Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# 16 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ 250 ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.

|  |
| --- |
| **16 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ** |
| **July 16** (ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ)
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|  |
|  |
| **16 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵍⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ (2023)** |
| ⴰⵙⵉⵏ
 | ⴰⴽⵔ
 | ⴰⴽⵡ
 | ⴰⵙⵉⵎ
 | ⴰⵙⵉⴹ
 | ⴰⵙⴰⵎ
 | ⴰⵢⵏ
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| **← 15 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ17 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ→** |

**16 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ** (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: *July 16*) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ "ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ" ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ (ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ) ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵍⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴳⵓⵔ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ 168 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵢ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.

## ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ

## ⵉⵍⵉⵍⵉⵜⵏ

## ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏ

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
# ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ 250 ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.

| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ |
| --- |
|  |
| modern language |
| ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵏ | South Germanic, West Germanic languages, High German  |
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ | Deutsch  |
| ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵢⵏ | 50°0′0″N 10°0′0″E  |
| Edition or translation of | Axiologie 4.0, May I Call You Mistress?  |
| Has grammatical case | nominative case, genitive case, dative case, accusative case  |
| Has grammatical number | singular, plural  |
| Has tense | present tense, future tense, preterite  |
| Has grammatical mood | indicative, ⴰⵏⴰⴹ, subjunctive  |
| Has grammatical gender | masculine, feminine, neuter  |
| Writing system | German alphabet, German Braille  |
| Uses capitalization for | ⵉⵙⵎ  |
| Language regulatory body | Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung, Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache  |
| UNESCO language status | 1 safe  |
| Ethnologue language status | 1 National  |
| ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⵣⴳⵎⵏ | German studies, theological languages, German linguistics  |
| ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰ ⵙ | agreement  |
| Category for music in this language | Category:German-language music  |
| Related category | Category:German pronunciation  |
| Female form of label | la langue allemande  |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴷⴼ ⴳ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵣⵍ | нем.  |
| Stack Exchange site URL |    |
| ‎Lemmy instance URL |   |
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⵉⴽⵙⵜⵛⵉⵏⵊ |    |
| Wikimedia language code | de  |
|  |
|  |
| ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ |

**ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ** (*ⵙ ⵜⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ: Deutsch*), ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⴳ ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ, ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵚⵟⵕⴰⵍⵢⴰ; ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ; ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵓⵍ ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ; ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵍⵊⵉⴽ, ⵍⵓⴽⵙⵎⴱⵓⵔⴳ, ⴷ ⵍⵉⴽⵜⵏⵛⵜⴰⵢⵏ.

## ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ

## ⵉⴷⵢⴰⵍⵉⴽⵜⵏ

## ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ

## ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵙⵍⵉⵜ

### ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ

ⴳ ⵜⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ (ⴽⴽⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ) ⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵉⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⵖⵣⵉⴼⵏ:

|  | A
 | Ä
 | E
 | I
 | O
 | Ö
 | U
 | Ü
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ⵓⴳⵣⵉⵍ
 | /a/
 | /ɛ/
 | /e/, /ə/
 | /ɪ/
 | /ɔ/
 | /œ/
 | /ʊ/
 | /ʏ/
 |
| ⵓⵖⵣⵉⴼ
 | /a:/
 | /ɛ:/
 | /e:/
 | /i:/
 | /o:/
 | /ø:/
 | /u:/
 | /y:/
 |

ⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴼⴽⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵢⴰⴳⵔⴰⴼⵏ (ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ) ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ (ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵙⵔⵓ):

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ
 | ai, ei, ay, ey
 | au
 | äu, eu
 |
| ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵔⵓ
 | /aɪ̯/ ~ⴰⵢ
 | /aʊ̯/ ~ⴰⵡ
 | /ɔʏ̯/ ~ⵓⵢ
 |

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
# 30

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ 250 ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.
**30** ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ. ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ:

* ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵙ 5 × 6 ⵏⵉⵖ 3 × 10.
* ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ **ⵡⵓⵏⴱⵉⵔ**.
* ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ 30 ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴷⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ: ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ,ⵎⴰⵕⵚ, ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ, ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ, ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ, ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ

ⴷⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵏ **ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ** ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵍⵜ:
- ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵖ 30 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⵯⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ (30°).
ⵙ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵏⵉ, ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ 30 ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵍ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵟ ⵓⵙⵎⴷ, ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ.

## ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ

ⴰⵟⵟⵓⵏ 30 ⵉⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ:

## ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ

```
  - ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵉⵔⵏ: 30 = 2 × 3 × 5
  - ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ (ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ): 5 + 7 + 9 = 21 + 9 = 30
  - ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ: 30 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 9

```

2. \*\*ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ:\*\*

```
  - 30° ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵎⵏⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⵯⵔⴰⵏ
  - ⵓⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ 30° ⵉⴳⴰ π/6 ⵔⴰⴷⵉⴰⵏ
  - ⵉⵙⴳⵯⵔⴰⵏ ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⵜ ⵙ 30° ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵄⴹⴹⵓⵕ

```

## ⴳ ⵜⴽⵉⵎⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵉⵣⵉⴽⵜ

```
  - 30 ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⵟⵓⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵉⵏⴽ (Zn)
  - ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵉ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴱⵓⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⴷⴰⵡⵏ

```

## ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ

```
  - ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ 30 ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ
  - ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 30 ⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵎⵏⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ

```

## ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ

```
  - 30 ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵏⵇⵔⵜ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵏⵥ ⵉⵄⵉⵙⴰ (ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵙ, ⵥⵕ ⵍⵉⵏⵊⵉⵍ)
  - ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ 30 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ

```

## ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ

```
  - ⵜⵉⵏ 30 ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ (XXX)

```

## ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵜⵓⵜ

```
  - ⵉⵏⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ 30°, 60°, 90°
  - ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵓⴹⵜ ⵏ 30° ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵎⵏⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵜⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ

```

ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ 30 ⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⴷⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ, ⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⵉⴽⵜ, ⵜⴼⵉⵣⵉⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵥⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
# ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵥⵕⵉ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ 250 ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.

| ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵥⵕⵉ |
| --- |
|  |
| ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ, field of work, economic sector |
| ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵏ | natural science  |
| ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵙⴳ | ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ  |
| ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ | light, optical phenomenon  |
| ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ | history of optics  |
| ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ | optician  |
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⵉⴽⵙⵜⵛⵉⵏⵊ |   |
|  |
| ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ |

 **ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵥⵕⵉ** ⵏⵖ **ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴼⴰⵜ** (*Optics* ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ) ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ.

## ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵓⵕⵜ

## ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ

### ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ

ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵥⵕⵉ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⵉⵙⵃⴰⴽ ⵏⵢⵓⵜⵏ
* ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ
* ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
# ⴰⵔⵉⵚⵟⵓ

| ⴰⵔⵉⵚⵟⵓ |
| --- |
|   |
| ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ |
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ | Ἀριστοτέλης  |
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ | Aristotelis, Aristotele  |
| ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ | Ἀριστοτέλης  |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | Stageira  |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | 384 ⴷ.ⵜ, 383 ⴷ.ⵜ  |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | Chalcis  |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | 322 ⴷ.ⵜ, 7 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 322 ⴷ.ⵜ  |
| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | intestinal disease  |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ | Stageira  |
| ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ |
| ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ | ⴰⵜⵉⵏⴰ, ⴰⵜⵉⵏⴰ, Assos  |
| ⴰⵥⵓⵕ | Greeks  |
| ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ |
| ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ | ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ, natural philosophy  |
| ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ | biologist, cosmologist, logician, zoologist, literary critic, mathematician, ethicist, epistemologist, political philosopher, polymath, philosopher of language, ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ, ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ, astronomer, geographer, ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ, tutor, ontologist, theologian, psychologist  |
| ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ | peripatetic school  |
| ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ | Politics, Nicomachean Ethics, Metaphysics, Physics, Organon, Poetics, Constitution of the Athenians, eudaimonia, Meteorology  |
| ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ |
| ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ | ⴱⵉⵜⵢⴰⵙ  |
| ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ | Nicomachus  |
| ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ | Nicomachus, Pythias  |
| ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ | Nicomachus  |
| ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ | Nicomachus  |
| ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ |
| ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ | left-handedness  |
| ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ |
| ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ | Platonic Academy  |
| ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ | Platonic Academy  |
| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ  |
|  |
| ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ · ⵙⵏⴼⵍ · ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ |

**ⴰⵔⵉⵚⵟⵓ** (ⵙ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ: Ἀριστοτέλης) (384 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ - 322 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ) ⵏⵖ ⴰⵔⵉⵚⵟⵓⵟⴰⵍⵉⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵙ "ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ", ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽ, ⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⴰⵟⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵇⵢⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵡⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⴰⵔⵉⵚⵟⵓⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ. ⴷⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ, ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ, ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵔⴳⴰⵎⴰ, ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ, ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ, ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰ, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴽⵢⵙⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵍⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵓⴷⵔⵜ/ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵔⵙⵉⵡⵜ.

ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ/ⴰⵏⵙⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵏ. ⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⵔⵉⵚⵟⵓ, ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵎⴽⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ "ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ", ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵇⵙⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵜⴰⵀⵍ ⴱⵉⵜⵢⴰⵙ.

## ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ

ⵜⵖⵉⵢⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⴰⵇⵇⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵎⴰⵇⵇⵍⵖ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵏⵏⵉⵖ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⴰⴼⵍⴰⵟⵓⵏ
* ⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟ
* ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵇⵢⵓⵏ
* ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴰⵔⵉⵚⵟⵓⵜ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
# ⵅⵅⵓ ⵏ ⵊⵉⴼⵓⴷⴰⵏ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.

| ⵅⵅⵓ ⵏ ⵊⵉⴼⵓⴷⴰⵏ |
| --- |
|  |
| legendary figure |
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ | Bèstia de Gavaudan  |
| ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵕⵛⵉⴼ ⴳ | Departmental archives of Hérault  |
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ | Gévaudan  |
|  |
| ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ |

**ⵅⵅⵓ ⵏ ⵊⵉⴼⵓⴷⴰⵏ** (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ **:** La Bête du Gévaudan / ⵙ ⵜⵓⴽⵉⵜⴰⵏⵜ **:** La Bèstia de Gavaudan) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵛⵛⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⵉ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵥⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵛⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ, ⴷ ⵅⵅⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴷⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵃⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵉⴼⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⴰ, ⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⴳⵔⵉⴷ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 1764 ⴷ 1767.

## ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ

ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵖⵥⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ
ⴳⵔ 1764 ⴷ 1767 ⵜⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⵉⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴹⵍⵚⵏⵉⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴳ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵉⵖ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵔⴳⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵊⵉⴼⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵏⵓⵎⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ. ⴷⵉⵏⵏ, ⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵖⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓ ⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⴷⴷⵔ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵛⵛⵏ... ⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵜⵎⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ ⵏ 1764, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴽⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⴷⴰⵍ, ⵙⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵙⵔⵙ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵅⵅⵓ ⵉⴹⵍⵚⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵔⴰⵢ, ⵉⴷⵍ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⴳⵏⴼⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵣⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⴹ. ⵢⴰⴽⵉ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵊⵓⵀⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵜⵏⵊⵎ ⴰⵙ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵍⵃⴰⵍ ⵡⴰⵍⵓ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵏⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ: ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴱⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵙⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ!

ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵖⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴹⵉ— ⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵜⵎⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵔⴷⴰⵍ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵣⵣⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴼⵍⵉⵏⵜ, ⵎⵅⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏⵜ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵙⵎⵅⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⴱⴰⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵀⵉⵛⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵙ ⵜⵛⵡⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵓ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ.

ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⴰⵏ: "ⵏⵥⵕⴰ ⵜ! ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵓⵛⵛⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵉⴳⵉ... ⵢⵓⴳⵔ ⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ, ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ, ⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵅⵣⵣⵉⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵛⵓⵔⵏ! ⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵔ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵉⴷⵏ."

ⵅⵅⵓ ⵏ ⵊⵉⴼⵓⴷⴰⵏ
ⵜⴳⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵖⵍⴰⵖⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⵔⴰⵙ ⵉⴱⵔⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵍⵡⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ 15, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵀⴰⵜ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ... ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵅⵅⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵡⴰⵙⵙ!

ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⵓⴼⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵔⵏ, ⵙ ⵉⴱⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵖⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵕⴼ, ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵀⵍⵍⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⴰⵔ, ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵍⵓⵃⵛ... ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ ⴽⴰ, ⵓⵔⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⴻⵏⵜ.

ⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⵏ 1767, ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙ ⵊⴰⵏ ⴽⴰⵙⵜⵉⵍ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴳⵎⵔⵜ, ⵖⴼ ⵓⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵏⵏⴰⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⵔⵔⴷ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵅⴼⵉⴼⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⴼ ⴰⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕ, ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵏⴳⵉⴱⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵍⵓⵃⵛ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵏⵖ ⵜ. ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵍⴰⵃ, ⴱⴷⴷⵏⵜ ⵜⵢⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵍⵉⵜ.

## ⵎⴰⴷ ⵣⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⵓⵅⵅⵓ ⴰⴷ

ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵅⵅⵓ ⵏ ⵊⵉⴼⵓⴷⴰⵏ
ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⵙⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ. ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵛⵛⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵖⵓⵍ? ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵅⵍⵇ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ? ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⴳⵏⴼⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵓⵃⵛ, ⵉⵍⵙ ⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵀⵉⴹⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵏⵜⵍ ⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ? ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵣⴰⵎ ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵔⵡⵍⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵇⵇⴼⵉⵣ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔ, ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⵉ ⵢⴰⵏⵓⵏⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⵏⵖⵡⵉⵜ, ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵔ ⵉⵔⵉⵎ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⵉⵖⵏ, ⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵔⴽⵙⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵯⵔⴷⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵎⴽⵏⵏⴰ ⴽⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵍⵓⵃⵛ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ... ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵉⴹⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ
* ⵜⴰⵙⵃⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵉⴼⵓⴷⴰⵏ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
# ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ 250 ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.

| ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ |
| --- |
|  |
| ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ, lithophile |
| ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵏ | group 16, oxidizing agent, nonmetal  |
| ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵙⴳ | period 2, group 16, oxygen gasoreceptor activity, oxygen carrier activity, ⴰⵎⴰⵏ  |
| Has use | food additive  |
| ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ | acid  |
| (ⵜ)ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⵜ | Carl Wilhelm Scheele  |
| Time of discovery or invention | 1774  |
| Location of discovery | ⵙⵡⵉⴷ  |
| Element symbol | O  |
| Chemical formula | O  |
| Electron configuration | [He] 2s² 2p⁴, 1s² 2s² 2p⁴  |
| ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰ ⵙ | colorlessness, tastelessness, odorlessness  |
| ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍⵎⵢⴰⵏ | 氧  |
| ⴰⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ | phlogiston  |
|  |
| ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ |

**ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ** ⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴱⵓ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎ 8, ⴱⵓ ⵢⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ O. ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵔⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⴽⵓⵊⵉⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵔⵎⴰⴳⵓⵍ ⴳ 1772 ⴷ 1774; ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⴷⵉ ⴽⴰⵔⵍ ⵡⵉⵍⵀⵍⵎ ⵛⵉⵍ ⴳ 1772 ⴷ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉ ⵊⵓⵣⵉⴼ ⴱⵉⵙⵜⵍⵉ ⴳ 1774 ⴳ ⵡⵉⵍⵜⵛⵉⵔ, ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵜⵡⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⴱⵡⴰⵣⵢⵉ ⴳ 1777 ⵉⵙⵎ "ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ" ⴳ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ὀξύς / ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵙ (« ⵓⵎⵙⵉⴷ, ⵉⵎⵛⵡⵉ », ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴽⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ « ⴰⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ »), ⴷ γενής / ⵊⵓⵏⵉⵙ (« ⴰⵎⵙⵙⴰⵔⵡ »), ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵍⴰⴱⵡⴰⵣⵢⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵣⴳⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ:

« ⵏⴼⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵙⵓⵏⴼⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵏⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ὀξύς, ⴰⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⴷ γείνομαι, ⵙⵙⴰⵔⵡⵖ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ [ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⴰⴱⵡⴰⵣⵢⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ] ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵎⵔⴽⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⵔⴰ. ⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⵔⵔⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵉⴽ.»

