# Dinastiya Qing

|  |
| --- |
| Great Qing |
| 大清  |
|

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| ←  | **1644–1912** |  → |

 |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |
| Flag | Coat of arms |

 |
| **Anthem** 《鞏金甌》 "Gong Jin'ou" ("Cup of Solid Gold")  |
| Location of Qing dynastyThe Qing Empire in late 18th century |
| **Capital** | Beijing |
| **Languages** | Mandarin, Manchu, Mongolian, Tibetan, Turki (Modern Uighur), numerous regional languages and varieties of Chinese |
| **Religion** | Heaven worship, Buddhism, Chinese folk religion, Confucianism, Taoism, Islam, Shamanism, others |
| **Government** | Absolute monarchy |
| **Emperor** |  |
|  -  | 1644–1661
  | Shunzhi Emperor |
|  -  | 1908–1912 | Xuantong Emperor |
| **Regent** |  |
|  -  | 1908–1912 | Empress Dowager Longyu |
| **Prime Minister** |  |
|  -  | 1911 | Yikuang |
|  -  | 1911–1912 | Yuan Shikai |
| **Historical era** | Imperial era |
|  -  | Collapse of the Ming | 25 April 1644 |
|  -  | Battle of Shanhai Pass | 27 Mayo 1644 |
|  -  | Sino-Japanese War | 1 Agosto 1894–17 Abril 1895 |
|  -  | Xinhai Revolution | 10 Oktubre 1911 |
|  -  | Abdication of Puyi | 12 February 1912 |
| **Area** |
|  -  | 1760 est.
  | 13,150,000 km² (5,077,243 sq mi) |
|  -  | 1790 est. (incl. vassals) | 14,700,000 km² (5,675,702 sq mi) |
| **Population** |
|  -  | 1740 est.
  | 140,000,000  |
|  -  | 1776 est.
  | 268,238,000  |
|  -  | 1790 est.
  | 301,000,000  |
| **Currency** | Cash (wén)
Tael (liǎng) |
| **Today part of** |
Batakan:AFG Batakan:BHU Batakan:CHN Batakan:HKG  India Batakan:KAZ Batakan:KGZ Batakan:MAC Batakan:MGL  Myanmar  Pakistan Batakan:PRK Batakan:RUS Batakan:TJK  Republika han Tsina
 |

|  |
| --- |
|  |
|
Qing dynasty |
| Tsino nga ngaran |
| Tsinino | 清朝 |
|

| Mga transkripsyon |
| --- |
| Standard nga Minandarin |
| Hanyu Pinyin |
Qīng Cháo |
| Wade–Giles |
Ch'ing1 Ch'ao2 |
| Yue: Kinantones |
| Jyutping |
cing1 ciu4 |

 |
| Empire of the Great Qing |
| Minat-an nga Tsinino | 大淸帝國 |
| Yinano nga Tsinino | 大清帝国 |
|

| Mga transkripsyon |
| --- |
| Standard nga Minandarin |
| Hanyu Pinyin |
Dà Qīng Dìguó |
| Wade–Giles |
Ta2 Ch'ing1 Ti4-kuo2 |
| Yue: Kinantones |
| Jyutping |
daai6 cing1 dai3 gwok3 |

 |
| Great Qing State |
| Minat-an nga Tsinino | 大淸國 |
| Yinano nga Tsinino | 大清国 |
|

| Mga transkripsyon |
| --- |
| Standard nga Minandarin |
| Hanyu Pinyin |
Dà Qīng Guó |
| Yue: Kinantones |
| Jyutping |
daai6 cing1 gwok3 |

 |
| Chinese Great Qing State |
| Minat-an nga Tsinino | 中華大淸國 |
| Yinano nga Tsinino | 中华大清国 |
|

| Mga transkripsyon |
| --- |
| Standard nga Minandarin |
| Hanyu Pinyin |
Zhōnghuá Dà Qīng Guó |
| Wade–Giles |
Chung 1-hua2 Ta2 Ch'ing1 Kuo2 |
| Yue: Kinantones |
| Jyutping |
zung1 waa4 daai6 cing1 gwok3 |

 |
| Later Jin |
| Minat-an nga Tsinino | 後金 |
| Yinano nga Tsinino | 后金 |
|

| Mga transkripsyon |
| --- |
| Standard nga Minandarin |
| Hanyu Pinyin |
Hòu Jīn Cháo |
| Wade–Giles |
Hou4 Chin1 Chao2 |
| Yue: Kinantones |
| Jyutping |
hau6 gam1 ciu4 |

 |
|
Batakan:Infobox Tsinino/Manchu |

An **Dinastiya Qing** (Tsino: 清朝; pinyin: Qīng cháo) amo an dinastiya han mga mangulo han Manchuria, Tsina, Mongolya, Taiwan, Tibet ngan Uyguru tikang ha 1644 AD ngadto ha 1912 AD. An dinastiya gintukod han mga Manchu nga an usa nga ngaran amo an Dinastiya Manchu.

