Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# ⴽⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵍⴰⵎⴱⵓⵔ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ 250 ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.
**ⴽⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵍⴰⵎⴱⵓⵔ** ([ˈkwalə ˈlumpʊr]), ⴷ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵉⵣⵢⴰ (ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⵜⴰⵊⴰⵢⴰ). ⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ, ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ 243 ⴽⵎ² ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1 600 000 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴱⴰⵏ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
# ⴽⴰⵔⵜⵓⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵡⵓⵔⴽ ⵙⵜⵓⴷⵢⵓⵣ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ 250 ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴽⴰⵔⵜⵓⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵡⵓⵔⴽ ⵙⵜⵓⴷⵢⵓⵣ|  |
| ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ |
| ⵢⵓⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⴷ ⴳ |
ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 1994 |
| ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵖ |
ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵥⵕⵉ, ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ |
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ |
ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ |
| ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ |
ⴱⵓⵔⴱⴰⵏⴽ, ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵔⵏⵢⴰ |
| ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ |
ⵙⴰⵎ ⵔⵉⵊⵉⵙⵜⵔ |
| ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⴱ |
|
ⴽⴰⵔⵜⵓⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵡⵓⵔⴽ ⵙⵜⵓⵔⵢⵓⵣ |

**ⴽⴰⵔⵜⵓⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵡⵓⵔⴽ ⵙⵜⵓⴷⵢⵓⵣ** (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: *Cartoon Network Studios*) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⵓⴷⵢⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵀⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵊⵓⵣⵉⴼ ⴱⴰⵔⴱⵉⵔⴰ. ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 40 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙ ⵀⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵔⴱⵔⴰ ⴱⵔⵓⴷⴰⴽⵛⵏ (*Hanna-Barbera Productions*).

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

## ⵣⵕ ⵓⵍⴰ

* ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⴱ
# ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ 250 ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴼⴰⵢⵙⴱⵓⴽ|  |
| ⴰⵏⴰⵡ |
ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ |
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ |  ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ |
| ⴰⵙⵙ ⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴱⴷⴰ |
ⴼⴱⵕⴰⵢⵔ 2004 |
| ⵜⴰⴽⴱⴰⵏⵜ |
ⵎⵉⵟⴰ |
| ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ |
ⵎⴰⵕⴽ ⵣⴰⴽⵔⴱⵉⵔ |
| ⵙⵙⵉⵜ ⵡⵉⴱ |
|
ⴼⴰⵢⵙⴱⵓⴽ |

**ⴼⴰⵢⵙⴱⵓⴽ** (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: *Facebook*) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ 2004. ⵖ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵃⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵃⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ. ⵣⵖ 2007, ⴰⵙⵎⵍ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵢⵙⴱⵓⴽ ⵉⵕⵥⵎ ⵉ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ.

ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵣⵎⵎⴰⵎⵏ, ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵓⴼⵉⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴼⴽⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵖⵔⴰⵎ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ...

ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵔⵏ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵢⵙⴱⵓⴽ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵥⴹⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵎⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰ ⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵔⵏⵓⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴱⵔⵓⴼⵉⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ (ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ) ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.

ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ "ⵜⵓⴱ ⴼⵔⵉⵏⴷⵙ" ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵔⵓⴼ ⴰⵙⵜⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵏⴰⴼⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴱⵔⵓⴼⵉⵍ .

ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ ⵎⴰⵔⴽ ⵣⵓⴽⵔⴱⵓⵔⴳ ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵙⵍⴽⵉⵎⵜ. ⵖ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⴰⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵖ ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵀⴰⵔⴱⴰⵔⴷ.

## ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⴼⴰⵢⵙⴱⵓⴽ

ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴰⵛ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵔⵜⴰ ⵙⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴹⵉⴷⵏ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵖ ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴳⵏ.

## ⵖ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ

* *The Social Network*, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴷⴰⴱⵉⴷ ⴼⵉⵏⵛⵔ, ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵖ 1 ⴽⵜⵓⴱⵔ 2010.

## ⵉⵍⵉⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⴻⵏ

* ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
# ⵜⴰⵔⵢⵓⵛⵜ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

| ⵜⴰⵔⵢⵓⵛⵜ |
| --- |
|  |
| world view, philosophical movement, doxastic attitude |
| ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵏ | irreligion, nontheism  |
| Hashtag | atheism  |
| ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰ ⵙ | unbelief  |
| ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ | history of atheism  |
| ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ | atheist  |
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⵉⴽⵙⵜⵛⵉⵏⵊ |       |
| ⴰⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ | theism  |
|  |
| ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ |

 ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵢⵓⵛⵜ
**ⵜⴰⵔⵢⵓⵛⵜ** (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Atheism) ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵖⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⵜⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵍⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛⵏ, ⴰⵖⵉⵔⵉⵏ (ⵉⵍⵍⴰ) ⵓⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴽⵓⵛⵏ. ⵉⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⵉⴹⵀⵕ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴳⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵍⵍⵓⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵣⵓⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵎⵢⵏ ⴳ ⴰⵣⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ , ⴽⴽⵓ ⵉⵟⵀⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ " ⴰⵟⵀⵉ " ⴳ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⴰ 18 ⴳ ⴰⴳⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⴰⵡⵉⵏ , ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴽⴰⴷ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵣ. ⴰⵟⵀⵉ ⴷ ⴷⵉⵅ ⴳ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵟⵀ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙⵉⵜ ⵙ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵟⵀⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ, ⵜⵎⵛⵛⵓⵛⴰⴹ  ⴰⵣⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵜⵜⵄⵎⵎⴰⴷⵏⵜ ⵙ ⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵟⵀⵏ ⵜⵜⵄⵎⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⴽⵓⵍⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⵓⴳⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵣⵣⵓⵍ ⴷⵉⵅ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵟⵀⵏ ⵜⵜⵄⵎⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵍⵍⵓⴱ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴱⴷⴰ ⵉⴷⵣⵏ ( 64.000 ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ 11% ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵉ ⵉⵟⵀⵉⵏ ) ⴷ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵉⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ 8% ⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵉ ⵉⵟⵀⵉⵏ!

## ⵜⴰⵔⵢⵓⵛⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ

ⵜⴰⵔⵢⵓⵛⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵓⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ: "ⵜⴰⵔ" ⴷ "ⵢⵓⵛ".

## ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵢⵓⵛⵜ

* ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵓⴹ ( ⴰⵥⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ) ⴷ ⵛⵛⵉⵟⴰⵏ
* ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵎⵕⵥⴳⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ
* ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ( ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ  ⵉⵙⵙⵅⴷⵎ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵎⵖⴰⵔ 80% ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱⵏ )
* ⵉⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵍⵍⵎⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵀⵉⵍ ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵓⵇⴱⵉⵔ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ

## ⵜⴰⵔⵢⵓⵛⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎ

ⵜⴰⴹⴹⴰⵏⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴹ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵟⴰⴼⴰ ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵢⴰ, ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ 25% ⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵢⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛⵏ, ⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⵅ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⵜ ⴳ 1979 ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ 35% ⵉ 40% ⴳ 2023 , ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⴰⵅⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵎ:

* ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵢⴰ: 25%
* ⵉⵕⴰⵏ: 35%
* ⵜⵓⵏⵙ: 24%
* ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ: 30%
* ⴽⴰⵣⴰⵅⵙⵜⴰⵏ: 5%

## ⵜⴰⵔⵢⵓⵛⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ

ⵜⴰⵔⵢⵓⵛⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ :

* ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ: 43%
* ⵉⵙⵜⵓⵏⵢⴰ: 65%
* ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ: 41%
* ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ: 42%

## ⵜⴰⵔⵢⵓⵛⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ (ⴰⵙⵢⴰ)

* ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ: 71%
* ⵛⴰⵔⴰⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ : 56%
* ⵛⵓⵔⴰⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ : 75%
* ⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵢⴰ : 97%

## ⵜⴰⵔⵢⵓⵛⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2023 ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵔⵢⵓⵛⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ 20% ⴰⵔ 25%.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
# ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ 250 ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.

| ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ |
| --- |
|  |
| organisms known by a particular common name, paraphyletic group |
| ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵏ | domesticated mammal, captive mammal, cattle  |
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ | vaca  |
| Temporal range start | Pleistocene  |
| This taxon is source of | beef, cow's milk, cowhide, knuckle, beef byproducts  |
| ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⵙ/ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ ⵙ | Le due madri  |
| Main food source | Poaceae  |
| Taxon known by this common name | Bos indicus, Bos primigenius taurus, Bos taurus taurus, Bos taurus, Bos primigenius indicus  |
| ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍⵎⵢⴰⵏ | 🐄, 🐮  |
| Category for the view of the item | Category:Views of cattle  |
| Earliest date | 105. century BCE  |
|  |
| ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ |

ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ
ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ
**ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ** ⵏⵖ **ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴳⴰⵢⵜ** ⵏⵖ **ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵡⵡⴰⵜ** ⵏⵖ **ⴰⵎⵓⵡⵡⴰⵜ** ⵏⵖ **ⴰⵣⴳⵔ** ⵏⵖ **ⵜⴰⵣⴳⵔⵜ** ⵏⵖ **ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵜⴰⵏ** (ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ: **ⵜⵉⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵉⵏ**, **ⵉⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵏ**, **ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵉⵏ**, **ⵉⵎⵓⴳⴰⵢⵏ, ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵡⵡⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵡⵡⴰⵜⵏ, ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵔⵏ, ⵉⵣⴳⵔⵏ, ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵜⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⴰⴳⴳⵏ**) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵙⵉⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ , ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⵇⵇⴷⴰⵙ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵀⵉⵏⴷⵓⵙⵉⵢⵏ ,ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵙⵏ ⵖⴼⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵔⴱⴱⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵔⴱⴱⵉ ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵖⴰⴼⵙ ⵔⴱⴱⵉ ⴳ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵄⵣⵉⵣ ⵍⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵚⵚⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵇⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵚⵚⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ. ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⴽⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⴰⴽⵙⵓⵎ ⴷ ⴰⴱⴹⴰⵏ , ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵉⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⴳⵉ ⵢⴰⴼⵓⴹ.ⵜⵉⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵇⵀⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵕⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴱⵕⴱⴰⵛ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ، ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⴱⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵔⴱⴱⵉ ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵯⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ .

## ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ

ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ ⵎⴰⵛⵉ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ، ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⵉⵜ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵅⵚⵚ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽ ، ⵎⴽ ⵜⵙⵜⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ , ⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ ⵉⵅⵚⵚ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴱⵉⴹⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵣⵣⴰⵔⴼⵓⵜ .

## ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ

* ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
# ⵍⴱⵓⵍⵉⵙ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ 250 ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.
**ⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⵙⵉ ⴳ ⵍⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ.ⵍⴱⵓⵍⵉⵙ** ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴱⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵍⵉⴳⵏ, ⵜⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ.

ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ **ⵍⴱⵓⵍⵉⵙ** ⵏⴰⵃⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵉⴷⴰ ⵃⵉⵏⵏⴰ **ⵉⵊⴰⴹⴰⵕⵎⵉⵏ** ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ **ⵍⴱⵓⵍⵉⵙ** ⵙⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰ.
ⴰⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵉⴳⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵓⵍⵉⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⴱⵣⵣⴰⴼ ⴼⴼⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ. ⵜⴰⴳⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ **ⵍⴱⵓⵍⵉⵙ** ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ. ⴷⵖⵉ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ **ⵍⴱⵓⵍⵉⵙ** ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⵎⵣⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴰⴽⵏ.
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⵙ **ⵍⴱⵓⵍⵉⵙ** ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴱⴰⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ.
ⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵓⵍⵉⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ; ⵉⵊⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵓⵍⵉⵙ, ⴰⴳⴷⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴽⴽⵉⴹⵏ, ⵉⵊⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ, ⴰⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⴳⵯⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ, ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵔ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.

## ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ

## ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
# ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ 250 ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.

```
ⵥⵕ: ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ (ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ)

```

ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⴰⵎⴽⵕⴰⵏ
ⵉⵖⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵔⴽⴷⴷⵉⵜ
ⵊⴱⵍ ⴱⵓ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⴰⵜ (ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵎⴰⵙ)
**ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ** ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵡⵉⵢⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ.

ⴳⵔ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴰⵖⴰⵔ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴷⵉⵔ.

ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵉⴱⴱⵉ ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ.

## ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ

ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ:

* ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ
	+ ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵖⵉⵏ
* ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ
	+ ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴱⵓ ⵉⴱⵍⴰⵏ
* ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ / ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⴰⵎⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ
	+ ⵉⵖⵉⵍ ⴰⵣⵓⵔⴽⵉ
	+ ⵉⵖⵉⵍ ⵉⴳⵯⴷⴰⵎⵏ
	+ ⵉⵖⵉⵍ ⵎⴳⵓⵏ / ⵉⵖⵉⵍ ⵎⴳⵯⵏ
	+ ⵉⵖⵉⵍ ⵔⴰⵜ
	+ ⵉⵖⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵔⴽⴷⴷⵉⵜ
	+ ⵉⵖⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵍ
	+ ⵉⵖⵉⵍ ⵜⵓⴱⴽⴰⵍ
	+ ⵉⵖⵉⵍ ⵡⴰⵡⵍⵣⴰⵜ
* ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ
	+ ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵚⴰⵖⵔⵓ

* ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⴰⵎⴽⵕⴰⵏ
*
*
* ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ
*
* ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ
*
*

## ⴱⵕⵕⴰ

* ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵔⵉⵇ (ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ)
* ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ (ⵏⵉⴱⴰⵍ)
* ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵖⴰⵙ (ⵎⴰⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ)

* ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵔⵉⵇ
* ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ
* ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵖⴰⵙ
# ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ 250 ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ  ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ (ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴼⵉⵟⵔ)، ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 10 ⴷⵓ ⵍⵃⵉⵊⵊⴰ ⴱⵄⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵄⴰⵔⴰⴼⴰ، ⴰⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⴰⴳ ⵜⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵃⵓⵊⵊⴰⵊⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵏⴰⵙⵉⴽ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ  ⵍⵃⵉⵊⵊ، ⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴷⵓ ⵍⵃⵉⵊⵊⴰ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴽⴰ ⴰⴽⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵇⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵏⴱⵉ ⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵔⴱⴱⵉ ⵖⴰⴼⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵔⴱⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴹⵃⵃⵉ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ .ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏ ، ⵢⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⵔⴱⴱⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵉⵎⵎⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ، ⵎⴽ ⵜⵜⴰⵥⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵔⴱⴱⵉ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵙⵉ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵍⵍⵉ (ⵉⵣⵉⵎⵎⵔ، ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ، ⵏⵖ ⴰⵍⵖⵎ) ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵔⴰⵇ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵓⵎ  ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵙⵉ ⵖⴰⴼ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⴷ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ، ⴷⴰⴳⵉ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
# ⵙⵉⵔⴰⵍⵢⵓⵏ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ 250 ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ.

| ⵙⵉⵔⴰⵍⵢⵓⵏ |
| --- |
| Sierra Leone (ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ)  |
| ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵎⵔⵉⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ: Unity, Freedom, Justice ⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ: ⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵔⴰⵍⵢⵓⵏ   |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵔⴰⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ  ﻿ / ﻿ |
| ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ |
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ | Freetown  |
| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵉⵏ | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ, Krio  |
| ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ | ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ   (25)* ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ
* Commonwealth of Nations
* African Union
* WTO
* Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
* International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
* International Development Association
* International Finance Corporation
* Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
* International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
* African Development Bank
* United Nations–African Union Hybrid Operation in Darfur
* Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States
* ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⵍⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ
* Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
* ⵢⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ
* Universal Postal Union
* International Telecommunication Union
* World Meteorological Organization
* WHO
* ECOWAS
* Mano River Union
* World Customs Organization
* Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
* African Continental Free Trade Area

