Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Tōa Pêⁿ-po͘

Tōa Pêⁿ-po͘ ê tē-tô͘
**Tōa Pêⁿ-po͘** (Eng-gí: *Great Plains*) sī Pak Bí-chiu tiong-pō͘ ê chi̍t tōa tè pêⁿ-po͘ tē-khu, tāi-khài tī Mississippi Hô sai-pêng, Rocky Soaⁿ-me̍h tang-pêng, kap Rio Grande pak-pêng. chū-jiân si̍t-phōe sī chháu.
# Chhí

*Rattus norvegicus*
**Chhí** (**chhú**, **chhír**) sī chi̍t-kóa Rodentia-ba̍k ê chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t ê thong-chheng, ū chhan-chhiūⁿ *Mus*, *Rattus*, phòng-chhí (Sciuridae) téng-téng. Ū chi̍t pō͘-hūn khah phó͘-phiàn ê chhí hōng kiò chò niáu-chhí.
# Phòng-chhí

| ?Phòng-chhí |
| --- |
|  |
| *Tamiasciurus hudsonicus* |
| **Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k hun-lūi** |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Kài: | Animalia  |
| Mn̂g: | Chordata  |
| A-mn̂g: | Vertebrata  |
| Kong: | Mammalia  |
| Bo̍k: | Rodentia  |
| Kho: | **Sciuridae** Fischer de Waldheim, 1817 |

 |
| A-kho |
| * *Petauristinae*
* *Sciurinae*
 |

**Phòng-chhí** (*Sciuridae*) sī chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t ē-kha ê chi̍t-ê kho, ū 49 sio̍k 254 chéng.
# Thò͘-kho

| ?Thò͘-kho |
| --- |
|  |
| *Sylvilagus audubonii* |
| **Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k hun-lūi** |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Kài: | Animalia  |
| Mn̂g: | Chordata  |
| Kong: | Mammalia  |
| Bo̍k: | Lagomorpha  |
| Kho: | **Leporidae** Fischer de Waldheim, 1817 |

 |
| Sio̍k |
| * *Pentalagus*
* *Bunolagus*
* *Nesolagus*
* *Romerolagus*
* *Brachylagus*
* *Sylvilagus*
* *Oryctolagus*
* *Poelagus*
* *Caprolagus*
* *Pronolagus*
* *Lepus*
 |

**Thò͘-kho** (*Leporidae*) sī chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t ē-kha ê chi̍t-kho, lāi-té ū 50 gōa chéng ê thò͘-á kap iá-thó͘ (*Lepus*).
# Mus

| *Mus* Sî-kan hoān-ûi: Āu-kî Tiong-sin-sè–Kīn-taⁿ |
| --- |
|  |
| Chhù niáu-chhí (*Mus musculus*) |
| Kho-ha̍k hun-lūi  |
| Kài: | Animalia |
| Mn̂g: | Chordata |
| Kong: | Mammalia |
| Bo̍k: | Rodentia |
| Kho: | Muridae |
| A-kho: | Murinae |
| Sio̍k: | Mus Linnaeus, 1758 |
| Bô͘-sek chéng |
| *Mus musculus* Linnaeus, 1758 |
| A-sio̍k |
| * *Coelomys*
* *Mus*
* *Nannomys*
* *Pyromys*
* Incertae sedis (6 spp.)
 |

Mus sī chi̍t-chióng chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t. Siōng chia̍p khòaⁿ-tio̍h ê sī chhù-lāi ê niáu-chhí (*Mus musculus*). Chit-chióng niáu-chhí ē-sái kóng chôan sè-kài lóng khòaⁿ ē tio̍h. I mā tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ hō· lâng iōng lâi chò seng-bu̍t-ha̍k ê si̍t-giām.

## Siong-koan bûn-chiuⁿ

* *Rattus*

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
# Rattus

| *Rattus* Sî-kan hoān-ûi: Chá-kî Keng-sin-sè – Kīn-taⁿ |
| --- |
|  |
| *Rattus norvegicus* |
| Kho-ha̍k hun-lūi  |
| Kài: | Animalia |
| Mn̂g: | Chordata |
| Kong: | Mammalia |
| Bo̍k: | Rodentia |
| Kho: | Muridae |
| A-kho: | Murinae |
| Sio̍k: | Rattus Fischer de Waldheim, 1803 |
| Chéng |
|
64 chéng |
| Siâng-ì-miâ |
| Stenomys Thomas, 1910 |

Rattus sī chhí-kho ē-kha ê 1-ê sio̍k, lóng-chóng hun 64-ê chéng, tī thong sè-kài siōng phó͘-phiàn ê 2-chéng sī o͘-chhí (*Rattus Rattus*) kap khat-chhí (*Rattus norvegicus*).