## Pinanbasaran

## Padugang nga barasahon

* Bartlett, Beatrice S. (1991), *Monarchs and Ministers: The Grand Council in Mid-Ch'ing China, 1723–1820*, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, ISBN.
* Cassel, Pär Kristoffer (2012), *Grounds of Judgment: Extraterritoriality and Imperial Power in Nineteenth-Century China and Japan*, Oxford University Press, ISBN
* Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1997), *The Manchus*, Wiley, ISBN.
* —— (2010), *The Wobbling Pivot: China since 1800*, Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN.
* Dvořák, Rudolf (1895), *Chinas religionen ...*, Volume 12; Volume 15 of Darstellungen aus dem Gebiete der nichtchristlichen Religionsgeschichte (illustrated ed.), Aschendorff (Druck und Verlag der Aschendorffschen Buchhandlung)
* Ebrey, Patricia (1993), *Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook* (2nd edition ed.), New York: Simon and Schuster, ISBN.CS1 maint: extra text (link)
* —— (2010), *The Cambridge Illustrated History of China*, Cambridge University Press, ISBN.
* Elliott, Mark C. (2000), "The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies" (PDF), *Journal of Asian Studies*, **59**: 603–646, JSTOR 2658945.
* —— (2001), *The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China*, Stanford University Press, ISBN.
* Elliott, Mark C.; Chia, Ning (2004), "The Qing Hunt at Mulan", ha Dunnell, Ruth W.; Elliott, Mark C.; Foret, Philippe; Millward, James A. (eds.), *New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde*, Routledge, pp. 66–83, ISBN.
* Faure, David (2007), *Emperor and Ancestor: State and Lineage in South China*, Stanford University Press, ISBN.
* Hauer, Erich (2007), Corff, Oliver (ed.), *Handwörterbuch der Mandschusprache*, Volume 12; Volume 15 of Darstellungen aus dem Gebiete der nichtchristlichen Religionsgeschichte (illustrated ed.), Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN
* Hsü, Immanuel C. Y. (1990), *The rise of modern China* (4th ed.), New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN.
* Kaske, Elisabeth (2008), *The politics of language in Chinese education, 1895–1919*, Leiden: BRILL, ISBN.
* Li, Gertraude Roth (2002), "State building before 1644", ha Peterson, Willard (ed.), *The Ch'ing Empire to 1800*, The Cambridge History of China, **9**, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 9–72, ISBN.
* Liu, Kwang-Ching; Smith, Richard J. (1980), "The Military Challenge: The North-west and the Coast", ha Fairbank, John K.; Liu, Kwang-Ching (eds.), *Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911, Part 2*, Cambridge History of China, **11**, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 202–273, ISBN.
* Murphey, Rhoads (2007), *East Asia: A New History* (4th ed.), Pearson Longman, ISBN.
* Myers, H. Ramon; Wang, Yeh-Chien (2002), "Economic developments, 1644–1800", ha Peterson, Willard (ed.), *The Ch'ing Empire to 1800*, The Cambridge History of China, **9**, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 563–647, ISBN.
* Naquin, Susan; Rawski, Evelyn Sakakida (1987), *Chinese Society in the Eighteenth Century*, Yale University Press, ISBN.
* Perdue, Peter C. (2005), *China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia*, Harvard University Press, ISBN.
* Platt, Stephen R. (2012), *Autumn in the Heavenly Kingdom: China, the West, and the Epic Story of the Taiping Civil War*, Alfred A. Knopf, ISBN.
* Rawski, Evelyn S. (1998), *The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions*, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, ISBN. Paperback edition (2001) ISBN 978-0-520-92679-0.
* Reynolds, Douglas Robertson (1993), *China, 1898–1912 : The Xinzheng Revolution and Japan*, Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies Harvard University : Distributed by Harvard University Press, ISBN.
* Rowe, William T. (2002), "Social stability and social change", ha Peterson, Willard (ed.), *The Ch'ing Empire to 1800*, The Cambridge History of China, **9**, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 473–562, ISBN.
* —— (2009), *China's Last Empire: The Great Qing*, History of Imperial China, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ISBN.
* Spence, Jonathan D. (2012), *The Search for Modern China* (3rd ed.), New York: Norton, ISBN.
* Tejapira, Kasian (2001), "Pigtail: a prehistory of Chineseness in Siam", ha Tong, Chee Kiong; Chan, Kwok B. (eds.), *Alternate Identities: The Chinese of Contemporary Thailand*, Singapore: Times Academic Press, pp. 41–66, ISBN.
