Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Shanghai

Shanghai ingcaciso yeyokuba esi sixeko ekuqaleni sasimi phezu kolwandle okanye, ngokutsho kwabemi balapho, yayiyeyona ndawo iphakamileyo apho ulwandle lwalufikelela khona.

I-Shanghai ibonwa njengenkunzi yezoqoqosho yase-China: ngenxa yophuhliso lwamashumi eminyaka adlulileyo, i-Shanghai yindawo enkulu yezoqoqosho, yezemali, yorhwebo kunye nonxibelelwano lweRiphabhlikhi yaseChina. Izibuko layo, lelokuqala kweli lizwe, lelinye lawona axakekileyo emhlabeni kunye neSingapore kunye neRotterdam . Ngo-2010 yodlula iSingapore ngomthamo wezithuthi.

Ezinye zeziteketiso zedolophu zidumileyo, kubandakanywa: " I-Paris yaseMpuma", "uKumkanikazi waseMpuma", "iPearl of the Orient". Ukuqinisekisa oku kwakhona, uphando olugunyazisiweyo lubeka iShanghai phakathi kwezona dolophu zisefashonini e- Asia kunye neyeshumi elinesine kwihlabathi.
# Imfundo eMzantsi Afrika

UMzantsi Afrika unenkqubo entlantlo-ntathu yezemfundo, eyamabanga asezantsi, kulandele eyamabanga aphakamileyo ze kulandele eyemfundo enomsila eziyunivesithi nakwiiyunivesithi zobugcisa.

Ngowama-2010, bekunabafundi abazizigidi ezili-12.3, abahlohli abangama-386 kwakunye nezikolo ezimalunga nama-48,000 (ubuncinane abahlohli abasi-8 kwisikolo ngasinye) - kubandakanaya nezikolo ezingama-390 zabaneemfuno ezikhethekeleyo kwakunye nezikolo zabucala ezili-1000 ezibhalisiweyo. Ngokwesiko, izikolo zamabanga asezantsi ziquka iBanga 1 ukuya kwele-7 ze ezamabanga aphakamileyo zithathe iBanga 8 ukuya kwele-12. Ezi zikolo ziyandiswa ngokutha kufakelwe ibanga 0 nele-13 ngokokuthanda kwesikolo eso.

Ukufunda esikolweni kuthatha iminyaka eli-13 - okanye amabanga - nangona unyaka wokuqala wemfundo, iBanga R okanye "lolwamkelo esikolweni", neminyaka emithathu yokugqibela, iBhanga 10, 11 nele-12 okanye "iMetriki" akanyanzelekanga. Iziklo zamabanga asezantsi ezininzi ziyabonelela ngeBanga R, nangona lisenokwenziwa epriskuli.
# Bhelarusi

**I-Bhelarusi**, ngokusemthethweni **iRiphabhlikhi yaseBelarus**, lilizwe elivaliweyo eMpuma Yurophu. Ijikelezwe yiRussia ngasempuma nakumantla-mpuma, iUkraine emazantsi, iPoland ngasentshona, kunye neLithuania kunye neLatvia emantla-ntshona. Ukugubungela ummandla 207,600 square kilometres (80,200 sq mi) kunye nabemi abazizigidi ezisisi-9.2, iBelarus lelona lizwe likhulu kakhulu kunye ne- 20th-elinabantu abaninzi eYurophu. Eli lizwe linemozulu ene -hemiboreal kwaye lahlulwe ngokolawulo laba ziingingqi ezisixhenxe .I-Minsk yeyona dolophu inkulu kunye neyona dolophu inkulu.