 |
| ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ |
| ⴰⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ | Julius Maada Bio  |
| ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ | presidential system  |
| ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ | President of Sierra Leone  |
| ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ |
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ | David Sengeh  |
| ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ | Parliament of Sierra Leone  |
| ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼ | Parliament of Sierra Leone  |
| ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ | 1971  |
| ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ |
| ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ |  71 740 ⴽⵎ²  |
| ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ | ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ  |
| ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ | ⴳⵉⵏⵢⴰ, ⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⵢⴰ  |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ | Mount Bintumani  |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⴷⴷⴰⵡ | ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙⵉ  |
| ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⴰⵊⵢⵓⴳⵕⴰⴼⵉ | 2403846  |
| ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵖⵔⴼⵜ |
| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ | ▲ 7 557 212 (2017) ⵙ ⵓⵔⵉⵙ* ⵉⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏ: 4 312 192 (2022)
* ⵜⵉⵡⵜⵎⵉⵏ: 4 293 526 (2022)
 |
| ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ | 3 771 972 (2022)  |
| ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰ | 4 833 746 (2022)  |
| ⵜⴰⵏⵥⵥⵉ | 105,34 ⵣⴷⵖ/ⴽⵎ²  |
| ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ | 51,835 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ (2016)  |
| ⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ | 21 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  |
| ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵓⵙⵜⵉⵢ |
| ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍ  | 2022 |
| ⴰⵖⵔⵓⴷ | ▼ 3,97 ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ $  |
| ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ |
| ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵎ | leone  |
| ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ | Bank of Sierra Leone  |
| ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴳⴰⵏⵜ (VAT) | 15%  |
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ |
| ⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ | ▲ 0,477 (2021)  |
| ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⵓⵔⵉ |  3% (2014)  |
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵏⵉ |
| ⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ |  35,7 (2018)  |
| ⵜⵉⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ |
| ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ | +232  |
| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⵡⴰⵢⵜ | 999, 019  |
| ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ | SL  |
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵏⵉⴽⵓⴷ | 🇸🇱  |
| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏ | 667  |
| ⴰⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ | .sl  |
| ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ |
| ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴷⴰⵀ | ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ  |
| ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⴱ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ | statehouse.gov.sl  |
| ⴰⴳⵎⵎⴰⴹ ⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏ | ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ   (2)* ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ (±00:00)
* Africa/Freetown

 |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ |
|  |
|  |
| ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ |

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
# ⵄⴰⵍⵉ ⴱⵏ ⴰⴱⵉ ⵟⴰⵍⵉⴱ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.
ⴰⴱⵓⵍ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴱⵏ ⴰⴱⵉ ⵟⴰⵍⵉⴱ ⵍⵃⴰⵛⵎⵉ ⵍⵇⵓⵔⴰⵛⵉ (13 ⵕⴰⵊⴰⴱ 23 ⵍⵀⵉⵊⵔⵉ / 17 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 599 ⵙⴳ - 21 ⵔⵎⴹⴰⵏ 40 ⵍⵀⵉⵊⵔⵉ / 27 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 661 ⵙⴳ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵙⴰ) ⴷ ⴰⵔⵎⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴱⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ (ⵙ.ⴰ.ⵡ.) ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⵕⵛⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵄⵓⵀⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵡⴰⵏ.

ⵉⵍⵓⵍⴷ ⴷⴳ ⵎⴽⴽⴰ, ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵜⵜⵡⴽⴽⵉⴷⵏⴷ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⵍⴷ ⴷⴰⵅⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⵄⴱⴰ [ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵀⴰⵙⵀⵉⵎⵉⴰ. ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴱⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵎⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ. ⵉⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴱⵉ (ⵙ.ⴰ.ⵡ.) ⴷ ⵏⵏⴱⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ (ⵙ.ⴰ.ⵡ.) ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵢⵉⴷⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⴰⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ, ⵣⵡⴵ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ.

ⴰⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴽ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴱⵉ (ⵙ.ⴰ.ⵡ.), ⴰⵏⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⴽ, ⴰⵢⴷⴳ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ (ⵙ.ⴰ.ⵡ.) ⵉⴹⴹⴼ ⴰⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴳ ⵎⴷⵉⵏⴰ. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵖⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴳ ⵟⵟⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵏⵓ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴷⴳ ⵔⵔⴱⵃ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵔⵔⴰⴷⵏ, ⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵟⵟⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵅⴰⵏⴷⵇ ⴷ ⵟⵟⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵅⵉⴱⵔ. ⴰⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⵍ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ Nnbi ⵏ Lislam ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵡⵀⵉ ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏⴻⵏⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵏⵖⵍⴰⴼⵏⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵢ ⵉⵙⵄⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ.

## ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ

* Claude Cahen: Der Islam I – Vom Ursprung bis zu den Anfängen des Osmanenreiches, Augsburg 1998

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

* **ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ(ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)