# ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ

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| ⴰⵏⵙⵓⴼ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ
ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵓ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ
  | ⴰⵙⵉⵎⵡⴰⵙ 27 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2976
ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ **12 242** ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ **ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ**
ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ: 45 |
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ⴰⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
● ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔⵏ
● ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ
● ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ
● ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
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 ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ

Frameless
**ⵍⵎⵅⵜⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⵉ** ⵏⵖ **ⵍⵎⵅⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵉ** ⵏⵖ **ⵍⵎⵅⵜⴰⵔ ⵓ ⵙⵓⵙ** (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: المختار السوسي) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ (ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ) ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ, ⴷ ⵜⵚⵡⵡⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ.

ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⵅⵜⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1900 ⴳ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ "ⵉⵍⵉⵖ" ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⵣⵣⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴷⵓⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵚⵡⵡⴰⴼⵜ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ (ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵄⵍⵉ ⵓ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ" ⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵣⵣⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵕⵇⴰⵡⵉⵢⵏ.

ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ ⵔⵇⵉⵢⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵜⵙⵙⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵍⵇⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵓⵖ ⵙⴰ ⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵔⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1914 ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵥⵏ ⵉ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵟⵟⴰⵀⵕ ⵍⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵕⵛⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1918 ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1924 ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⵔⴰⵡⵢⵢⵉⵏ, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ, ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1928.

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ **.** ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

 ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵚⴱⵃⴰⵏ

**ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵡⴰⵀⵔⵓⵛ**, ⵏⵖ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⴷⵏ **ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵓ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵡⴰⵀⵔⵓⵛ ⵓ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ**, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1926, ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵉⵃⵓⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⴹⵜ (ⵎⵥⵓⴹⴰ), ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵉⵏⴽⵔ ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵓⴳⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵃⵍⵇⵜ ⴳ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ (ⴱⴰⵇⵛⵉⵛ). ⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴽⵓⵎⵉⴷⵉⵜ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵎⵉⴷⵉⵜ.

ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵢⵓⴱⴰ ⵉⵥⵓⵍⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ", ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵡⴰⵀⵔⵓⵛ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵀⵔⵓⵛ: "ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⵡⴰⵀⵔⵓⵛ ⵜⵉⵕⵕⵓⵢⵚⴰ ⴳ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵙⴰⵙⴱⵓ, ⴷ ⴱⵓⵏⵡⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴽ, ⵎⴱⴰⵕⴽ ⵓⵍⵃⵙⵏ."
ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⴰⵢ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⴽⴰⵛ ⴳ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵏⵣⵡⴰⵢ: "ⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍ ⵡⴰⵀⵔⵓⵛ ⴷ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵚ ⵎⵓⵍⵢ ⵎⵓⵃ ⴷ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵚ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵄⵍⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⴽⴰⵛ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴷ: ⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵀⵔⵓⵛ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ, ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵃⵍⴰⵇⵉ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ, ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⴳⵉⴳⴰⵏ."

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ **.** ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

 ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴷ

Frameless
**ⵎⴱⴰⵕⴽ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵛ** (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 1956) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⴽⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 87 ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉⵏ.

ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵎⴱⴰⵕⴽ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵛ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1956 ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ "ⵉⴷ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ" ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ. ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵉⵡⵍ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵅⴰⵍⵉⵙ/ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ. ⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵃⵙⵓ ⴰⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ. ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ, ⵙⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴱⵏ ⴱⵟⵟⵓⵟⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵔⵏⴰⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵡⴰⵃⴷⴰ ⴳ ⴱⵏⵙⵔⴳⴰⵡ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵓ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1969 ⵙ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵎⴰⵎⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⵣⵣⴰⵣ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵛⵜⵜⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵃⴰⵏⵓⵜ, ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵅⴰⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⴰⵔⵜ/ⵜⵎⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 1973 ⴷ 1976, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵉⵍⵍ (ⴰⴱⵃⵔⵉ) .

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ **.**ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

 ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ

Frameless
**ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ** ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1934 ⵙ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵟⵟⵓ, ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ, ⴰⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵏ: ⵊⵓⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵍⵉⴼⵉ, ⵎⴰⵕⵉ ⵉⴱⵛⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵡⵡⵓ. ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.

ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1934 ⵙ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ; ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ "ⵉⵟⵟⵓ", ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ, ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵉⴱⵛⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵊⵓⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵍⵉⴼⵉ , ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ " *ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ* " ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵙⵙⵉ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵢⵣⴳⴰⵔⵏ (ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1993), ⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ. ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ. ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1993 ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ " *ⴱⵓⵜⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ* " ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵄⵎⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⴽⴰ. ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ " *ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ* ", ⵄⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⴰⵛⴽⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉ.

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ **.** ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

 ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ

ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵎⴰⵏⵥ
ⵙⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⴽ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ **.** ⴰⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ

 ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ

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| **ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ** |

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ **.** ⵥⵕ ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ

 ⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ?

ⵜframeless
**ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ** ⵏⵖ **ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵒⵉⴷⵢⴰ** (Wikipedia ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ (291 ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ 2015). ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ. ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵜⵜ ⵊⵉⵎⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵣ ⴷ ⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⵙⴰⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 15 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2001. ⴷ ⵙⴰⵏⵊⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, "ⵡⵉⴽⵉ" ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⴱⵣⵔⴱⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ, ⴷ "ⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ "encyclopedia". ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵃⵔⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 300 (ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ) ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ, ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 7 ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ. ⴳ ⵉⴷ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 40 (ⴽⵓⵎⵔⴰⵡ) ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵙ 300 (ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ) ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ. ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2014 (ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⴷ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ) ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵢⵥⵕⴰ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 18 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 500 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⴱⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ.

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ **.** ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

 ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ

* ⵀⴰⵏ ⵙⵢⵓⵏⴳ ⵙⵓⴽ (ⴷⴳ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ) ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ, ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ.Frameless
* ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⴰⴳⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵏⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⵙ 2 - 0.
* ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣ ⵜⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵍⵓⵃ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵙ 1 - 0 ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ.
* 11 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ ⴷ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ.
* ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵊⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵔⴰ ⴰⵔⵙⵓⵏⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵢⵉⴳⵔ.
* ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ "ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ" ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⵥⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎ, ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⵉ ⴱⵓⵍ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵙⵓⵏ.

ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙ **.** ⵜⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜ

 ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ

ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ: 10 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ.
* 2006: ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ "ⵣⵉⵏⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵣⵉⴷⴰⵏ" ⴱⵓ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 1998.
* 1996: ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵊⵓⵀⴰⴷⵉ ⴰⴱⴰⵄⵎⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⴰⴼⵉⵇ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ, ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⴳ ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1997, ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ 165 ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ.
* 1830: ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵄⵜⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ (ⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ), ⵓⵏⵣⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵣⵏ ⴳ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴼⵕⵊ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ.

ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ: 9 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ● **10 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ** ● 11 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ

**ⵜⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜ** ● **ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ** ● **ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ**

ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ: ⴰⵙⵉⵎⵡⴰⵙ 10 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2026 (ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ) ● ⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰⵢ
ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ
ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ

 ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵣⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ

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|     | ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴹⵚⴰ ⵜⵉⵢⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⴰⵙ
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| —ⴰⵏⵣⵉ ⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉ |

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ

 ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ?

* ... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵙⵜⵓⵏ ⵜⵛⵔⵜⵛⵉⵍ (ⴷⴳ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ) ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1953?
* ... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴽⵡⵉⴽⵏⵀⵓⴼ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ?
* ... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⴳ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵎⵎⵓⵜⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 3000 ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ?
* ... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵍⵀⵍⵎⵓⵙ ⵓ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵡ ⴰⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⴳ 1574, ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵇⴱⵔⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ?
* ... ⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵍⵍⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵡⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 100 ⴰⵔ 400 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⵢⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵜⵔⵉ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 3 ⵏ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ?
* ... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙ/ⵎⵕⵚⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ?
* ... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵛⵉⴼⵢⵉⵍⴷ ⵓ ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵇⴱⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ?
* ... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⵉ ⴽⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ, ⴷⴳ ⵜⴼⵉⵣⵉⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1903 ⴷ ⵜⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1911?

ⵔⵏⵓ ⵓⵎⵍⵉ **.** ⵜⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜ

 ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ

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|    ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴰⵡⵣⴰⵍ (1660 - 1749) ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ
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ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ ● ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

 ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ

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| ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴷ: ⵜⴰⴼⴳⴳⴰ (ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵎⴽⵏ corps (anatomie)/cadavre). ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔⴰ: ⵜⴰⴼⴽⴽⴰ (ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵎⴽⵏ corps (anatomie)/cadavre). ⴰⵛⴽⵓ: ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ/ⵜⴼⴳⴰ ⵜⵣⴷⵉ ⴷ "carie", ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴷⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ.
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ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ **·** ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ

 ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ

ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ:ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ/7

 ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ

ⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵣⵔⴽ ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛ. ⵎⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵏⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉ, ⵥⵕ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵙⵇⵙⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ **12 242** ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ, ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴷ. ⵉⴳ ⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⴰⵏⴷ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴷ (ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ) ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵀⵓ, ⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ. ⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ, ⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵏⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵕⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ.

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ **.** ⵥⵕ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓⵜⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ

 ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ:
 **ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ **ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ** ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵓ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ **ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ** ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜ **ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵛⴰⵡⵉ** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ **ⴰⵍⴰⵏⴳⵡⴰ ⵍⵉⴱⵔⵉ** ⴰⵙⵜⵓⴷⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵙⵔ **ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⴰⵎⵏⵣ** ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵜⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ **ⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰⵡⵉⴽⵉ** ⴰⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵡⵉⴽⵉⵜⵏ **ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵡⵉⴽⵉ** ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ **ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ** ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⴱⵉⴷⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵢⵏ **ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ** ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ **ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ** ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ **ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔ** ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ **ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵙⴰⴳⵎ** ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜ **ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵏⴰⵡⵏ** ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ **ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ** ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ **ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ** ⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ

 ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ

 ⵥⵕ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵎⵏⵥ ● ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ● ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴽⵜⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ● ⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰⵢ (ⴰⵙⴷⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ)