t kóa kî-tha giân-gí, pí-lūn Eng-gí, in-ūi pún-sin khut-chiat-gí ê te̍k-sek, koh saⁿ-lām kúi-a khoán bô-kâng le̍k-sú pōe-kéng ê sip-koàn. In tiāⁿ ū bô kui-chiat ê jîn-bîn hō-miâ, chhin-chhiūⁿ hō *China* (Tiong-kok) ê lâng sī *Chinese*, hō Seoul ê lâng sī *Seoulite*.

Tī Eng-gí ū chi̍t-ê sin chhòng ê jī *demonym* (ì-sù: “jîn-bîn” + “hō-miâ”), choân-bûn piáu-sī chū-bîn chheng-ho͘ ê khài-liām.
# Sî-khu

Sè-kài Piau-chún Sî-khu
**Sî-khu** sī Tē-kiû téng-koân ēng kāng 1 ê piau-chún sî-kan ê só͘-chāi, hit ê sî-kan hō chò **chāi-tē sî-kan** (local time). Sio keh-piah ê sî-khu toā-hūn chha 1 tiám-cheng. Chāi-tē sî-kan koàn-sì ēng Greenwich Pêng-kin Sî-kan ia̍h UTC koh ke ia̍h kiám kúi tiám-cheng lâi piáu-sī, pí-lūn kóng Tâi-oân piau-chún sî-kan tō sī UTC+8.
# Hā-sî-kan

leh si̍t-hêng hā-sî-kan
  bat si̍t-hêng hā-sî-kan
  m̄-bat si̍t-hêng hā-sî-kan
**Hā-sî-kan** (夏時間, Eng-gí: summer time), **joa̍h-thiⁿ sî-kan**, ia̍h **hā-lēng sî-kan** (夏令時間), mā hō chò **ji̍t-thâu-kng khiām-iok sî-kan** (日頭光儉約時間, Eng-gí: daylight saving time), sī tī Ji̍t-thâu khah chá chhut--lâi hit kúi goe̍h kā chāi-tē ê piau-chún-sî (tang-sî-kan) tiâu chìn-chêng, pí-lūn kóng kā sî-kè tiâu kín 1 tiám-chéng. Án-ne, ē-tit khah tah-té lī-iōng ji̍t-thâu-kng, khiām-iok lêng-goân.

Tâi-oân tī 1945 nî kàu 1961 nî, 1974 nî, 1975 nî lóng ū si̍t-hêng hā-sî-kan.
# County seat

County seat sī Bí-kok kap Canada sú-iōng ê hêng-chèng ēng-gí, ē-sài hoan-e̍k chò **kūn-siâⁿ**, **kūn-hú** he̍k-chiá **kūn-tī**, ia̍h tio̍h sī kūn-thiaⁿ só͘-chāi-tē. Tī Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok, beh-kâng ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ sī hō-chò *county town*.

Pún ēng-gí mā sī chi̍t kóa hui Eng-gí kok-ka ê hêng-chèng-khu (phì-jū Tiong-kok ê koān) siú-hú ê Eng-gí hoan-e̍k chheng-hō (nā chiàu pún-kok giân-gí sī kóng koān-tī).
# Columbus (Ohio)

|  |
| --- |
| **Columbus** |
|  |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  **Kî-á** |  **Ìn-á** |

 |
| Columbus |
| Keng-hūi-tō͘: ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Kok-ka
 | Bí-kok
 |
| Chiu
 | Ohio
 |
| **Bīn-chek** |
|  - Chhī-khu
  | 550.5 km2 |
|  - Thó͘-tē |
544.6 km2 |
|  - Chúi-bīn |
5.9 km2 |
| **Koân-tō͘** |
275 m |
| **Jîn-kháu** (2007) |
|  - Chhī-khu | 747,755 (tē−15) lâng |
|  - Bi̍t-tō͘ |
1,373.0/km2 |
|  - To͘-chhī-khian | 1,754,337 |