* Têng, Ssu-yü; Fairbank, John King, eds. (1954) [reprint 1979], *China's Response to the West: A Documentary Survey, 1839–1923*, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ISBN.
* Torbert, Preston M. (1977), *The Ch'ing Imperial Household Department: A Study of Its Organization and Principal Functions, 1662–1796*, Harvard University Asia Center, ISBN.
* Wakeman, Frederic (1986), *The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China*, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, ISBN.
* Wright, Mary Clabaugh (1957), *The Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism: The T'ung-Chih Restoration, 1862–1874*, Stanford: Stanford University Press, ISBN.
* Wu, Shuhui (1995), *Die Eroberung von Qinghai unter Berücksichtigung von Tibet und Khams 1717 - 1727: anhand der Throneingaben des Grossfeldherrn Nian Gengyao*, Volume 2 of Tunguso Sibirica (reprint ed.), Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN
* Zhao, Gang (2006), "Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century" (PDF), *Modern China*, **32** (1): 3–30, doi:10.1177/0097700405282349, JSTOR 20062627, ginhipos tikang han orihinal (PDF) han 25 Marso 2014.
* Bickers, Robert (2011), *The Scramble for China: Foreign Devils in the Qing Empire, 1832–1914*, Penguin, ISBN.
* Cotterell, Arthur (2007), *The Imperial Capitals of China - An Inside View of the Celestial Empire*, London: Pimlico, ISBN.
* Dunnell, Ruth W.; Elliott, Mark C.; Foret, Philippe; Millward, James A., eds. (2004), *New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde*, Routledge, ISBN.
* Esherick, Joseph; Kayalı, Hasan; Van Young, Eric, eds. (2006), *Empire to Nation: Historical Perspectives on the Making of the Modern World*, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN.
* Fairbank, John K.; Liu, Kwang-Ching, eds. (1980), *Late Ch'ing 1800–1911, Part 2*, The Cambridge History of China, **11**, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN.
* Owen, Stephen, "The Qing Dynasty: Period Introduction," in Stephen Owen, ed. *An Anthology of Chinese Literature: Beginnings to 1911*. New York: W. W. Norton, 1997. p. 909-914. ( Ginhipos 3 Marso 2016 han Wayback Machine).
* Paludan, Ann (1998), *Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors*, London: Thames & Hudson, ISBN.
* Peterson, Willard, ed. (2003), *The Ch'ing Empire to 1800*, The Cambridge History of China, **11**, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN.
* Rowe, William T. (2009), *The Great Qing*, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ISBN.
* Smith, Richard Joseph (1994), *China's Cultural Heritage: The Qing Dynasty, 1644–1912*, Westview Press, ISBN.
* Spence, Jonathan (1997), *God's Chinese Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan*, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN.
* Struve, Lynn A. (1968), *Voices from the Ming-Qing Cataclysm: China in Tigers' Jaws*, New Haven: Yale University Press, ISBN.
* —— (2004), *The Qing Formation in World-Historical Time*, Harvard University Asia Center, ISBN.
* Waley-Cohen, Joanna (2006), *The culture of war in China: empire and the military under the Qing dynasty*, I.B. Tauris, ISBN.
* Woo, X.L. (2002), *Empress dowager Cixi: China's last dynasty and the long reign of a formidable concubine: legends and lives during the declining days of the Qing dynasty*, Algora Publishing, ISBN.
* Zhao, Gang (2013), *The Qing Opening to the Ocean: Chinese Maritime Policies, 1684–1757*, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN.

### Historiograpiya

* Newby, L.J. (2011), "China: Pax Manjurica", *Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies*, **34** (4): 557–563, doi:10.1111/j.1754-0208.2011.00454.x.
* Ho, Ping-Ti (1967), "The Significance of the Ch'ing Period in Chinese History", *The Journal of Asian Studies*, **26** (2): 189–195, JSTOR 2051924.
* —— (1998), "In Defense of Sinicization: A Rebuttal of Evelyn Rawski's 'Reenvisioning the Qing'", *The Journal of Asian Studies*, **57** (1): 123–155, JSTOR 2659026.
* Rawski, Evelyn S. (1996), "Reenvisioning the Qing: The Significance of the Qing Period in Chinese History", *The Journal of Asian Studies*, **55** (4): 829–850, JSTOR 2646525.
* Waley-Cohen, Joanna (2004), "The New Qing History", *Radical History Review*, **88** (1): 193–206, doi:10.1215/01636545-2004-88-193. A review essay on revisionist works.

## Mga sumpay ha gawas

* Section on the Ming and Qing dynasties of "China's Population: Readings and Maps." Retrieved on 10 Nobyembre 2008.