Phakathi kwexesha eliphakathi kunye nenkulungwane yama-20, amazwe ahlukeneyo ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo ayelawula imihlaba yeBelarus yanamhlanje, kuquka iKievan Rus ', iNqununu yasePolotsk, iGrand Duchy yaseLithuania, i- Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, kunye noBukhosi baseRashiya .Emva kweRevolution yaseRashiya ngowe-1917, kwavela amazwe ahlukeneyo ekhuphisana ngokuba semthethweni phakathi kweMfazwe yamakhaya, eyaphela ngokunyuka kwe- SSR yaseByelorussian, eyathi yaba lilizwe elisisiseko le -Soviet Union ngo-1922. Emva kweMfazwe yasePoland-Soviet, iBelarus yalahlekelwa phantse isiqingatha sommandla wayo ePoland. Uninzi lwemida yaseBelarus yathatha imilo yayo yangoku ngo-1939, xa amanye amazwe eRiphabhlikhi yesiBini yasePoland aphinda adityaniswa kuyo emva kohlaselo lwaseSoviet ePoland, kwaye yagqitywa emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi. II. <ref name="uni2">Taylor & Francis Group (2004) *Europa World Year, Book 1* Europa publications ISBN 978-1-85743-254-1 .
# Thomas Edison

UThomas Alva Edison, owazalwa ngoFebruwari 11, 1847 eMilan, eOhio waza wafa ngo-Oktobha 18, 1931 eWest Orange, eNew Jersey, wayengumqambi waseMelika, usosayensi kunye nosomashishini.

Umseki woMbane kaWonke-wonke, elinye lamagunya aphambili kwezoshishino, wayengumyili ochumileyo (ngaphezu kwe-1,000 patent3). Uvulindlela wombane, umsasazi, umsasazi, wayengomnye wabavelisi abaphambili be-cinema (ekunye, phakathi kwabanye, uWilliam Kennedy Laurie Dickson, u-Émile Reynaud, uAuguste noLouis Lumière, uJules Carpentier)4,5,6 kunye nokurekhoda kwesandi (kunye Charles Cross). Ngamanye amaxesha ubizwa ngokuba "yi-wizard yaseMenlo Park", idolophu yaseNew Jersey ebizwa ngokuba yi "Edison" ngembeko yakhe ngo-1954.

UThomas Alva7 Edison ngumntwana wesixhenxe kunye nowokugqibela8 kaSamuel Edison (1804-1896), waseKhanada wemvelaphi yaseDatshi, owabaleka eCanada ngenxa yokuba wathatha inxaxheba kwimvukelo ye-1837-18389 kwaye ngubani owaba ngumthengisi wesibini. , igrocer, umthengisi wezindlu, uMchweli. Umama wakhe, uNancy Elliot (1810-1871), owayesakuba ngumfundisi-ntsapho, naye wayengowaseKhanada kodwa enemvelaphi yaseScotland. Utata kaNancy wayeligorha leMfazwe yoTshintsho lwaseMelika. UThomas Alva Edison ungoyena mncinci kusapho oluthobekileyo olumkhuthaza ngokwengqondo nakwezopolitiko.

Ngomnyaka we-1854, xa wayeneminyaka eyi-7 ubudala, intsapho yakhe yafudukela ePort Huron, eMichigan apho uyise wafumana umsebenzi wokuba ngumchweli. Umfundisi-ntsapho wakhe, uMfundisi uEngle, umgqala njengesidenge ngenxa yokuba unomdla kakhulu, ubuza imibuzo emininzi kwaye akafundi ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo. Emva kweenyanga ezintathu zezifundo, wagxothwa esikolweni sakhe. Encediswa ngumama wakhe owamnika izifundo ekhaya, emva koko wagqiba uqeqesho lwakhe olusisiseko njenge-autodidact egqibeleleyo, efunda ababhali ababalaseleyo abanjengoCharles Dickens okanye uShakespeare, kwaye watya zonke iincwadi zesayensi awayeziswe ngumama wakhe, ngakumbi umsebenzi wokulinga. Isikolo sefiziksi yeFilosofi yeNdalo nguRichard Green Parker11. Ngenzondelelo uquqa kwithala leencwadi laseDetroit: “Ukuba ndikhumbula kakuhle, ndandiqala ngencwadi yokuqala kwishelufu esezantsi ndaza ndaqwenga zonke ezinye, enye emva kwenye. Andizange ndifunde iincwadi ezimbalwa; Ndalifunda lonke ithala leencwadi. »