**Columbus** sī Bí-kok Ohio ê siú-hú kap siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī.
# Cleveland

|  |
| --- |
| **Cleveland** |
|  |
|

|  |
| --- |
|  **Kî-á** |

 |
| Cleveland |
| Keng-hūi-tō͘: ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Kok-ka
 | Bí-kok
 |
| Chiu
 | Ohio
 |
| **Bīn-chek** |
|  - Chhī-khu
  | 213.4 km2 |
|  - Thó͘-tē |
200.9 km2 |
|  - Chúi-bīn |
12.5 km2 |
| **Koân-tō͘** |
199 m |
| **Jîn-kháu** (2000) |
|  - Chhī-khu | 478,403 lâng |
|  - Bi̍t-tō͘ |
2,380.9/km2 |
|  - To͘-chhī-khian | 2,250,871 |

**Cleveland** sī Bí-kok Ohio tē-2 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Columbus āu-piah.
# Kang-gia̍p-hòa

**Kang-gia̍p-hoà** nā tī le̍k-sú ia̍h siā-hōe-ha̍k tang-tiong sī kóng lông-gia̍p siā-hoē hiòng kang-gia̍p siā-hoē ián-piàn choán-hêng ê koè-têng, hâm siā-hoē ê piàn-chhian kap keng-chè ê hoat-tián. Kang-gia̍p-hoà mā sī hiàn-tāi-hoà ê chi̍t pō͘-hūn. Hiān-tāi sian-chìn kok-ka ê kang-gia̍p-hoà sī tùi 18 sè-kí āu-kî í-āu ê Kang-gia̍p Kek-bēng sî-kî khí-thâu.

Nā khah chāi-tē ê ì-gī lâi kóng, kang-gia̍p-hòa mā ē-tàng chí chi̍t-ê só͘-chāi khí-siat kang-tiûⁿ liáu-āu ê hoat-tián.

## Siong-koan

* Sin-heng kang-gia̍p kok-ka
# Procter & Gamble

**Procter & Gamble Co.**, iā hō **P&G**, sī Bí-kok ê khòa-kok siau-hùi-phín kong-si, pún-siā tī Ohio ê Cincinnati. In tāi-seng sī 1837 nî ê sî William Procter kap James Gamble kiàn-li̍p--ê.

P&G chòe chú-iàu ê sū-gia̍p sī tī chheng-kiat-che, kò-jîn chiàu-kò͘, kap ōe-seng sán-phín. In chá-chêng mā sī si̍t-phín-gia̍p Pringles (āu--lâi bē hō͘ Kellogg Kong-si) ê bó-kong-si.
# NFL

**Kok-ka Khak-kiû Liân-bêng** (*National Football League* **NFL**) sī Bí-kok-sek kha-kiû ê chit-gia̍p liân-bêng, lóng-chóng ū 32 tūi, ē-té hun NFC (Kok-ka Kha-kiû Tāi-hōe) kap AFC (Bí-kok Kha-kiû Tāi-hōe), siang-pêng ê koan-kun an-pâi tī Super Bowl pí-sài. In sī Pak Bí-chiu siāng-tōa ê chit-gia̍p ūn-tōng liân-bêng chi it.
# Cincinnati Reds

| Cincinnati Reds |
| --- |
|  *2026 nî Cincinnati Reds kiû-kùi* |
| Tī 1881 nî **sêng-li̍p** |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |
| **Tūi-ngó͘ piau-chì** | **Bō-á hui-chiong** |

