# Imalariya

**Imalariya** sisifo esisuka kwiingcongconi esosulelayo esiba sebantwini nakwezinye izilwanyana esibangelwa zizimfimfithi-gazi (uhlobo lweseli enye izinambuzane) *zePlasmodiyam*. Imalariya ibangela iimpawu ezidla ngokuquka ifiva, ukudinwa, ukugabha intloko ebuhlungu. Kwiimeko ezimandla inokubangela ulusu olutyheli, ukugula, ikoma okanye ukufa. Ezi mpawu zidla ngokuqala kwiintsuku ezilishumi okanye ezilishumi elinesihlanu emva kokuba ulunyiwe. Kwabo bangakhange banyangwe kakuhle isifo sinokuphinda sibuye kwiinyanga kamva. Kwabo basandul' ukusinda kwisifo, ukosuleleka kwakhona kudla ngokubangela iimpawu ezingekho mandla noko. Oku kukhuseleka kwexeshana kudla ngokuplhela ngokuhamba kweenyanga ukuya kwiminyaka ukuba akuchanabeki ngokuqhubekayo kwimalariya.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, esi sifo sidluliselwa kukulunywa yimazi yengcongconi *Anopheles* enesi sifo. Oku kulunywa kufaka izimfimfithi-gazi ezikumathe engcongconi kwigazi lomntu lowo. Izimfimfithi-gazi ziya esibindini apho zithi zikhule zize zizale. Iindidi ezintlanu *zePlasmodiyam* zinokosulela zize zisasazwe ngabantu. Ubukhulu becala ukufa kunokubangelwa yi*P. falciparum* ene*P. vivax*, *P. ovale*,kunye *P. malariae* ngokuqhelekileyo ibangela uhlobo olungekho mandla lwemalariya. Udidi *P. knowlesi* alufane lubangele isifo ebantwini. Imalariya idla ngokufunyaniswa ngohlolo lwemayikroskopu lwegazi kusetyenziswa iifilimu zegazi, okanye ezine-antigen uvavanyo olukhawulezileyo lokufumanisa. Iindlela ezisebenzisa iziganeko ezilandelelanayo zepolymerase zokufumanisa iDNA yezimfimfithi-gazi ziye zaveliswa, kodwa azisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiindawo apho imalariya igqugqisileyo ngenxa yeendleko zayo nokuntsonkotha kwayo.

Ingozi yezifo inokuncitshiswa ngokuthintela ukulunywa yingcongconi ngokusebenzisa inethi yengcongconi kunye nezinto zokugxotha izinambuzane, okanye ngeendlela zokulawula iingcongoni njengokutsutsuza zinto zokubulala izinambuzane nokuvula iidreyini zamanzi amileyo. Kukho amayeza awahlukeneyo okuthintela imalariya kubakhenkethi abaya kwiindawo ezigcwele esi sifo. Ukufumana la mayeza ngamaxesha athile sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine kuyanconyelwa kwiintsana nasemva kwekota yokuqala yokukhulelwa kwiindawo ezinengozi enkulu yemalariya. Nakuba kukho imfuneko, asikho isitofu esisebenzayo, nakuba kuqhubeka kusenziwa imigudu yokusivelisa. Unyango olunconyelwayo lwemalariya ngumxube wamayeza alwa nemalariya aquka i-artemisinin. Iyeza lesibini linokuba yimefloquine, ilumefantrine, okanye isulfadoxine/pyrimethamine. Quinine kwakunye nedoxycycline inokusetyenziswa ukuba i-artemisinin ayifumaneki. Kunconyelwa ukuba kwiindawo apho esi sifo sixhaphakileyo, imalariya iqinisekiswe ukuba kunokwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba iqale ukunyangwa ngenxa yenkxalabo yokwanda kokuxhathisa amayeza. Amayeza amaninzi alwa nemalariya sele iwaxhathisa; ngokomzekelo, exhathisa ichloroquine *P. falciparum* sele inwenwele kwiindawo ezininzi ezinemalariya, yaye ukuxhathiswa kwe-artemisinin sele kuyingxaki kwezinye iindawo zoMzantsi-mpuma Asia.

Esi sifo sinwenwele kwiiTropiki kunye nemimandla esezantsi kwetropiki ekhoyo ngokubanzi engqonge i-ikhweyitha. Oku kuquka ummandla omkhulu [weAfrika Esezantsi KweSahara]], iAsia, kunye [ne[Latin America]]. IWorld Health Organization iqikelela ukuba ngo-2012, kwakukho abantu abazizigidi eziyi-207 ababenemalariya. ngaloo nyaka kuqikelelwa ukuba esi sifo sabulala phakathi kwe-473,000 ne-789,000 yabantu, uninzi lwabo ingabantwana baseAfrika. Imalariya idla ngokunxulunyaniswa nobuhlwempu yaye inefuthe elingelihle kakhulu kuhlumo loqoqosho. EAfrika kuqikelelwa ukuba ibangela ilahleko eyi-$12 bhiliyoni USD ngonyaka ngenxa yeendleko zonyango, ukungakwazi ukusebenza negalelo layo kukhenketho.

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## Iimbekiselo

 Malaria