# ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ

| ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ |
| --- |
|   |
|   |
| ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ |
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ | Bertrand Arthur William Russell  |
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | Bertrand Arthur William Russell  |
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ | Bertrand, Arthur, William  |
| ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ | Bertrand Arthur William Russell  |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | Trellech  |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | 18 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1872  |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | Plas Penrhyn, Penrhyndeudraeth  |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | 2 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1970  |
| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | influenza  |
| ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ |
| ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ | ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland  |
| ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ | ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland  |
| ⴰⵙⴳⴷ |
| ⴰⵙⴳⴷ | ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ  |
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ | ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ  |
| ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ |
| ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ | set theory, ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ, ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ, ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰ, ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ, philosophy of language, philosophy of science, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⵙⴳⴷ, mathematical logic, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ  |
| ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ | mathematician, social critic, essayist, logician, epistemologist, philosopher of language, ⴰⵎⵙⴼⵉⵔⴳⴰⵎⴰ, analytic philosopher, autobiographer, ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ, science fiction writer, philosopher of science, ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, peace activist, journalist, ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ, ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ, pedagogue, pacifist  |
| ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ | University of California, Los Angeles, Harvard University, UChicago, London School of Economics and Political Science  |
| ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ | Labour Party, Liberal Party  |
| ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ | ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⵍⴹⴰⵏⵜ, freethought, ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ  |
| ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ | Proposed Roads to Freedom, My Philosophical Development, The Problems of Philosophy, Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy, Power: A New Social Analysis, In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays, The Principles of Mathematics, A History of Western Philosophy, The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell, Marriage and Morals, Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits, Justice in war time, Principia Mathematica, Human society in ethics and politics, Wisdom of the West, The Conquest of Happiness  |
| ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ |
| ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ | Alys Pearsall Smith, Dora Russell, Patricia Russell, Countess Russell, Edith Finch Russell  |
| ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ | John Russell, Viscount Amberley  |
| ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ | Katharine Russell, Viscountess Amberley  |
| ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ | Conrad Russell, 5th Earl Russell, John Russell, 4th Earl Russell, Katharine Tait, Lady Harriet Russell  |
| ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ | John Russell, Viscount Amberley  |
| ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ |
| ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ | ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴷⵊ, Trinity College  |
| ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ | ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴷⵊ, Trinity College  |
| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ  |
| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ  |
| ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ | HM Prison Brixton  |
| ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ |
| ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ | member of the House of Lords  |
| ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ |
| ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ, Fellow of the Royal Society, Medal Carl von Ossietzky, Kalinga Prize, De Morgan Medal, Sylvester Medal, Jerusalem Prize, doctor honoris causa from the University of Aix-Marseille, Sonning Prize  |
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| ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ · ⵙⵏⴼⵍ · ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ |

**ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ** (1872-1970) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵏⵏ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⵍⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ.

ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⴰⵕⵜⵕ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ ⴳ ⵕⴰⵢⴼⵏⵚⴽⵕⵓⴼⵜ, ⵜⵔⵉⵍⵉⵛ, ⵎⵓⵏⵎⴰⵡⵜⵛⴰⵢⵕ ⴳ ⵡⵉⵍⵣ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴱⵉⵕⴰⵍⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵕⵉⵚⵜⵓⵇⵕⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴳ ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ. ⴷ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⴳ 1874, ⴷ ⵜⵍⴰⵃⴳ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1876. ⴷ ⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴷ ⴷⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙ/ⵊⴷⴷⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ. ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⴳ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ.

ⴳ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴰⵡⴰⵔ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ  ⵏⵏⵙ ,ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵄⵣⵣⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷ  ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵖⵉⵎⴰⵏ . ⴷ ⵉⵎⵍⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵇⵍⵉⴷⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ 15 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⴰ .

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1890 ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵕⵉⴹⵊ, ⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1893.

ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1918 ⴳ ⵓⵖⵣⵓ ⵏ ⴱⵔⵉⴽⵙⵟⵓⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵢⵢⵉⵔⵏ. ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵉ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ.

## ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ

ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ  ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ (german social democracy). ⵍⵍⵉ  ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ , ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵉⵕⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ . ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1903 ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ  ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ "ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ " ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵡⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵏ .

ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1901-1902 ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵏⵣⵔⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵖⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ "ⵜⴰⵏⵏⵣⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ "

ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ "ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵎⴰⵏ (theory of descriptions), ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴷ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ "ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ" (on denoting) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1905.

ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ "ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵏⵜ " ( logical Atomism) ,ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵡⴰⵜⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ. ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ .

ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵡⵉⵜ (A History of Western Philosophy).

**ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ**:

* ⵎⴰⵅⵅ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵖ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ /ⴰⵕⵓⵎⵉ(1927).
* ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵓ (1925).
* ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ (1935).
* **ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ: ⴰⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ (1927)
* ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ (1910).
* ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ.
* ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ.

## ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ

ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴽⵙⴰⵢⵏ 1967-1968-1969.

ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ  ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1970 ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ ⴳ 2 ⴳⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 97 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴱⵉⵏⵕⵀⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵉⵍⵣ.

## ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ  ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ

ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵔ 1908: ⵓⵏⵕⴰⴱⵍ ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⴰⵕⵜⵕ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ.

ⵙⴳ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1908 ⴰⵔ 1931: ⵓⵏⵕⴰⴱⵍ ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⴰⵕⵜⵕ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ, ⴼⵕⵚ (FRS).

ⵙⴳ 1931 ⴰⵔ 1949: ⵓⵏⵕⴰⴱⵍ ⵕⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵔⵍ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ, ⴼⵕⵚ (FRS).

ⵙⴳ 1949 ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ: ⵓⵏⵕⴰⴱⵍ ⵕⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵔⵍ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ, ⴼⵕⵚ, ⵓⵎ" (FRS, OM).

ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1950.

## ⴽⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ

* ⵓⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴽⴽⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⵖⵡⴰⴹ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴽⴽⵔ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵖⴷⵉⵎ, ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴷⵊⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵖⴷⵉⵎ .
* ⵙⴳ ⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵔⵙ ⵉⴷ ⵃⵉⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵙⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵏⵏⵖ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⴳⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵖⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ .
* ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ,  ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵥⵕⵕⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵜ.
* ⵓⵔ ⵉⵢⵉ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉ ⵜⵥⵥⵎⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵙⵙ, ⴰⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴰⵖ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ.
* ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⵎⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ ⵡⵉⴷⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⴽ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵜⵉ ⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴽ ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ,ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
* ⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵣⵣⵔⵉⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴽ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⴽ ⴰ ⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵣⴰⵖⴷ. ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⴽ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴽⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵣⴰⵖⴷ ⴼ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽ ⵏⵏ ⵍⵓⵃⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏⵏⴽ.
* ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵔⴷⵓ ⴰⵎⵍⵖⴰⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴱⵄⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵏ .
* ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵔⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ , ⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵣⵣⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ , ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵏ  ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⵓⴳⵏⴰ.
* ⴰⴷ ⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ(ⵍⵊⵏⵜ) ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴷⴼⵏ ,ⵀⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⴽⵏⵓⵏ ⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ.
* ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⵜⴰ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵃⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵖ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴱⵀⴹ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ . ⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵏⴽⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎ ⵜⵏ ⵜⴽⵕⴹⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ.

**Bertrand Russell 1954**
## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ
* ⴰⵙⴳⴷ
* ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ
* ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ
* ⴳⴰⵙⵜⵓⵏ ⴱⴰⵛⵍⴰⵕ
* ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⵍⴹⴰⵏⵜ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