 |
| Tāi liân-bêng lē-sio̍k |
| * Kok-ka Liân-bêng (1890–taⁿ)
	+ Tiong-khu (1994–taⁿ)
	+ Sai-khu (1969–1993)
* Bí-kok Hia̍p-hōe (1882–1889)
 |
| Thè-hiu hō-bé | ** 1
* 5
* 8
* 10
* 11
* 13
* 18
* 20
* 24
* 42* |
| Sek-chhái |
| *
 |
| Miâ |
| * **Cincinnati Reds (1960–taⁿ) Cincinnati Redlegs (1954–1959)
* Cincinnati Reds (1890–1953)
* Cincinnati Red Stockings (1882–1889)
 |
| Phian-miâ |
| * **Big Red Machine**
 |
| Kiû-po͘ |
| * **Great American Ball Park (2003–taⁿ) Riverfront Stadium (1970–2002)
* Crosley Field (1912–1970)
* Palace of the Fans (1902–1911)
* League Park (II) (1894–1901)
* League Park (I) (1884–1893)
* Bank Street Grounds (1882–1883)
 |
| Tāi liân-bêng kì-lo̍k |
| Sè-kài Hē-lia̍t-sài koan-kun (5) | * 1990
* 1976
* 1975
* 1940
* 1919
 |
| NL koan-kun (9) | * 1990
* 1976
* 1975
* 1972
* 1970
* 1961
* 1940
* 1939
* 1919
 |
| Tiong-khu koan-kun (3) | * 2012
* 2010
* 1995
 |
| **Sai-khu koan-kun** (7) | * 1990
* 1979
* 1976
* 1975
* 1973
* 1972
* 1970
 |
| Wild card (1) | 2013 |
| Kiû-thoân |
| Thâu-ke | Bob Castellini |
| Chóng-kàu-liān | Bryan Price |
| Chóng-keng-lí | Dick Williams |
| Êng-ūn chóng-chhâi | Walt Jocketty |

**Cincinnati Reds** sī lē-sio̍k tī Iá-kiû Tāi Liân-bêng Kok-ka Liân-bêng Tiong-khu ê chi̍t ki chit-gia̍p iá-kiû tūi-ngó͘.

 *Che sī chi̍t phiⁿ kap **iá-kiû** siong-koan ê phí-á-kiáⁿ. Chhiáⁿ tàu khok-chhiong.*
# Iá-kiû Tāi Liân-bêng

Iá-kiû Tāi Liân-bêng
*Major League Baseball*| **Chiap-sio̍k kiû-kùi he̍k-chiá pí-sài:2016 nî Iá-kiû Tāi Liân-bêng kiû-kùi* |
|  |
| Ūn-tōng | Iá-kiû |
| Sêng-li̍p | 1903 nî |
| Chóng-kàm | Rob Manfred |
| Tūi-ngó͘ sò͘-liōng | 30 |
| Kok-ka |  Bí-kok (29 tūi)  Ka-ná-tāi (1 tūi) |
| Só͘-chāi | Pak Bí-chiu |
| Chòe-kīn koan-kun | Chicago Cubs (tē-3 pái) |
| Siōng-chē koan-kun | New York Yankees (27 pái) |
| Koaⁿ-hong bāng-chām | mlb.com |

**Iá-kiû Tāi Liân-bêng** (Eng-gí: **Major League Baseball**; sok-siá: **MLB**), Tiong-bûn hoan-e̍k chò **Bí-kok Chit-gia̍p Pāng-kiû Tāi Liân-bêng** (Hàn-jī: 美國職業棒球大聯盟), iā hō-chò **Bí-kok Chit-pāng** (美國職棒) he̍k-chiá **Tāi Liân-bêng** (大聯盟), sī Bí-kok kah Ka-ná-tāi siōng chhut-miâ ê chit-gia̍p iá-kiû liân-sài. Bo̍k-chêng kui-ê Tāi Liân-bêng lóng-chóng ū 30 tūi, nn̄g ê liân-bêng kok 15 tūi. Kok-ka Liân-bêng kah Bí-kok Liân-bêng hun-pia̍t chāi 1876 nî iáu-ū 1901 nî sêng-li̍p. Chū 1903 nî khai-sí, nn̄g ê liân-bêng kiōng-tông cho͘-sêng Tāi Liân-bêng, iû Tāi Liân-bêng Chip-hêng-tiúⁿ chit-ê cho͘-chit lâi thóng-hat léng-tō.

