# ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ

| ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ |
| --- |
| ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵎⵔⵉⴳⵜ  |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ  ﻿ / ﻿ |
| ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ |
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ | ⴱⵉⴽⵉⵏ  |
| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵉⵏ | Standard Chinese, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ, languages of China, Putonghua  |
| ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ | ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ   (33)* ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ
* WTO
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
* G20
* APEC
* International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
* International Development Association
* International Finance Corporation
* Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
* International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
* African Development Bank
* United Nations–African Union Hybrid Operation in Darfur
* ASEAN Regional Forum
* Asian Development Bank
* Caribbean Development Bank
* United Nations Security Council
* ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⵍⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ
* Nuclear Suppliers Group
* Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
* International Hydrographic Organization
* ⵢⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ
* Group on Earth Observations
* Universal Postal Union
* International Telecommunication Union
* International Civil Defence Organisation
* World Meteorological Organization
* WHO
* ⴱⵕⵉⴽⵙ
* states with nuclear weapons
* BRIC
* Antarctic Treaty System
* World Customs Organization
* Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

 |
| ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ |
| ⴰⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ | Xi Jinping  |
| ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ | one-party state, democratic centralism, parliamentary republic, unitary state, constitutional republic, communist dictatorship, republic, people's republic  |
| ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ | President of the People's Republic of China  |
| ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ |
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ | Li Qiang  |
| ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔⵜ | State Council of the People's Republic of China  |
| ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ | Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China, Supreme People's Procuratorate of the People's Republic of China  |
| ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ | National People's Congress, Standing Committee of the National People's Congress  |
| ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼ | National People's Congress, Standing Committee of the National People's Congress  |
| ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ | 1949  |
| ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ |
| ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ |  9 596 961 ⴽⵎ²  |
| ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ | ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ  |
| ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ | ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ   (18)* Mongolia
* ⴽⴰⵣⴰⵅⵙⵜⴰⵏ
* ⴽⵉⵔⵖⵉⵣⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ
* ⵟⴰⵊⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ
* ⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ
* ⵀⵉⵏⴷⵓⵙⵜⴰⵏ
* Nepal
* ⴱⵓⵜⴰⵏ
* ⵎⵢⴰⵏⵎⴰⵕ
* Laos
* ⴼⵢⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ
* ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ
* ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵏⵜ
* ⴰⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ
* ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ
* ⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏ
* Soviet Union
* Taiwan

 |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ | ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ  |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⴷⴷⴰⵡ | Ayding Lake  |
| ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⴰⵊⵢⵓⴳⵕⴰⴼⵉ | 1814991  |
| ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵖⵔⴼⵜ |
| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ | ▲ 1 404 890 000 (2025) ⵙ ⵓⵔⵉⵙ* ⵉⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏ: 720 646 499 (2022)
* ⵜⵉⵡⵜⵎⵉⵏ: 691 528 501 (2022)
 |
| ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ | 901 991 162 (2020)  |
| ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰ | 509 787 562 (2020)  |
| ⵜⴰⵏⵥⵥⵉ | 146,39 ⵣⴷⵖ/ⴽⵎ²  |
| ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ | 79 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ (2022)  |
| ⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ | 18 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  |
| ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉⵎⴰⵏ | 6,7 (2019)  |
| ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵓⵙⵜⵉⵢ |
| ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍ  | 2022 |
| ⴰⵖⵔⵓⴷ | ▲ 17,96 ⵜⵔⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ $  |
| ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ |
| ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵎ | renminbi  |
| ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ | 中国人民银行  |
| ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴳⴰⵏⵜ (VAT) | 13%  |
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ |
| ⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ | ▲ 0,768 (2021)  |
| ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⴷⴰⴼ | 36 883 (2022)  |
| ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⵓⵔⵉ |  5% (2014)  |
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵏⵉ |
| ⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ |  38,2 (2019)  |
| ⵜⵉⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ |
| ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ | +86  |
| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⵡⴰⵢⵜ | 119, 110, 120  |
| ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ | CN  |
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵏⵉⴽⵓⴷ | 🇨🇳  |
| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏ | 412, 413, 414  |
| ⴰⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ | .cn, .中国, .中國, .公司  |
| ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ |
| ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴷⴰⵀ | ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ  |
| ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵡⴰⵢ | ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ  |
| ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⴱ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ | english.www.gov.cn  |
| ⴰⴳⵎⵎⴰⴹ ⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏ | ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ   (4)* China Standard Time
* UTC+08:00
* Asia/Shanghai
* Asia/Urumqi

 |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ |
|  |
|  |
| ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ |

**ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ** ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⴹⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1.338 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ ⴰⵛⵓⵢⵓⵄⵉ ⴰⵛⵏⵡⵉⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ. ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 222 ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ, ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ (ⴱⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⵏⵊⵉⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵛⴰⵏⴳⵀⴰⵢ ⵜⵛⵓⵏⴳⵜⵛⵉⵏⴳ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⴽⵉⵏ.

## ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ

ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⴰⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵣⵉ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴱⴰⵍⵢⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉ (ⵣⵖ 2 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ 10000 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ). ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵖ ⵜⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵉⴼⴹⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ , ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵛⴰⵏⴳ Shang ⴷ ⴷⵊⵓⵡ Zhou  ⵍⴰ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵣ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⵓⵙⵉ. ⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵡⵍ ⵜⵉⵕⵥⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⴷⵊⵓⵡ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⴷ  ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵜ. ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 221 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⵖⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵖ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵖⵣⵣⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵉⴼⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵉⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵀⴰⵏ Han Tang ⵎⵉⵏⴳ Ming ⴷ ⵜⵜⵛⵏⴳ Qing.

ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ 9.6 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⵏ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴰⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵉⵏ (ⵊⵓⴱⵉ ⵜⵍⴰⵎⴽⴰⵏ) ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⴳⵓⵍⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵙⵉⴱⵉⵔⵢⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⴰⵡⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵔⵎⴰ. ⴷ ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ , ⵉⵡⴹⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵀⵏⴷ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ.

## ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵊⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉ

ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵢⵉⵡⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵛⵔⵛⵓⵔⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵣⴰⵖⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ. ⵙⴳ ⵡⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 6,0000 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵏ (ⵉⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵉⵏ). ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵛⵢⴰ (ⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ 2000 ⴷ.ⵜ) ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 221 ⴷ.ⵜ. ⵜⴽⵎⵎⵍ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ (ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⵛⵉⵏⴳ) ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1911 , ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵎⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⴳ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉ. ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵣⵣⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⴽⵓⵎⵢⴰⵜⴰⵏⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵛⵓⵢⵓⵄⵉⵢⵏ. ⵜⵢⴽⵎⵎⵍ ⵓⵎⵏⵏⵓⵖ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1949 ⴰⵙⵎⵉ ⵏⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵛⵓⵢⵓⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵙⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