**ⴰⴼⵏⵓⵣ** (molécule) ⴱⵓ ⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ O2, ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ « ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ » ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ, ⵢⵓⵍⵖ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵖⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ liaison covalente : ⴳ ⵜⴼⴰⴷⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴳⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴽⵍ, ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵔⵔⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ 20,8 % ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵎⵓⵙⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ.

# ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
# ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ 250 ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.

| ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ |
| --- |
|  |
| astronomical object type |
| ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵏ | planetary-mass object, substellar object  |
| ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵙⴳ | planetary system  |
| Next higher rank | ⵉⵜⵔⵉ  |
| Next lower rank | natural satellite, ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵢ  |
| ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⵣⴳⵎⵏ | planetary science  |
| Child astronomical body | artificial satellite, planetocentric orbit  |
| Parent astronomical body | star system  |
| ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⵏ |   |
| ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵣⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ | ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵇ, ⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵉⵖ, ⴰⴷⴰⵏⴱⴰⵍⴰ, ⴰⴳⵔⵓ  |
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⵉⴽⵙⵜⵛⵉⵏⵊ |    |
| ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍⵎⵢⴰⵏ | 🪐  |
|  |
| ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ |

ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ: ⴰⴳⵔⵓ, ⴰⴷⴰⵏⴱⴰⵍⴰ, ⵓⵔⴰⵏⵓⵙ, ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ, ⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵉⵖ, ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵇ
**ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ** ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵖⵣⵡⵔ.

## ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ

ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵓⴽ:

1. ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵇ
2. ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ
3. ⴰⴽⴰⵍ
4. ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵉⵖ
5. ⴰⴷⴰⵏⴱⴰⵍⴰ
6. ⴰⴳⵔⵓ
7. ⵓⵔⴰⵏⵓⵙ
8. ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ
	* ⴱⵍⵓⵜⵓ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
# 14 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ 250 ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.

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| **14 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ** |
| **July 14** (ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ)
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|  |
| **14 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵍⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ (2023)** |
| ⴰⵙⵉⵏ
 | ⴰⴽⵔ
 | ⴰⴽⵡ
 | ⴰⵙⵉⵎ
 | ⴰⵙⵉⴹ
 | ⴰⵙⴰⵎ
 | ⴰⵢⵏ
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| **← 13 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ15 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ→** |

**14 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ** (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: *July 14*) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ "ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ" ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ (ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ) ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵍⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴳⵓⵔ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ 170 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵢ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.

## ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ

* 1961: ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⵚⵉⴷ.
* 1961: ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⵍⴱⴰⵢ ⴰⵅⴰⵎⵓⵃ, ⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵀⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵀⴰⵖ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴷⵓⴳⵓⵍ ⵉ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴳⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ.

## ⵉⵍⵉⵍⵉⵜⵏ

## ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏ

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
# ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ 250 ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.

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| **ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ**
ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ
ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵉⵣⴰ ⴰⵃⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ
ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⴽⴰⵔⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ (ⴰⵣⵉⵣⴰ) |

**ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ** :(ⵙ ⵜⴰⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵜ: *Nederlands*) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵉⵊ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵖⵍⵍⵓⵙⵉⵏ (*Koninkrijk der Nederlanden* ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵜ) ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ, ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ: ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⴱⵏⵏⵣⵏ (ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ) ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⴽⴰⵔⵢⵉⴱⵉ: ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⵢⵉⴱⵉ, ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ. ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴱⵜ ⵉⵙⵡⵜⵜⴰⵜⵉⴷ ⵉⵍⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽⴰ ⴽ ⵓⵏⵣⵓⵍ , ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵙⵏⵇⴰⵔ . ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽⴰ, ⵍⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵏ. ⴰⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ. ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⵉⵔⴷⴰⵎ.ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔⴰⵇ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⵍⴰⵀⴰⵢ. ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵔⵓⵜⵔⴷⴰⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵊⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1962 ⴰⵔ 2004. ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⵄⵜ ⵏⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵖⵍⵍⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
# ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ 250 ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.

| ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ |
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| ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ, ⵉⵥⵍⵉ, ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ, field of study, ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ |
| ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵏ | physical science  |
| ⵓⴷⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ | Dmitri Mendeleev, Mikhail Lomonosov, Jabir ibn Hayyan  |
| ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ | alchemy  |
| Replaces | alchemy  |
| ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ | chemical compound, group or class of chemical substances, ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ, chemical substance  |
| Hashtag | chemistry  |
| ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰ ⵙ | branch of chemistry, chemical nomenclature  |
| ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ | history of chemistry  |
| ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ | chemist, chemistry student  |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴷⴼ ⴳ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵣⵍ | kimya.  |
| Stack Exchange site URL |   |
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⵉⴽⵙⵜⵛⵉⵏⵊ |   |
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| ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ |

**ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ** ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⵔⵡⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵙⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⴷ:

1. ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ, ⵉⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵡⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ. ⵜⵣⵔⵔⵡ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⴽⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵡⵎⵓⵍⵉⴽⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ...

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
# ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴰⵡⵣⴰⵍ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

| ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴰⵡⵣⴰⵍ
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| ⴰⴳⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ |
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|  ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ
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| ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | 1659 ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴱⵉⵍ |
| ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | 1749 ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ |
| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ | ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴱⵉⵍ |
| ⴰⵙⴳⴷ | ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ |
| ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ | ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⴰⵡⵣⴰⵍ |
|  ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ
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| ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ | ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ, ⵟⴰⵍⴱ |
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| ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ   |

**ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵄⵍⵉ ⵓ ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⴰⴽⵯⴱⵉⵍ ⴰⵡⵣⴰⵍ** ⵏⵉⵖ **ⵍⵀⵓⵣⴰⵍⵉ**, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ 18 ⵙⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ «ⴰⵣⴳⵣⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵅⴰⵍⵉⵍ».

## ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ

ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ **ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴰⵡⵣⴰⵍ** ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1659 ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴷⵓⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵚⴱⴰ ⵉⴳⴱⵉⵍⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵇⵉⵢⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ.

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1680 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵣⵣⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵚⴽⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵏⴰⵚⵕ ⴷⵔⵄⵉ, ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ, ⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵏⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⴳ ⵟⴰⵍⴱ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵢⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ 20 ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵎⵎⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵏⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⵚⴽⵓ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ "ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴽⴱⵍⵏ", ⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏⵖⵓⴱⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1749.

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳⵉⵙ, ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵏⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵔⴰⵏ, ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⵄⴰ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⴰⵍⵉⴽⵉⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴼⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ. ⵢⵓⵡⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⴰⵡⵣⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴽⴷ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ, ⵉⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ.

ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴰⵡⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵎⵓⵅⵜⴰⵔ ⵙⵓⵙⵉ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵎⵔⴽⵙⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵙⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ " ⵙⵓⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ , ⴷ ⴽⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ".

ⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵟⵟⴼⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⴰⵣⵍⵓⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⴰⵍⵉⴽⵉⵢⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵇⴱⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⴷ ⵃⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ 19.

## ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ

ⴷⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴰⵡⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ:

1-ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ:

* "ⵍⵃⵓⴹ" ⴰⴼⵙⵔ 1897.
* ⵉⵍⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵟⵟⴰⵡⵏ 1714 , ⴰⴼⵙⵔ 1960.
* "ⵏⵚⴰⵃⵜ" (ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ)
* ⵉⵙⴰⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵖⵔⴰⴱⵓ)

2-ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ:

* "الرغبان لشرح مهماز الغفلان على فروع الوقت والأذان".
* ”ⴰⵀⴰ ⵉ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵎⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵓⵏⵜ- تنبيه الإخوان فيما هو بدعة وما هو سنة"
* "ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵓⵕⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ الطرق بالعصا لمن خالف ربه وعصى ".

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