## Cho͘-chit ki-kut

## Le̍k-sú

## Hiān-kim kiû-tūi

## Chham-khó
# Lô-má Kiōng-hô-kok

chiân 44 nî pán-tô͘
**Lô-má Kiōng-hô-kok** (羅馬共和國; Latin-gí: *Res publica Romana*), he̍k-chiá kóng **Lô-má Kiōng-hô**, sī kó͘-tāi Lô-má ê chi̍t-ê sî-kî, tùi tāi-khài chiân 509 nî Lô-má Ông-kok hông chhia-tó khai-sí, kàu chiân 27 nî Lô-má Tè-kok kiàn-li̍p kiat-sok.
# St. Louis (Missouri)

|  |
| --- |
| **Saint Louis** |
|

|  |
| --- |
|  **Kî-á** |

 |
| Saint Louis |
| Keng-hūi-tō͘: ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Kok-ka
 | Bí-kok
 |
| Chiu
 | Missouri
 |
| **Bīn-chek** |
|  - Chhī-khu
  | 171.3 km2 |
|  - Thó͘-tē |
160.4 km2 |
|  - Chúi-bīn |
11.0 km2 |
| **Koân-tō͘** |
142 m |
| **Jîn-kháu** (2007) |
|  - Chhī-khu | 355,663 lâng |
|  - Bi̍t-tō͘ |
2,218.5/km2 |
|  - To͘-chhī-khian | 2,822,118 |

**Saint Louis** sī Bí-kok Missouri tē-2 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Kansas City āu-piah.
# New Orleans

|  |
| --- |
| **New Orleans** |
|  |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  **Kî-á** |  **Ìn-á** |

 |
| New Orleans ê uī-tì |
| Keng-hūi-tō͘: ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Kok-ka
 | Bí-kok
 |
| Chiu
 | Louisiana
 |
| **Bīn-chek** |
|  - Chhī-khu
  | 907 km2 |
|  - Thó͘-tē |
467.6 km2 |
|  - Chúi-bīn |
439.4 km2 |
|  - To͘-chhī-khian |
9,726.6 km2 |
| **Koân-tō͘** |
−2 - 6 m |
| **Jîn-kháu** (2009) |
|  - Chhī-khu | 469,605 lâng |
|  - Bi̍t-tō͘ |
973/km2 |
|  - To͘-chhī-khian | 1,030,363 |

**New Orleans** (Óa-im: "*niu o͘r-lin-suh*") sī Bí-kok Louisiana siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī.
# Middletown (Ohio)

|  |
| --- |
| **Middletown** |
| —  **Chng-thâu (city)**  — |
| Middletown ê kéng-sek
 |
| Middletown só͘-chāi-tô͘ ê uī-tìMiddletown só͘-chāi-tô͘ |
| MiddletownMiddletown tī Bí-kok Ohio ê ūi-tì |
| Keng-hūi-tō͘: ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Kok-ka
 |  Bí-kok
 |
| Chiu
 | Ohio
 |
| Kūn
 | Butler
 |
| **Chèng-hú** |
|  - Lūi-hêng | city |
| **Bīn-chek** |
|  - Lóng-chóng
  | 66.5 km2 |
| **Koân-tō͘** |
199 m |
| **Jîn-kháu** |
|  - Lóng-chóng | 51,290 lâng |
|  - Bi̍t-tō͘ |
771.3/km2 |

**Middletown** sī Bí-kok Ohio chiu Butler kūn ê chi̍t ê chng-thâu (*city*).

## Liân-kiat

* Koaⁿ-hong bāng-chām

 *Che sī chi̍t phiⁿ koan-î Bí-kok Ohio Chiu tē-lí ê phí-á-kiáⁿ. Chhiáⁿ tàu khok-chhiong.*
# Erie Ô͘

Erie Ô͘
Erie Ô͘ ê ūi-tì
**Erie Ô͘** (Eng-gí: *Lake Erie*) sī Pak Bí-chiu 5-ê Tōa-ô͘ lāi-bīn bīn-chek tē-4 tōa--ê, nā tī thong sè-kài pâi tī tē 11 tōa. Chiáu chiú-liōng thé-chek lâi sǹg, i sī Tōa-ô͘-khu tang-tiong siāng sió koh siāng é--ê.
# Philadelphia

|  |
| --- |
| **Philadelphia** |
|  |
|

|  |
| --- |
|  **Kî-á** |

 |
| Philadelphia ê uī-tì |
| Location of Philadelphia |
| Keng-hūi-tō͘: ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Kok-ka
 | Bí-kok
 |
| Chiu
 | Pennsylvania
 |
| **Bīn-chek** |
|  - Chhī-khu
  | 349.6 km2 |
|  - Thó͘-tē |
326.144 km2 |
|  - Chúi-bīn |
19.6 km2 |
|  - To͘-hōe-khu |
4,660.7 km2 |
|  - To͘-chhī-khian |
11,989 km2 |
| **Jîn-kháu** (2008) |
|  - Chhī-khu | 1,447,395 (tē−6) lâng |
|  - Bi̍t-tō͘ |
4,140.1/km2 |
|  - To͘-hōe-khu | 5,325,000 |
|  - To͘-chhī-khian | 5,838,471 |

