Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ 250 ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.

---

| **ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ** |
| --- |
| UTC  ( ⴳⵍⵣ)
 |
|  |
| **ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ** |
| **ⴰⵙⴳⵣⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ** | UTC (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ..) |
| **ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵓⵖ ⵙⴳ** | ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴼⵏⵓⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ
 |
| **ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ ⵙⴳ** | ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵥⵜ
 |
| **ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ** | ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ
 |
| **ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ** | ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⵕⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵙⵜⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ
 |
| **ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ** |
|  |
| 00:07 UTC | 2026 - 9 - 06 |

**ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ**  ( ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: *Coordinated Universal Time*, ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ:*Universel Temps Coordonné*), (ⴰⵙⴳⵣⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ:*UTC*) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴼⵏⵓⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ.

ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵉⵏⴰ ⵎⵓⵏⴻⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴼⵏⵓⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ (*TAI*), ⴷ ⵜⵙⵉⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵥⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵙⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵙⵜⵡⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵔⵔⵣⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⵕⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴼ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

| ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ
 |
| --- |
| ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ **(UTC)** ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ **(DST)** |
| **ⵓⴽⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ** | 180° ⴰⵔ 90°ⵜⴳ
 |
−12:00 ·
−11:00 ·
−10:30 ·
−10:00 ·
−09:30 ·
−09:00 ·
−08:30 ·
−08:00 ·
−07:00

 |
| **ⵓⴽⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ** | 90°ⵜⴳ ⴰⵔ 0°
 |
−06:00 ·
−05:00 ·
−04:30 ·
−04:00 ·
−03:30 ·
−03:00 ·
−02:30 ·
−02:00 ·
−01:00 ·
−00:44 · −00:25:21

 |
| **ⴰⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ** | 0° ⴰⵔ 90°ⴰⴳ
 | +00:00 · +00:20 · +00:30 · +01:00 · +01:24 · +01:30 · +02:00 · +02:30 · +03:00 · +03:30 · +04:00 · +04:30 · +04:51 · +05:00 · +05:30 · +05:40 · +05:45
 |
| **ⴰⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ** | 90°ⴰⴳ ⴰⵔ 180°
 |
+06:00 · +06:30 · +07:00 · +07:20 · +07:30 · +08:00 · +08:30 · +08:45 · +09:00 · +09:30 · +09:45 · +10:00 · +10:30 · +11:00 · +11:30

 |
| **ⴰⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ** | 180° ⴰⵔ 90°ⵜⴳ
 | +12:00 · +12:45 · +13:00 · +13:45 · +14:00
 |
| ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ : **00:07 UTC** |
# ⴰⵢⵏⴰⵙ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ 250 ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.

|  |
| --- |
| **ⴰⵢⵏⴰⵙ** |
| **Monday** (ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ)
 |
|  |
|  |
| **<< ⴰⵙⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵙ >>** |

**ⴰⵢⵏⴰⵙ** (ⵙ ⵜⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: *Monday*) ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵙ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ.

## ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ

## ⵉⵍⵉⵍⵉⵜⵏ

## ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏ

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
# 26 (ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ)

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ 250 ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.

| **← 25**            26            **27 →** |
| --- |
| **ⵢⴰⵏ** |
| **← 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 →** |
| **←** 20 • 30 • 40 • 50 • 60 • 70 • 80 • 90 • 100  **→** |
| **ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⵏ** • **ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ** • **ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ** |
| ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ |
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ |
ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ |
| ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ |
26 (ⴰⵎⴷⵡⴰⵙ) |
| ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ |
XXVI |
|  |

26 (ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ) ⴷ ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ 25 ⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔ ⵉ 27.

## ⴰⵎⵎⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵎⵓⵍ

## ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ

## ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ

## ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ

## ⵥⵔ ⴰⵡⵙ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
# ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ 250 ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.

| **ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ** |
| --- |
| **May** (ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ)
 |
|  |
|  |
| **ⴰⵙⵎⵍⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴳⵓⵔ** |
| ⴰⴽⵡ
 | ⴰⵙⵉⵎ
 | ⴰⵙⵉⴹ
 | ⴰⵙⴰⵎ
 | ⴰⵢⵏ
 | ⴰⵙⵉⵏ
 | ⴰⴽⵔ
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| **← ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ →** |

**ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ** (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: *May*) ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵍⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴳⵓⵔ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ "ⵙⴰ" ⴳ ⵉⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ 31 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ, ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⴰⵔⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵛⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ, ⴷ ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵔⵜⴰ ⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ ⴷ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵍⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴳⵓⵔ.

## ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ

## ⵉⵍⵉⵍⵉⵜⵏ

## ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏ

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

1. **ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ**
2. **ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ**
3. **ⵎⴰⵕⵚ**
4. **ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ**
5. **ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ**
6. **ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ**
7. **ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ**
8. **ⵖⵓⵛⵜ**
9. **ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ**
10. **ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ**
11. **ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ**
12. **ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ**

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
# 2976

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ 250 ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| ⵜⵉⵏⵉⴼⴹⵜ |
ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 3 |
| ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ |
2950 • 2960 • **2970** • 2980 • 2990 |
| ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ |
2970 • 2971 • 2972 • 2973 • 2974 • 2975 • 2976 |

**2976** ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵎⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵙ ⴰⵙⵎⵍⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴳⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ 2026, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 14 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2026.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
# ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ 250 ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.

| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ |
| --- |
|  |
| literary form, type of publication |
| ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵏ | text, written work, publication, document, part of a work  |
| ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵙⴳ | publication  |
|  |
| ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ |

**ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ** (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Article) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ, ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉ.

## ⵉⵏⴰⵡⵏ

### ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ

ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ.

### **ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ**

ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴼ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⴰⵏⵏ (ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵊⵓⵔⵏⴰⵍ) ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ (ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉⵙⵉⵏ).

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
# ⵙⵓⵙ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.
ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ
**ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ** (ⵙ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: سوس) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ ⴷ ⴳⵍⵎⵉⵎ-ⵡⴰⴷ ⵏⵓⵏ. ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵓⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ. ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⵜⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⴱⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⴰⴱⴹⵏ, ⵉⵎⵡⴰⵃⵃⵉⴷⵏ, ⵉⵙⵄⴷⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵔⵡⴰⵍⵜ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ.

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵖ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ. ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵏⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ, ⵉⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⴰ, ⴱⵉⵢⴳⵯⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵡⵜ, ⵉⴼⵏⵉ, ⵟⴰⵟⴰ, ⴰⵜⴳ.

## ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ

ⵢⴰⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⵊ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴱⵍⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⵏ ⵙⵙⴽⴽⵯⴰⵕ. ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵊⵡⴰⵢⵀ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵡⴰⵍⵜ, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵇⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵜⴰⵖⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⴰⵚⵃⵔⴰⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵏⵣ ⵏ ⵙⵙⴽⴽⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵟⵇⵇⵉⵣⵏ, ⵉⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴹⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ. ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵖ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 10 ⵉⴷ ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ.

## ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ

ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ.
ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵙⵉⵢⵏ ⵙ **ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ** ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵍⵉ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵏ. ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴳⵔ 8 ⴰⵔ 10 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ.

ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵜ ⵖ ⵙⵓⵙ, ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ, ⵍⵃⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ. ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⵣⵖ ⵜⴰⵚⵚⵓⵔⵜ ⵖ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵍⵎⵉⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵔⵣⴰⵣⴰⵜ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ. ⵎⴰⵛ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⴷ ⵙⵍⴰ.

ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱ. ⵖ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⵖ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵙⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ, ⴰⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵍⵡⵉⴱ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ.

ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵎⴰⵛ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵛⵎⵜ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵄⵔⴰⴱⵏ, ⵓⵔⴷ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ..., ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵖⴰⵙⵙⴰ. ⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵜⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵙⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵙⵏ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⵉⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵏ
* ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ
* ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
# ⵉⵥⴰⵢⵢⴰⵏ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ 250 ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵢⵉⵜ, 1955

ⵉⵥⴰⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ (ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ) ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.
# ⴰⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ

| ⴰⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ |
| --- |
|  |
|  |
| ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵏ | ⵜⴰⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ, energy source, physical phenomenon  |
| ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵙⴳ | electromagnetism  |
| ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ | electromagnetic interaction  |
| Has effect | magnetic field  |
| ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⵣⴳⵎⵏ | electrochemistry, electromagnetism  |
| Time of discovery or invention | 1821  |
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⵉⴽⵙⵜⵛⵉⵏⵊ |   |
|  |
| ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ |

**ⴰⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ** (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Electricity) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵎⴳⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴳⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵜⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵜ. ⵉⵇⵇⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵖⵏⴰⵟⵉⵚⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⵉⵍⵉⵖⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜ, ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴳⵍⵎⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⴷⴰ/ⵜⴳⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴽⵙⵡⵉⵍ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ, ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵓⵙⵎ, ⴰⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⴳⵉ (ⵓⴷⵎⵉⵙ), ⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵅⵡⵓ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵕⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵟⵉⵚⵜ
* ⴰⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⴳⵉ
* ⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ
* ⴰⵙⵅⵡⵓ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
# ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ 250 ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ (ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ 1780), ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ *ⵖⵔ ⵜⵔⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ*
**ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ** (*le français* ⵏⵖ *la langue française* ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ) ⴷ ⵉⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵙⵜ. ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⴳⵔ 77 ⴷ 110 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ, ⴷ 190 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏⵏ.

ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⴳ 29 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ.

## ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
# ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵄⵎⵕⴰⵏ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ 250 ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.

| ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵄⵎⵕⴰⵏ |
| --- |
|  |
| ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ |
| ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ | ⴱⵓⵜⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ  |
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ | ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ  |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | ⴰⵢⵜ ⵔⵅⴰ  |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | 1932  |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ  |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | 20 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2020  |
| ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ |
| ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ | ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ  |
| ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ | ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ  |
| ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ |
| ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ | ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ, ⴰⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢ  |
| ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ |
| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ, ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ  |
|  |
| ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ |

**ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵄⵎⵕⴰⵏ** (1932 - 20 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2020) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⵏⵊ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ **ⴱⵓⵜⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ** (ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ).

## ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ

ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⴰⴱⵄⵎⵕⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 1932 ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵣⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵕⵕⵅⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵉⴼⵏⵉ. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵣⴳⵉ. ⵜⴱⴷⴰ ⵜⴱⵓⵔⵚⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ.

## ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ  ⵏ ⴱⵓⵜⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ  ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵄⵎⵕⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵥⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵔⴽⴰ, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ.

### ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ

* ⴱⵓⵜⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ
* ⵎⵓⴽⵉⵔ
* ⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ

### ⵜⵉⵖⵏⵏⵉⵊⵉⵏ

* ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ

## ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ

ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵡⴰⵙ 20 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2020 ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⴱⵓⵜⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ)
* ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵔⴽⴰ
* ⵎⵙⵄⵓⴷ ⵕⵕⴰⴼⵉⵄⵉ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
# ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵓ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ 250 ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵓ
**ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵓ** ⵏⵖ **ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰ** ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴽⵯⵔⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⴽⵓⴽⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⴽⵓⵍⵓ ⴰⵔⴰⴳⴳⵯⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

* **ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ(ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
# ⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ 250 ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.

| ⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ |
| --- |
|  |
| IP network, computer network, invention |
| ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵏ | telecommunications network  |
| ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ | 29 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 1969  |
| ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ | internetworking  |
| Replaces | Bildschirmtext  |
| ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⵣⴳⵎⵏ | Internet studies  |
| (ⵜ)ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⵜ | Vint Cerf, Bob Kahn  |
| ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ | history of the Internet  |
| ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ | internaut  |
| ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ | internaut  |
| ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ | Internet Protocol  |
| Complies with | Internet Protocol  |
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⵉⴽⵙⵜⵛⵉⵏⵊ |       |
|  |
| ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ |

**ⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ** ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ, ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⵡⴰⵏ.

# ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵔⵎⵜ

ⵉⵔⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ « Internet » ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ internetting, ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ : « ⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵙⵏ », ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵣ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 1972 ⵙⴳ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵔⵓⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⵉⵍⵢⵓⵜ ⴽⴰⵏ (Robert Elliot Kahn), ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ International Conference on Computer Communications (ICCC) ⴳ ⵡⴰⵛⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ. ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵜⵜⵓⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1983, ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵉⵙⵎⵔⵉⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ « Internet » ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ARPANET ⴷ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ, ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ.

# ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ

# ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ

# ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ

# ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜ

# ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ

# ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ

# ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⴽⵜⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

# ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

* **ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ(ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
# ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ

| ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ |
| --- |
|  |
| ⵉⵥⵍⵉ, ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ, ⴰⵏⴰⵡ |
| ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵏ | ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ  |
| ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⵣⴳⵎⵏ | history of sociology, sociology of sociology, philosophy of sociology  |
| ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ | history of sociology, timeline of sociology  |
| ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ | sociologist, sociology professor  |
| ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵙⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⵜ (ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ 2012) | 10010461  |
|  |
| ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ |

**ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ** (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Sociology) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴽⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵉⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵜ.

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ "ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ" ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 18 ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⵎ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏⵜ (ⴰⵙⴰⴳⴳⵯ) ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ
* ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
# ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ 250 ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.

| ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ |
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| ⵉⵥⵍⵉ, ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ, field of work, ⴰⵏⴰⵡ |
| ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵏ | knowledge system  |
| ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵙⴳ | humanities  |
| Named by | ⴱⵉⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⴰⵙ  |
| Has effect | epistemological viewpoint  |
| ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ | condition, phenomenon, reality, knowledge  |
| Hashtag | philosophy  |
| ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰ ⵙ | interdisciplinarity, uncertainty  |
| ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ | ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ, ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ, ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵜ  |
| ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ | ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ, ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ  |
| ⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴷⵍⵉⴼⵜ |   |
| Stack Exchange site URL |    |
| ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰ | list of schools of philosophy, list of philosophies  |
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| ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ |

**ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ** ⵏⵖ **ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ** ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ φιλοσοφία (ⵜⵏⵢ ⵙ φιλεν, ⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏ: « ⵉⵔⵉ »; ⴷ σοφία, ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ: « ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ » ⵏⵖ « ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ »), ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ: «ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ». ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵣⵉⴽ ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ, ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⴼⴽ: ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ; ⴰⵅⵔⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵖⵓⴷⵓ, ⴰⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢ, ⵓⵖⴷⵉⵎ; ⴰⵙⵉⴳⴳⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ
* ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ
* ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵜ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ
**Lua error in Module:Suivi\_des\_biographies at line 270: attempt to call field 'formatStatements' (a nil value).**
# ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

| **ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ** |
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| ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ
 | ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ
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ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ

 | 29 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 1957
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ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ

 | ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ
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ⴰⵎⵃⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ

 | ⴽⴰⴼ
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| **ⵜⴰⴱⴷⴰⴷⵜ** |
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ⴰⵙⵍⵖⵎⴰⵢ

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ⵡⴰⵍⵉⴷ ⵔⴳⵔⴰⴳⵉ

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| **ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ** |
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ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ

 | ⴷ ⵉⵕⴰⵇ 3-3
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| **ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ** |
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ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ

 | ⴰⴽⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ 1976
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**ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ** ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ, ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 19 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 1957 ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵇ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵙ 3-3. ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ (ⴼⵉⴼⴰ), ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ, ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ, ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.

ⵉⵏⵔⵓ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⴽⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1976, ⵉⵖⵡⵉ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ 2018 ⴷ 2020, ⵉⵖⵡⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱⵏ 2012. ⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⴰⴽⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵜⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵏ 1986, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ:
ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ 0-0 ⴱⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ, ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ 0-0 ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ 3-1 ⴱⵓⵔⵜⵓⴳⴰⵍ.

ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2022 ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵕ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ, ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷ 16, ⵉⵏⵔⵓ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴱⵓⵔⵜⵓⴳⴰⵍ ⵙ 1-0 ⵖⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ, ⵎⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵔⵓⵏ ⵙ 2-0. ⵉⴳ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⵉ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1930 ⴷ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2002.

**ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1986.**
## ⴰⵙⵉⴹⵏ

ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵖⵎⴽ ⴰⴷ:

| **ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ** | **ⵜⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ** | **ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ** | **ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔⵜ** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⵙ
 | 36
 | 94
 | 1966–1979
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| ⵚⴰⵍⴰⵃ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵚⵉⵕ
 | 27
 | 59
 | 1994–2002
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| ⵃⴰⴽⵉⵎ ⵣⵉⵢⵢⴰⵛ
 | 25
 | 64
 | 2015-
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| ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵏⴰⵚⵉⵕⵉ
 | 23
 | 77
 | 2016-
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| ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵜⵛⵓ
 | 19
 | 48
 | 1995–2002
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## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⴰⵛⵔⴰⴼ ⵃⴰⴽⵉⵎⵉ
* ⵃⴰⴽⵉⵎ ⵣⵉⵢⵢⴰⵛ
* ⵢⵓⵙⵓⴼ ⵃⴰⵊⵊⵉ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
# 8 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ 250 ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.

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| **8 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ** |
| **June 8** (ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ)
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| **8 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵍⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ (2023)** |
| ⴰⵙⴰⵎ
 | ⴰⵢⵏ
 | ⴰⵙⵉⵏ
 | ⴰⴽⵔ
 | ⴰⴽⵡ
 | ⴰⵙⵉⵎ
 | ⴰⵙⵉⴹ
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| **← 7 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ9 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ→** |

**8 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ** (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: *June 8*) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ "ⵜⴰⵎ" ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ (ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ) ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵍⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴳⵓⵔ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ 206 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵢ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.

## ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ

* **1931:** ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵅⴰⴼⵓⵔ **ⵊⴰⵀⵍⴰⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ** ⴰⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱ ⴰⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵙⴳ **ⵎⵣⴰⴱ** ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉⵜ.
* **1931:** ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ **ⵙⵉ ⵄⵎⴰⵕ ⵓ ⵙⵄⵉⴷ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰ. **1960:** ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⴼⵓⵔⵜ **ⵎⵔⵢⴰⵎ ⴱⵓⵄⵜⵓⵔⴰ**.

## ⵉⵍⵉⵍⵉⵜⵏ

## ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏ

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
# ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ

| ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ |
| --- |
| England (ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ)  |
| ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵎⵔⵉⴳⵜ  |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ  ﻿ / ﻿ |
| ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ |
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ | ⵍⵓⵏⴷⵓⵏ  |
| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ  |
| ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ |
| ⴰⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ | ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ  |
| ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ | parliamentary monarchy, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵜⴰⵔⵜ  |
| ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ | monarch of the United Kingdom  |
| ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ |
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ | ⴽⵉⵔ ⵙⵜⴰⵔⵎⵔ  |
| ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ | Parliament of the United Kingdom  |
| ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼ | Parliament of the United Kingdom  |
| ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ | 886  |
| ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ |
| ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ |  130 278,43 ⴽⵎ²  |
| ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ | ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ  |
| ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ | Scotland, ⵡⵉⵍⵣ  |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ | Scafell Pike  |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⴷⴷⴰⵡ | The Fens  |
| ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⴰⵊⵢⵓⴳⵕⴰⴼⵉ | 2649994 6269131, 2649994  |
| ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵖⵔⴼⵜ |
| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ | ▲ 57 106 398 (2022)  |
| ⵜⴰⵏⵥⵥⵉ | 438,34 ⵣⴷⵖ/ⴽⵎ²  |
| ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ |
| ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵎ | pound sterling  |
| ⵜⵉⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ |
| ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ | +44  |
| ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ |
| ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ | Tudor rose  |
| ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⴱ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ | www.visitengland.com  |
| ⴰⴳⵎⵎⴰⴹ ⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏ | ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ   (3)* Greenwich Mean Time
* Europe/London
* Western European Time

 |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ |
|  |
|  |
| ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ |

 **ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ** ⵏⵖ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵜⵉⵔⴰ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: England) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵜⴷⵔⴰ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵡⵉⵍⵣ ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ, ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⵢⵔⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ, ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴽⵉⵍⵜⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ, ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ. ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⴰⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ. ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵥⵓⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ, ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 100 ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵜ.

## ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ

## ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ

## ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ

## ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
# ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ 250 ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.

| ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ |
| --- |
|  |
| inner planet of the Solar System, inferior planet |
| ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵙⴳ | inner Solar System  |
| Has use | terraforming of Venus, colonization of Venus  |
| IPA transcription | ˈveːnʊs  |
| ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ | Venus  |
| ⴰⵙⵎⵖⵔⴼ | Venusian, Venerian, Venusano, Vénusien, زُهَرِيٌّ  |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ | inner Solar System  |
| Highest point | Skadi Mons  |
| Lowest point | Diana Chasma  |
| ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⵣⴳⵎⵏ | observations and explorations of Venus, cytherology  |
| Parent astronomical body | ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ  |
| ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⵏ |   |
| ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰ ⵙ | orbit of Venus, life on Venus  |
| ⴰⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ | ♀  |
| Epoch | J2000.0  |
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⵉⴽⵙⵜⵛⵉⵏⵊ |   |
| ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍⵎⵢⴰⵏ | ♀  |
|  |
| ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ |

ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵎⴽⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ *ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵏⵔ 10*
**ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ** (ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ: ; ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Venus) ⴷ ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵓⴳⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ *ⴼⵉⵏⵓⵙ*; ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ *ⵜⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴳⵉ* ⴷ *ⵜⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⴷⵉⵜ*, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴳⵉ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⴷⵉⵜ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⵍ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ. ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴹ ⴷⴳ ⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ. *ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ* ⵢⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⵉⵖⵣⵡⵔ
* ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ
* ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