Luluhlu lwezinto ezininzi apha zimbalwa:

* Ngo-1877: igramafoni, umdlali wokuqala worhwebo kwiisilinda kwaye emva koko kwiidiski
* I-1879: isibane se-incandescent (ukuphuculwa kokuveliswa kukaJoseph Swan). Umzekelo: kwintengiso, isibane sebhedi (Lampe de Chevet) uhlobo lwe-E 27 lubhekisela ku-Edison, isiseko si-27 mm ububanzi.
* Ngo-1879: isiphumo se-Edison esiyimbonakaliso yokukhutshwa kwakhona kwee-electron ukusuka kwi-filament eshushu (iintsuku zokuqala ze-tube electronics)
* Ngo-1882: isikhululo samandla sangoku esithe ngqo kwizibane ze-1,200, ukuhanjiswa kwenethiwekhi (kakhulu) kuluhlu olufutshane kunye nengozi ephantsi ebantwini.
* Ngo-1891: ikhamera yokuqala ye-cinematographic, i-kinetograph, okokuqala isebenzisa ifilimu ebanzi ye-19 mm kunye ne-horizontal scrolling kunye neefoto zesetyhula (Dickson Greeting)
# I-logic

Igama elithi *logic* livela kwigama lesiGreek elithi logos. I-logos yona ingathetha *isivakalisi*, *i-discourse*, *i-reason*, *i-rule*, *i-ratio*. Ewe kona ezi ntsingiselo azinakunceda ngokwaneleyo ukunika intsingiselo eyiyo yegama elithi 'logic' ngale ndlela lisetyenziswa ngayo kungoku nje.

Ungayichaza uthi yintoni kanye kanye i-logic? Ngokufutshane singathi i-logic sisifundo ngeeprinciples ze-*reasoning* efanelekileyo okanye eyiyo, nekuthiwa ngokwakwa science yi-*correct reasoning*. Le nkcazo yeyexeshana nje kuba indlela ekuchazwa ngayo intsingiselo ye-logic ngumcimb'onzima otshis'ibunzi nodala ingxwaba-ngxwaba.
kodwa ke, ngenxa yokokuba kufuneka sikwazisile mfundi ngesi sifundo se-logic, sicinga okokuba kubalulekile okokuba sikunike ufifi ngesi sifundo ozakube usifunda. yiloo nto kuphela esizakube siyenza kweli phepha okwangoku. Nje ngoko sele siwuchazile umahluko phakathi kwe-*logic reasoning* ne-*psychology of reasoning* phantsi kwesihloko esithi 'ii-*principles*, ngoku sizakuthetha kuvokotheke ngayo nge-logic neeprinciples zayo.

## Ii-principles ze-logic

Khawutsho ke, zeziphi ezi principles zereasoning ezenza i-logic? zininzi ii-principles ezi lolu hlobo, kodwa ke eyona nto esiyifundayo (kungeyiyo yodwa) kwi-logic zii-principles ezilawula nezingumkhomba-ndlela obonisa i-validity yeengxoxo (okanye yee-arguments ukuze sikwazi ukubona okokuba ingaba izigqibo ezithile ekuthi kufikelelwe kuzo ziziziphumo zoko bekukukhe kwabekwa ngaphambili njengento enokwenzeka. Umzekelo, khawuqwalasele ezi ngxoxo zintathu zilandelayo:

```
Ukuba uZola uhlala ezilalini, ke uZola ulihlwempu.
UZola uhlala ezilalini.
Ngoko ke, uZola lihlwempu.
```

```
Ukuba u-K>10, ke u-K>2.
u-K>10.
Ngoko ke, u-K>2.
```

```
Ukuba i-Johannesburg iseRhawutini, ke i-Johannesburg ayikho se-Eastern Cape.
I-Johannesburg ise-Rhawutini.
Ngoko ke, i-Johannesburg ayikho se-Eastern Cape.
```