Tī ji̍t-siông ê kiò-hoat, *Rattus* kap chin chē chhí-lūi kâng-khoán, lóng kiò chò niáu-chhí.
# Tan-hē-thóng

**Tan-hē-thóng** (-sèng; Eng-gí: *monophyly*) sī seng-bu̍t hun-ūi siōng **tan-hē-thóng kûn** (*monophyletic group*) ê sèng-chit, nā chi̍t-ê lūi-pia̍t sī tan-hē-thóng kûn, piáu-sī pún lūi ē-té pau-koat liáu chi̍t-ê chó͘-sian lūi-pia̍t, kap pún chó͘-sian choân-pō͘ ê kiáⁿ-sun lūi-pia̍t.

## Siong-koan

* To-hē-thóng (polyphyly)
* Chhek-hē-thóng (paraphyly)
# Bô͘-sek (hun-lūi-ha̍k)

**Bô͘-sek** (Eng-gí: *type*), tī seng-bu̍t ê hun-lūi kap hō-miâ hong-sek lāi-bīn, sī chí te̍k-pia̍t sio̍k chi̍t-ê kho-ha̍k hō-miâ tāi-piáu ê seng-bu̍t-thé ê chi̍t-ê piau-pún (ū-sî sī chi̍t cho͘ piau-pún). Hit-ê piau-pún tio̍h thê-kiong chò tēng-gī hun-lūi tan-goân sèng-chit ê ki-chún.

## Siong-koán

* Bô͘-sek chéng
# Hoat-kiàn Sî-tāi

1502 nî chhut-pán ê sè-kài tē-tô͘ *Cantino planisphere*.
**Hoat-kiàn Sî-tāi** (Eng-gí: *Age of Discovery*), mā hō-chò **Tōa Kiâⁿ-chûn Sî-tāi** a̍h-sī **Tōa Hâng-hái Sî-tāi**, sī Au-chiu lâng hiòng thong-sè-kài thàn-chhâ khai-hoat ê sî-kî, sî-kan tùi 15 sè-kí kàu 18 sè-kí chó-iū. Chit-ê sî tāi ē-tàng kóng sī Tiong-sè kap Hiān-tāi ê tiong-ng, kap Bûn-gē-ho̍k-heng kâng sî-chūn.

Tiōng-iàu ê sū-kiāⁿ pau-koat Phû-tô-gâ hoat-kiàn Tāi-se-iûⁿ ê kûn-tó kap Hui-chiu, koh ū Castilla (Se-pan-gâ) tī 1492 nî hoat-kiàn Bí-chiu, kap 1498 nî Phû-tô-gâ chhōe tio̍h hiòng tang-hong ê hâng-hái lō͘-sòaⁿ téng-téng. Tâi-oân ê Hô-Se Sî-tāi tio̍h sī siū-tio̍h Tōa Kiâⁿ-chûn Sî-tāi ê éng-hióng.

Sui-jiân kóng sī "hoat-kiàn", chóng-sī só͘ hoat-kiàn só͘-chāi tōa-hūn lóng pún-té tio̍h ū lâng khiā-khí.
# Inca Tè-kok

Inca Tè-kok ê só͘-chāi.
**Inca Tè-kok** sī Lâm Bí-chiu ê chi̍t ê tè-kok, sī Quechua-lâng hoat-tián kiàn-li̍p ê. Inca bûn-bêng kap Maya, Aztec tâng-chê kiò choè Bí-chiu 3 toā bûn-bêng.
# Navajo

**Navajo** sī Bí-chiu ê goân-chū bîn-cho̍k, seng-oa̍h tī Bí-kok sai-lâm-pō͘. Tī Bí-kok liân-pang jīn-tēng ê pō͘-cho̍k lāi-bīn, in sī tē-jī chē jîn-kháu--ê, pâi ùi Cherokee āu-piah, chiàu 2015 nî sò͘-jī ū 300,460 ūi teng-kì ê pō͘-cho̍k sêng-goân.

Navajo Kok (*Navajo Nation*) sī Navajo lâng kiàn-li̍p ê to̍k-li̍p chèng-hú, chú-koán Four Corners tē-hng ê Navajo pó-liû-tē sū-bū. Navajo ê chāi-tē giân-gí sī Navajo-gí, chóng--sī tōa-hūn jîn-bîn mā kóng Eng-gí.
# Ûi-thoân-ha̍k

Hoê-liân-tāu sek-tī kap goā-hêng ê ûi-thoân.
**Ûi-thoân-ha̍k** (遺傳學; Eng-gí: *Genetics*) sī seng-bu̍t-ha̍k ê ki-chhó͘ ha̍k-kho chi it, choân-bûn ián-kiù seng-bu̍t ê ûi-thoân-chú, ûi-thoân, koh ū oa̍h-mi̍h chi kan ê chha-piat. Hiān-tāi khah ū-hāu ê ûi-thoân-ha̍k kài-liām sī Gregor Mendel siāng-chá thê-chhut, i hoat-kiàn seng-bu̍t ê ûi-thoân chûn-chāi chi̍t koá sò͘-ha̍k hêng-sek, m̄-koh î hit-chūn iáu m̄-chai siōng-sè ê goân-in.

Tùi chit-má só͘ chai-iáⁿ ê seng-bu̍t lâi kóng, toā-hūn ê ûi-thoân bu̍t-chit sī DNA, chió-sò͘ sī RNA; chóng-sì ki-pún ê hong-hiòng sī seng-bu̍t sè-pau lī-ēng DNA téng-bīn ê hoà-ha̍k cho͘-sêng lâi ha̍p-sêng chhut mRNA, liáu-āu koh chiàu mRNA ê cho͘-sêng lâi chè-chō nn̄g-pe̍h-chit, chìn-chi̍t-pō͘ sán-seng kok chióng seng-bu̍t hiān-siōng.

## Siong-koan ha̍k-kho

* Hun-chú seng-bu̍t-ha̍k: choan-bûn ián-kiù ûi-thoân hiān-siōng tī hun-chú chhioh-tō͘ ê siông-sè ki-chè.
* Kûn-thé ûi-thoân-ha̍k: choan-bûn ián-kiù kò-thé-kûn chi-tiong kap kûn chi-kan ê ûi-thoân cho͘-sêng piàn-hoà.
# Hoat-seⁿ seng-bu̍t-ha̍k

**Hoat-seⁿ seng-bu̍t-ha̍k** (發生生物學; Eng-gú: *developmental biology*) sī tùi seng-bu̍t-thé seng-tióng kap hoat-io̍k kòe-têng ê gián-kiù ha̍k-kho. Hoat-seⁿ seng-bu̍t-ha̍k thàm-thó ûi-thoân-chú tùi sè-pau seng-tióng kap hun-hoà ê khòng-chè, ah chia-ê kòe-têng ē lâi tì-sú seng-bu̍t-thé hêng-sêng cho͘-chit kap khì-koan.
# Sè-pau seng-bu̍t-ha̍k

**Sè-pau seng-bu̍t-ha̍k** (Eng-gí: *cell biology*) he̍k-chiá kiò **sè-pau-ha̍k** (*cytology*) sī seng-bu̍t-ha̍k ê chi̍t mn̂g ki-pún ha̍k-būn, Choan-bûn tùi sè-pau ê seng-lí sèng-chit, kò͘-chō kap seng-oa̍h tèng-tèng chò ián-kiù.
# Bián-e̍k-ha̍k

**Bián-e̍k-ha̍k** (免疫學; Eng-gú: *immunology*) sī seng-bu̍t i-ha̍k ê chi̍t ê chú-iàu ê toā hun-chi. Bián-e̍k-ha̍k chú-iàu sī teh thàm-thó tī khì-koan lāi só͘ sán-seng ê bián-e̍k hoán-èng, iā thó-lūn tī kiān-khong kap phoà-pēⁿ ê sî, bián-e̍k-hē só͘ pān-ián ê seng-lí kong-lêng kak-sek.