# 萬國音標字

**萬國音標字**，又稱**國際音標**、**萬國語音學字母**，所以書音聲也。蓋人之為言者，尋章古今，但求驚人，從心所動，無出唇齒牙喉舌。是以音聲有限，而可以書記之。國際語音學學會以羅馬字為基，增改擴之，使一音一字，一一對應。今萬國音標字凡百有七，符號標記五十許。

## 音標總覽

夫萬國音標之字母，可分三類：曰肺部氣流音，曰非肺部氣流音，曰元音。

### 肺氣音

詳見：輔音、肺部氣流音
肺氣音者，輔音之一類，乃氣自肺直出之音。中國語音，聲母皆是。

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| 調音處 → | 唇 | 舌冠 | 舌背 | 喉音 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 調音法 ↓ | 雙唇 | 唇齒 | 舌唇 | 齒 | 齒齦 | 齦後 | 卷舌 | 硬齶 | 軟齶 | 小舌 | 咽／會厭 | 聲門 |
| 鼻音 | m̥ | m（明母） |  | ɱ |  | n̼ |  |  | n̥ | n（泥母） |  |  | ɳ̊ | ɳ（娘母） | ɲ̊ | ɲ（日母） | ŋ̊ | ŋ（疑母） |  | ɴ |  |  |  |  |
| 塞音 | p | b | p̪ | b̪ | t̼ | d̼ |  |  | t | d |  |  | ʈ | ɖ | c | ɟ | k | ɡ | q | ɢ | ʡ |  | ʔ |  |
| 有噝擦音 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | ʂ | ʐ | ɕ | ʑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 無噝擦音 | ɸ | β | f | v | θ̼ | ð̼ | θ | ð | θ̠ | ð̠ | ɹ̠̊˔ | ɹ̠˔ |  | ɻ˔ | ç | ʝ | x | ɣ | χ | ʁ | ħ | ʕ | h | ɦ |
| 近音 |  |  | ʋ̥ | ʋ |  |  |  |  | ɹ̥ | ɹ |  |  | ɻ̊ | ɻ | j̊ | j | ɰ̊ | ɰ |  |  |  |  |  | ʔ̞ |
| 閃音 |  | ⱱ̟ |  | ⱱ |  | ɾ̼ |  |  | ɾ̥ | ɾ |  |  | ɽ̊ | ɽ |  |  |  |  |  | ɢ̆ |  | ʡ̆ |  |  |
| 顫音 | ʙ̥ | ʙ |  |  |  |  |  |  | r̥ | r |  |  | ɽ̊r̥ | ɽr |  |  |  |  | ʀ̥ | ʀ | ʜ | ʢ |  |  |
| 邊擦音 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ɬ | ɮ |  |  | ɭ̊˔ | ɭ˔ | ʎ̝̊ | ʎ̝ | ʟ̝̊ | ʟ̝ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 邊近音 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | l̥ | l |  |  | ɭ̊ | ɭ | ʎ̥ | ʎ | ʟ̥ | ʟ |  | ʟ̠ |  |  |  |  |
| 邊閃音 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ɺ |  |  |  | ɭ̆ |  | ʎ̆ |  | ʟ̆ |  |  |  |  |  |  |

 |
| * 說明:萬國音標字
* 萬國音標表
* 模
 |

### 非肺氣音

非肺氣音者，輔音之一類，前節之反也。咂嘴之嘖嘖聲為是。

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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|  | 雙唇 | 唇齒 | 齒 | 齒齦 | 齦後 | 捲舌 | 硬顎 | 軟顎 | 小舌 | 咽 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 擠喉音 | 塞音 | pʼ |  |  | tʼ |  | ʈʼ | cʼ | kʼ | qʼ | ʡʼ |
| 擦音 | ɸʼ | fʼ | θʼ | sʼ | ʃʼ | ʂʼ | ɕʼ | xʼ | χʼ |  |
| 邊擦音 |  |  |  | ɬʼ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 搭嘴音 | 不送氣音 | ʘ |  | ǀ | ǃ |  | ‼ | ǂ |  |  |  |
| 濁音 | ʘ̬ |  | ǀ̬ | ǃ̬ |  | ‼̬ | ǂ̬ |  |  |  |
| 鼻搭嘴音 | ʘ̃ |  | ǀ̃ | ǃ̃ |  | ‼̃ | ǂ̃ |  |  |  |
| 不送氣邊音 |  |  |  | ǁ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 濁邊音 |  |  |  | ǁ̬ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 內爆音 | 濁音 | ɓ |  |  | ɗ |  | ᶑ | ʄ | ɠ | ʛ |  |
| 清音 | ɓ̥ |  |  | ɗ̥ |  | ᶑ̊ | ʄ̊ | ɠ̊ | ʛ̥ |  |

 |
| * 說明:萬國音標字
* 萬國音標表
* 模
 |

### 塞擦音

詳見：塞擦音

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|

| 肺部氣流音 |
| --- |
| 有噝擦音 |  |  |  |  |  |  | ts | dz | t̠ʃ | d̠ʒ | ʈʂ | ɖʐ | tɕ | dʑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 無噝擦音 | pɸ | bβ | p̪f | b̪v | t̪θ | d̪ð | tɹ̝̊ | dɹ̝ | t̠ɹ̠̊˔ | d̠ɹ̠˔ |  |  | cç | ɟʝ | kx | ɡɣ | qχ |  |  | ʡʢ | ʔh |  |
| 邊音 |  |  |  |  |  |  | tɬ | dɮ |  |  | ʈɭ̊˔ |  | cʎ̝̊ |  | kʟ̝̊ | ɡʟ̝ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 擠喉音 |
| 中央音 |  |  |  | tsʼ | t̠ʃʼ | ʈʂʼ |  | kxʼ | qχʼ |  |  |
| 邊音 |  |  |  | tɬʼ |  |  | cʎ̝̊ʼ | kʟ̝̊ʼ |  |  |  |

 |
| * 說明:萬國音標字
* 萬國音標表
* 模
 |

### 協調輔音

詳見：協同調音輔音

|  |
| --- |
|

鼻音

n͡m
唇舌冠音

ŋ͡m
唇軟顎鼻音

塞音

t͡pd͡b
唇齒齦塞音

k͡pɡ͡b
唇軟顎塞音

q͡ʡ
小舌會厭音

擦音

ɧ
Sj音

近音

ɥ̊ɥ
唇硬顎音

ʍw
唇軟顎音

邊近音

ɫ
軟顎化齒齦音

鼻化近音

j̃
硬顎音

w̃
唇軟顎音

h̃
聲門音

 |
| * 說明:萬國音標字
* 萬國音標表
* 模
 |

### 元音

詳見：元音
元音者，音節中心之音也。

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **前** | **央** | **後** |
| 閉 | i

y | ɨ

ʉ | ɯ

u |
| 次閉 | ɪ

ʏ | ɨ̞

ʉ̞ | ɯ̞

ʊ |
| 半閉 | e

ø | ɘ

ɵ | ɤ

o |
| 中 | e̞

ø̞ | ə | ɤ̞

o̞ |
| 半開 | ɛ

œ | ɜ

ɞ | ʌ

ɔ |
| 次開 | æ
 | ɐ |  |
| 開 | a

ɶ | ä

ɒ̈ | ɑ

ɒ |

 |
| * 說明:萬國音標字
* 萬國音標表
* 模
 |

### 他

## 據

## 兼查

* 音韻學
* 語音學
* 語言學