**Philadelphia** sī Bí-kok Pennsylvania siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī.
# Tom a-peh ê Liâu-á

Tom a-peh ê Liâu-á
Tom a-peh ê Liâu-á (Eng-gí: *Uncle Tom's Cabin*) sī Bí-kok ê chi̍t ê hoán-tùi lô͘-lē chè-tō͘ ê siáu-soat. I sī Harriet Beecher Stowe tī 1852 nî siá ê.
# Chhia-lō͘ tiān-chhia

Chhia-lō͘ tiān-chhia 120N
Pa-lí, Hoat-kok chhia-lō͘ tiān-chhia
**Chhia-lō͘ tiān-chhia** (Hoâ-gí: 路面電車, Eng-gí: tram) sī chi̍t-chióng kiâⁿ tī thih-ki-lō͘ chhiūⁿ hoé-chhia m̄-koh bô hoé-chhia hiah tāng ê kong-kiōng ūn-su kang-kū, beh chài-lâng ia̍h chài-hoè. Kah kî-thaⁿ thih-ki-lō͘ ūn-su kang-kū bô-kâng, chhia-lō͘ tiān-chhia ê thih-ki-lō͘ chú-iàu sī pho͘ tī chhia-lō͘, ē kah khì-chhia, o͘-tó͘-bái, kap koè-lō͘-lâng tâng-chê sú-iōng chhia-lō͘. Hiān-tāi ê chhia-lō͘ tiān-chhia hē-thóng ū chē-chē sī kē té-poâⁿ ê chhia-sin, m̄-bián iōng tio̍h goe̍h-tâi, só͘-í ē-tàng kah kî-thaⁿ chhia-lō͘ ūn-su kang-kū kap koè-lō͘-lâng ê kiâⁿ-lō͘ chéng-ha̍p chò-hoé.

Chhia-lō͘ tiān-chhia sú-iōng tiān-le̍k chò tōng-le̍k lâi kiâⁿ, i lī-iōng pantograph ia̍h trolley pole tùi khan-tī lō͘ koân-téng ê tiān-chhia-soàⁿ lâi the̍h-tio̍h tiān-le̍k.

Chhia-lō͘ tiān-chhia hē-thóng tī 20 sè-kí khah-chá ê sî tī kang-gia̍p-hoà sè-kài chiâⁿ sî-kiâⁿ. Sui-bóng āu--lâi ū khah thè liû-hêng, m̄-koh choè-kīn (2006) chit kúi-tang ū koh oat-tó-tńg--lâi ê khoán-chè.
# Butler Kūn (Ohio)

| Butler County, Ohio |
| --- |
| **Butler Kūn *Butler County |
| Butler Kūn ê kéng-sek |
|  Tī Bí-kok Ohio chiu ê ūi-tì |
| Kiàn-li̍p | 5 goe̍h 1 ji̍t, 1803 nî |
| Kūn-hú | Hamilton |
| Jîn-kháu |  |
|  • Chóng-kè | 368,130 |
| Bāng-chām | www.butlercountyohio.org |

**Butler Kūn** (Eng-gí: *Butler County*) sī Bí-kok Ohio chiu ê kūn (*county*), ū jîn-kháu 371272.

## Tē-lí

Tī pún kūn-koān sì-ûi ê hêng-chèng-khu ū Preble Kūn, Hamilton Kūn.

## Jîn-kháu

Butler Kūn tī 2010 nî 7 goe̍h sî ê jîn-kháu ū 369,089 lâng; kàu 2013 nî 7 goe̍h ê sî piàn 371,272.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu