# ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵉ

| ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵉ |
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| ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ |
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ | Galileo Galilei  |
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei  |
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ | Galileo  |
| ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ | Galileo Galilei  |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | Pisa  |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | 15 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1564  |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | Arcetri  |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | 8 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1642  |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ | Basilica of Santa Croce  |
| ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ |
| ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ | Duchy of Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany  |
| ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ | Duchy of Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany  |
| ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ | Pisa, Padua, Firenze  |
| ⴰⵥⵓⵕ | Italians  |
| ⴰⵙⴳⴷ |
| ⴰⵙⴳⴷ | Latin Church  |
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ | Latin Church  |
| ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ |
| ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ | ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ, mechanics, ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ, ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ  |
| ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ | astronomer, ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ, mathematician, ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ, inventor, astrologer, ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ, scientist, engineer, ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ, ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ  |
| ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ | University of Padua, Università di Pisa  |
| ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ | Galilean transformation, equations for a falling body  |
| ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ |
| ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ | Vincenzo Galilei  |
| ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ | Giulia Ammannati  |
| ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ | Vincenzo Gamba, Maria Celeste  |
| ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ | Vincenzo Galilei  |
| ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ |
| ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ | Università di Pisa  |
| ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ | Università di Pisa  |
| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ  |
| ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ |
| International Space Hall of Fame  |
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| ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ · ⵙⵏⴼⵍ · ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ |

**ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵉ** (ⵙ ⵜⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵜ: *Galileo Galilei*), ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 15 ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1564 – ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 8 ⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1642, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉ, ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ "ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙⵜ", "ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ", ⴷ "ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ". ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⴽⵓⴱ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏⵜ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵥⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⵖⵣⵡⵔ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⵉⵔⵏⵉⴽ (ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ) ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵛⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵜ.

## ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ

ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵣⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴷⵓⵛⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵍⵓⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ, ⴳ ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰ, ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 15 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1564. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ. ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵛⵉⵏⵣⵓ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵉ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵥⵕⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴱⵍⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⵖⵓⵔⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1581, ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵣⴰ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎ ⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ, ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵣⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ.

## ⴰⵙⴰⴽⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⴰⵙⴰⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵣⴰ ⴳ 1589 ⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴷⵡⴰ ⴳ 1592, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ 18 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ.

### ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⴽⵓⴱ

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1609, ⵉⵙⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵙ ⴰⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⴽⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙ ⴽⴰ ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵏⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ 20 ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ. ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵕⵥⵎ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⴽⵓⴱ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰⵏⵏ.

### ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏⵏ

ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⴽⵓⴱ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵉⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ:

ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ *Sidereus Nuncius* (ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵢⴰⵏ), ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⴳ 1610.
* **ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ:** ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵓⵍⴼ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵣⵔⴰⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴷⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵚⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴷⴷⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵡⴰⵏ.
* **ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵏⴱⴰⵍⴰ:** ⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1610, ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴷⴰⵏⴱⴰⵍⴰ. ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ "ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵉⵜⵛⵉ" (ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ "ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵉⵢⵏ"). ⴰⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.
* **ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ:** ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵥⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵍ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⵉⵔⵏⵉⴽ.

ⴰⵎⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ (ⴰⵖⵏⵊⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵣⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ.
* **ⵉⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ:** ⵉⵥⵕⴰ, ⵉⵣⵔⵓ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵣⴳⵉ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵉⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏ, **ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ** (**ⵙⵉⴷⵔⵢⵓⵙ ⵏⵓⵏⵙⵢⵓⵙ**), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⴳ 1610, ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ.

### ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ

ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵡⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵜⵉⵡⵊⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵢ ⵉⴽⴽⵯⵙⵔⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵣⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵢⴰⴽⵙⵓⵍⵏ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵜⵉⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵙⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉⵙⵃⴰⵇ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜⵙ.

## ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵛⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵜ

*ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵡⵙⵜ*, ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵍⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵕⴹⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓ ⴱⴰⵏⵜⵉ
ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵓⴽⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⵉⵔⵏⵉⴽ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ, ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵛⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵜ. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵛⴳⴰ ⵜⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⵣⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ (ⴰⴽⵍⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ. ⴳ 1616, ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴼⴰⵛⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ "ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵇⵇⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ".

ⵉⵎⵣⵖ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⴳ 1632 ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ **ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ**. ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⵉⵔⵏⵉⴽ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ, ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ.

### ⴰⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴽⴰⴹ

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1633, ⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵡⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ. ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ, ⵜⵓⴼⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ "ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵜⵀⵕⵟⴰⵇⵜ", ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⵉⵔⵏⵉⴽ. ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵊⵎ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⵎⴹ, ⵢⵓⵛⵛⵍ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ. ⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵖⵉⵎⵉ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴹⵉ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ, **ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ**, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ. ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴳ 1638, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ.

## ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ

ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵜ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵉ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵊⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ ⵙⵓⵙⵜⵔⵎⴰⵏⵙ, 1636.
ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵖⵉⵎⵉ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴰⵔⵛⵉⵜⵔⵉ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵍⵓⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1638, ⵉⴷⵔⵖⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 8 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1642, ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 77 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵇⵇⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵣⵉⵍⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⴽⵔⵓⵛⵉ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴳ 1737, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⵍ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⵣⵉⵍⵉⴽⵜ, ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴽⵍ ⴰⵏⵊⵍⵓ.

## ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ

ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵜⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙ, ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜⴳ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ. ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵛⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ, ⵏⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1992, ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ 359 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴱⴰ ⵊⵓⵏ ⴱⵓⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵛⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵣⴳⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ, ⵢⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵖⵉⵙ. ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⵇⵇⵍ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴱⴰⴱⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ.

## ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ

**ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵉ** ⴳ ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ:

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* ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷⵉⵙⴽⵓⴳⵙ
* ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴼⴰⵢⵏⴷ ⴰ ⴳⵔⵉⴼ

* ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴰⵍⵓⵙⵉⵏⵉ (ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ)

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