# ⴽⵓⵏⴼⵓⵛⵢⵓⵙ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.

| ⴽⵓⵏⴼⵓⵛⵢⵓⵙ |
| --- |
| ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ |
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ | 孔夫子  |
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | 孔丘  |
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ | Qiu, Zhongni  |
| ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ | 孔夫子  |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | Qufu  |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | 9 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 552 ⴷ.ⵜ, 4 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 551 ⴷ.ⵜ, 551 ⴷ.ⵜ  |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | Si River  |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | 9 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 479 ⴷ.ⵜ, 479 ⴷ.ⵜ  |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ | Cemetery of Confucius  |
| ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ |
| ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ | Lu  |
| ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ | Lu  |
| ⴰⵙⴳⴷ |
| ⴰⵙⴳⴷ | Confucianism  |
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ | Confucianism  |
| ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ |
| ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ | ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ, social philosophy, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏⵜ  |
| ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ | ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ, ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ, ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ  |
| ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ | Confucianism  |
| ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ | Analects  |
| ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ |
| ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ | 亓官氏  |
| ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ | 孔紇  |
| ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ | Yan Zhengzai  |
| ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ | Kong Li, 孔姣  |
| ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ | 孔紇  |
| ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ |
| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ | Historical Chinese  |
| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ | Old Chinese, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ  |
|  |
| ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ · ⵙⵏⴼⵍ · ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ |

**ⴽⵓⵏⴼⵓⵛⵢⵓⵙ** (ⵙ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ: 孔子 ; ⴱⵉⵏⵢⵉⵏ: *Kǒng Zǐ* ; ⵡⵉⵢⴷ: *K'ung³-tzŭ³*) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵚⴱ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵡ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉ .ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵓⵔⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵢⴰⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵟⵡⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵢⵉⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎⵉⵢⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴽⵓⵏⴼⵓⵛⵢⵓⵙ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵓⵏⴽ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 551 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ. ⵎ. ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵓ ( ⁇ 邑) ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵛⵉⴼⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵛⴰⵏⴹⵓⵏⴳ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵛⵓ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵢⵓ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ. ⵉⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ. ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴳⴳⴰ, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓ 16 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ. ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵃⴰⴹⵕⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ, ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ 50 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ, ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ, ⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵖⵉⴼⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵡ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵚⵏⵢⵓⵕ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⵡⵍ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ 479 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ.

## ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵙ

ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵃⴰⴹⵕⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴼ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ. ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷ ⵥⵕⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵣⵓ ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ. ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵥⵎ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵎⵎⵔ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵔⵎⵙⵏ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵏⴼⵓⵙⵢⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⴽⴰⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ. ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵏⴼⵓⵙⵢⵓⵙ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ ⵙ 20 ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ - ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19 ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴽⵓⵏⴼⵓⵛⵢⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 20 ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ. ⵓⵔ ⵜⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⵓⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ. ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵀⴰⵏ, ⵙⵙⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⴱⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵏⴼⵓⵙⵢⵓⵙ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴰⵙⵙⴰ, ⵜⵣⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵏⴼⵓⵛⵢⵓⵙ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴳⵔ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵎⵓⵏⵉⵙⵜ ⴽⵓⵏⴼⵓⵛⵢⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵎⵎⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ.

## ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ

ⵙⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ "ⴰⵍⵛⵉ-ⵊⵏⵊⴰ", ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ, ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⴽⵏⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ" ⴰⵍⵛⵓ ⵛⵢⵓ" ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵊⵕⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⵍⵓ" ."" ⵍⵙⵓ ⵊⵏⵊ," ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵡ, ⴳ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵡ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⴼⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