# ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.

| ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ |
| --- |
|  |
| ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ |
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ | Thomas, Alva  |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | Milan  |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | 11 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1847  |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | West Orange  |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | 18 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 1931  |
| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | type 2 diabetes  |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ | Thomas Edison National Historical Park  |
| ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ |
| ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ | ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ  |
| ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ | ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ  |
| ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ | Thomas Edison Winter Estate  |
| ⴰⵥⵓⵕ | Americans  |
| ⴰⵙⴳⴷ |
| ⴰⵙⴳⴷ | deism  |
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ | deism  |
| ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ |
| ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ | invention, entrepreneurship, ⵜⴰⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵜ, engineering, inventor, entrepreneur, screenwriting  |
| ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ | engineer, inventor, entrepreneur, ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ, mathematician, screenwriter, film director, film producer  |
| ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ | General Electric, Continental Edison  |
| ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ | 1877   |
| ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ | incandescent light bulb, phonograph  |
| ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ |
| ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ | Mary Stilwell Edison, Mina Miller  |
| ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ | Samuel Ogden Edison  |
| ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ | Nancy Elliott  |
| ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ | Charles Edison, Theodore Miller Edison, Thomas Alva Edison Jr., Marion Estelle Edison Oeser, Madeleine Edison, William Leslie Edison  |
| ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ | Samuel Ogden Edison, Nancy Elliott   |
| ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ | Lewis Miller  |
| ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ |
| ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ | Cooper Union  |
| ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ | Cooper Union  |
| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ  |
| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ  |
| ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ |
| ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ | Congressional Gold Medal, Commander of the Legion of Honour, Grammy Trustees Award, Benjamin Franklin Medal, Matteucci Medal, Rumford Prize, John Scott Award, Franklin Medal, National Inventors Hall of Fame, Navy Distinguished Service Medal, Albert Medal, Edward Longstreth Medal, Technical Grammy Award, John Fritz Medal, honorary doctor of Rutgers University, star on Hollywood Walk of Fame, Knight of the Legion of Honour, Officer of the Legion of Honour, grand officer of the Order of the Crown of Italy, John Scott Award, New Jersey Hall of Fame  |
| ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ |
|  |
|  |
|  |
| ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ |

**ⵟⵓⵎⴰⵚ ⵉⴹⵉⵚⵓⵏ** ⵏⵖ **ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ** ⵏⵖ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉ **ⵟⵓⵎⴰⵚ ⴰⵍⴼⴰ ⵉⴹⵉⵚⵓⵏ** (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Thomas Alva Edison) (11 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1847 - 18 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 1931), ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ. ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ " ⵉⴹⵉⵚⵓⵏ ⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵜⵔⵉⴽ " ⵉⵙⵍⵍⵡⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵡⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ. ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵏⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼ ⴳ 1877 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵕⴹⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⵏⵥⵕⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⵉⵙⵜ.

ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⴼⴰ ⵉⴹⵉⵚⵓⵏ ⴳ 11 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ ⴳ 1847 ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵀⴰⵢⵓ ⴳ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ. ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵚⴰⵎⵡⵉⵍ ⵉⴹⵉⵚⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵏⴰⵏⵙⵉ ⵉⵍⵢⵓⵟ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴹⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵥⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⴼⵓⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⴽ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⴽ. ⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵙⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴹⵉⵚⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ: ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵢⵉ ⵉⵙⵍⵍⵡⵉⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⴳⵉⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⵙⵏⵖ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵓⵔ ⴼⵍⵖ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵕⵥⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⵎⵔⵔⵜ ⵡⴰⴹⵉⵚⵓⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵎⵥⵥⵉ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵍⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵥⵥⵓⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵃⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⴹⵚ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1854 ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵀⵓⵔⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⵏⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵥⵉⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵍⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵕⵥⵎ ⴰⵙⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ (Grand trunk herald).

## ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⴹⵉⵚⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⵖⵔⴰⴼ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⴽⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵓⵅ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵡⴰⵢ . ⴷ ⵉⴽⵯⵜⵉ ⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵓⵅ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵊⵎⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ , ⵉⵙⵙⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵏⵉⴽ ⵙ ⴰ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵖⵔⴰⴼ , ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1866 ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵍⵡⵉⵙⴼⵉⵍ ⴼ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵉⵏⵜⵓⴽⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵛⵢⴰⵜⵉⴷ ⴱⵔⵉⵙ . ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⴳ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ . ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1869 ⴳ 1 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ "ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ" ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵙⵔ ⴰⴳⵕⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ.

## ⴰⴼⵓⵏⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼ

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1877 ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵉⴹⵉⵚⵓⵏ ⵍⴼⵓⵏⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼ, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ "ⴰⵄⵣⵣⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⵏⵓ ⴱⴰⵔⴽ".

## ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵎⵉⵏⵍⵓ ⴱⴰⵔⴽ

ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵚⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵏⵍⵓ ⴱⴰⵔⴽ, ⵏⵢⵓ ⵊⵉⵔⵙⵉ, ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵓⵥⵕⴰⴼⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⵏⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴱⵓ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵖⵔⴰⴼ (Quadruplex) , ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴰⵙⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵉⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵏ.

## ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵜ

ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵉ ⵡⴰⴹⵉⵚⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ , ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⴱⴰⴱ. ⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓ ⵙⵉⵖ ⴰⵔ ⵅⵙⵙⵉⵏ .ⴷ ⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵛⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵣ. ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1878 ⴰⵔ 1880 ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ . ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1880 ⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ ⴳ 27 ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⵉⵙⵜ.

## ⵜⴰⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵣⵏ

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1882 ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵓⴽ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⵍ , ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ 110 ⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵣ ⴰⵙⵓⵍⴰⵏ (DC) ⵉ 59 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵚⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵓⵏⴹⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵔⵓⵣⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵊⵉⵔⵙⵉ.

## ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ

ⵉⴹⵉⵚⵓⵏ
ⴳ ⵡⴰⴳⵓⵔ ⵏⴳⵔ 1878 ⴷ 1877 ,ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵡⴰⴹⵉⵚⵓⵏ ⵍⵎⵉⴽⵕⵓⴼⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴰⵔⴱⵓⵏⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⵙⴰⵙⵖⵓⵢⵏ /ⵉⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ . ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴼⴰⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴼⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵣⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ . ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵎⴽⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴳⵥⵕ/ⴰⵎⵙⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵍ ⴰⴼⵍⵓⵕⵉ , ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎⵏ / ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵢⴰ ( X- rays ) ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵙⵓⵔ ⴰⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ .

## ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ

ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵟⵓⵎⴰⵚ ⵉⴹⵉⵚⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1931 ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 84 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ , ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵔⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⵉⵙⵉⵎⵜ/ ⵙⴽⴽⴰⵔ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵊⵉⵔⵙⵉ .

## ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵜ

ⵉⵜⴰⵀⵍ ⵉⴹⵓⵚⵓⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵔⵓ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⴼⵔⵅⴰⵏ.

ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ: ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵙⵜⵉⵍⵡⵉⵍ ⵉⵜⴰⵀⵍ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1871(ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 1884), ⵢⵓⵔⵓ ⴷⵉⵙ : ⵎⴰⵔⵢⵓⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵍ ( 1873 - 1965 ) .ⴷ ⵟⵓⵎⴰⵚ ⴰⵍⴼⴰ ⵉⴹⵉⵚⵓⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴳ 1876 ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 1935 , ⴷ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵍⵉⵣⵍⵉ (1878- 1937)

ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ: ⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⵎⵉⵍⵔ (ⵉⵜⴰⵀⵍ ⵜⵜ ⴳ 1886), ⵢⵓⵔⵓ ⴷⵉⵙ : ⵎⴰⴷⵍⵉⵏ (1888- 1979) ⴷ ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ( 1890-1969) ⴷ ⵜⵢⵓⴷⵓⵔ ( 1898-1992)

## ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ

ⵟⵓⵎⴰⵚ ⵉⴹⵉⵚⵓⵏ
* ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵜⵢⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⴳ 1887.
* ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵙⴽⵓⵜ ⴳ 1889 .
* ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵓⵏ ⴼⵔⵉⵜⵣ 1908 .
* ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⴽⵍⵉⵏ 1915 .
* ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ 1920 .
* ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵏⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⴳ 1928
* ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜ ( 2010, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ )
* ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ **: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚⵓⵏ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵡⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵜⵔⵓⵏⵉⵢⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ .
* ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚⵓⵏ ( ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴹⴰ ) : ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴹⴰ .
* ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵓⵎⴰⵚ ⴰⵍⴼⴰ ⵉⴹⵉⵚⵓⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ : ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵉⵢⵏ. .

## ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ

* ⵉⵏⴳⵓⴼⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵃⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴷⴷⵏ.
* ⴰⵙⵍⴰⴽ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳⵉⵖ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵏ ⵉⴳ ⵜⵓⵍⵙⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.
* ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⴽⴽⵉⵖ ⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵖ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵉⵏⵓ, ⵎⵍⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵖ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴽⴽⵉⵖ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵥⵕⵕⴰⵖ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵍⵀⵓⵖ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ.
* ⵓⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⴼⵉ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵢⵉ ⵜⵙⵜⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⵏⵓ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⵉⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ
* ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ
* ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵖⵔⴰⴼ
* ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ
* ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵜ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