Ezi ngxoxo zintathu sizibonayo apha ngokuqinisekileyo ziingxoxo ezilungileyo kuba kaloku izigqibo ekufikelelwa kuzo ngazo zisekelezelwe zikwalandela ii-assumptions(oko sele kutshiwo ngaphambili). Ukuba ngaba ezi-assumptions ze-argument ngenene zinyanisekile okanye zi-true, nesigqibo se-argument ekufikelelwa kuso si-true. I-logician izakukuxelela okokuba zonke ziyimibandela yaloo argument ekuthiwa yi-modus ponens.
# I-Republic

**I-republic** (from iThemplethi:Lang-la) luhlobo luhlobo lukarhulumente okanye lwesizwe apho ulawulo lusezandleni lwabo bantu bonyuliweyo ukuze babengabameli babantu belo lizwe. neenkokheli zikarhulumente zisebenzisa amandla azo ngokomthetho olawulayo. kule mihla siphila kuyo, igama elithi republic lisetyenziselwa ukubhekisa kurhulumente kuphela, loo nto yenze okokuba eli gama libe liyikhuphela ngaphandle ulawulo lwezikumkani. Kungoku nje, lungama-147 uludwe lwamazwe alolu hlobo phakathi kwamazwe azimeleyo angama-206 kwihlabathi jikelele asebenzisa igama elithi "republic" njengenxalenye yamagama awo aseburhulumenteni; akungawo onke laa mazwe akwi-republic ngokubanorhulumente wonyulo, kungengawo onke amazwe asebenzisa urhulumente wonyulo asebenzisa igama elithi *republic* kumagama awo.
# Ukungabandakanywa ekuhlaleni

Ukukhutshwa kwezentlalo okanye **ukulahlwa kwezentlalo** kukungasebenzi kakuhle kwezentlalo nokukhutshwa koluntu . Ligama elisetyenziswa ngokubanzi yiYurophu kwaye laqala ukusetyenziswa yiFransi ngasekupheleni kwamakhulu ama-20. Kwicala le-EU, iKhomishini yaseYurophu iyichaza "njengemeko apho umntu ethintelwa (okanye akhutshwe) ukuba anikele kwaye azuze kwinkqubela phambili yezoqoqosho nentlalontle". Isetyenziswa kwizifundo eziquka imfundo, i-sociology, i-psychology, impilo, ezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho.

Ukungabandakanywa koluntu yinkqubo apho abantu bavalelweyo (okanye bavinjwe ukufikelela ngokupheleleyo) kumalungelo ohlukeneyo, amathuba kunye nezibonelelo zesiqhelo ezifumaneka kumalungu amaqela ohlukileyo, kwaye ezisisiseko kumanyano lwentlalo kunye nokuthotyelwa kwamalungelo oluntu ngaphakathi kwelo qela lithile (umz. inkqubo efanelekileyo ).
# Lecce

**Lecce** (*Lécce* in Salento dialect ; Λουππίου, *Luppìu* in grico ) ngumasipala wase-Italiya onabemi abangama 94 467, ikomkhulu ledolophu yedolophu yasePuglia kunye neziko eliphambili ledolophu yasePuglia. Salento . Ifakwe kwindawo ephantse ibembindi kusingasiqithi weSalento, phakathi konxweme lweAdriatic kunye ne -Ionian, likomkhulu lephondo lase- Italiya .

Imvelaphi kaMessapian yamandulo kunye neentsalela zakudala zolawulo lwamaRoma ziyibeka phakathi kwezixeko zobugcisa eItali, kangangokuba ibizwa ngokuba yi "Lady of the Baroque ". Isixeko, eneneni, sibalasele ngobutyebi kunye nokonwaba kwe-baroque yenkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe yeecawe kunye namabhotwe embindini, eyakhiwe kwilitye le -Lecce lendawo, ilimestone elungele kakhulu ukusebenza ngetshizi. Uphuhliso loyilo kunye nokutyebisa okuhonjiswa kwee-facades kwakhathalelwa ngakumbi ngexesha loBukumkani baseNaples kwaye ibonakalisa isixeko ngendlela yantlandlolo yokunika inkcazo yeLecce Baroque .

Likhaya kwiDyunivesithi yaseSalento, eyayisakuba yiDyunivesithi yaseLecce, kwaye yayilikomkhulu lenkcubeko yase-Italiya ngo-2015
# 11 (inani)

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| ← 10 | 11 | 12 → |

 |
|
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 |
| Inani ngokokuma kwento |
okweshumi elinanye |

**11** (**ishumi elinanye**) linani. Liza phakathi kweshumi neshumi elinambini, yi-odd number, kwaye-prime number, emva koo-2, 3, 5, kunye no-7.

Kwii-Roman numerals, i-11 libhalwa ngolu hlobo  **XI**.
# Ikhalenda yesiXhosa

Kwikhalenda yesiXhosa, ngokwenveli, unyaka uqala kwinyanga yeSilimela uze uphele ngekaCanzibe, xa kanye i-Canopas, inkwnkwezi enkulu ebonakala kumZantsi-womDibaniso okwayindawo apho kujikeleza khona izinto zomhlaba ezibonakalayo ezithe ngcu kumzantsi we-equator.

Zimbini iindlela zokubiza iinyanga apha esiXhoseni: ngokwale mihla nangokwemveli. Kwimimandla yasezidolophini kusetyenziswa amagama ale mihla. Kodwa ke, ezilalini, kwimibongo, ingakumbi kumNtla Koloni kusetyenziswa amagama emveli.

## Amagama eenyanga zonyaka

**Ngokwale mihla**

Amagama lae mihla ekubizwa ngawo iinyanga abolekwe kumagama enyanga angesiNgesi:

```
   uJanuwari
   uFebhuwari
   uMatshi
   uApreli
   uMeyi
   uJuni
   uJulayi
   uAgasti
   uSeptemba
   uOktobha
   uNovemba
   uDisemba
```

**Ngokwemveli**

Ngokwemveli amagama eenyanga asuka kumagama ezityalo neentyatyambo ezikhulayo okanye eziman'ukutshintsha ngokwamaxesha onyaka. Zezi:

```
   eyoMqungu (inyaka yengca iTambuki)
   eyoMdumba (inyanga yokudumba kweenkozo)
   eyoKwindla (inyanga yeziqhamo zokuqala)
   uTshazimpuzi (inyanga yokutshaza kwamathanga)
   uCanzibe (inyanga kaCanopus)
   isilimela (inyanga kaPleiades)
   eyeKhala / EyeNtlaba (inyanga yamakhala)
   eyeThupha (inyanga yokudubula kweentyatyambo)
   eyoMsintsi (inyanga yomthi umsintsi)
   eyeDwarha (inyanga yokuvela kwe-lilypad)
   eyeNkanga (inyanga yokuhluma kwee- daisies ezityheli)
   eyomNga (inyanga yokuvela komthi ohlabayo i-mimosa thorn tree kunye ne-simba)
```

Iintsuku zeveki

```
   ngomVulo
   ngolwesiBini
   ngolwesiThathu
   ngolwesiNe
   ngolwesiHlanu
   ngomGqibelo
   ngeCawa
```

Amaxesha onyaka

```
 eKwindla
 uBusika
 iNtlakohlaza/iNtwasahlobo
 iHlobo
```