# NASA

Milliy Aeronavtika va Fazo Maʼmuriyati
National Aeronautics and Space Administration|  |
| Maqomi |
Hukumat tashkiloti |
| Maqsadi |
Fazo tadqiqoti Aeronavtika Fan |
| Ishga tushgan sanasi |
29-iyul, 1958 |
| Joylashuvi |
Vashington, AQSh |
|  USA Charles Bolden |
| Vebsayti |
www.nasa.gov |

**NASA** (kengaytmasi: **National Aeronautics and Space Administration**, tarjimasi: *Milliy Aeronavtika va Fazo Maʼmuriyati*) AQSh hukumatining ijroiya tashkilotlaridan biri boʻlib, Qoʻshma Shtatlarning fuqaro aviatsiyasi, fazoviy dasturlari va aeronavtik tadqiqotlarini olib boradi. 2006-yil fevralidan NASA vazifasi fazoviy, ilmiy va aeronavtik tadqiqotlar olib borish, deb belgilandi.

NASA 1958-yili 29-iyulda *Milliy Aeronavtika va Fazo Akti* qabul qilinishi sababli tuzilgan. Ungacha bu kabi ishlar bilan NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics) shugʻullanar edi. Tashkilot 1958-yil 1-oktabridan ishga tushdi. Shu vaqtgacha NASA Amerikaning fazoviy tadqiqotlari, jumladan, Oyga parvoz, Skylab fazoviy stansiyasi, Space Shuttle loyihalari ustida muvaffaqiyatli ishladi. Hozir NASA Xalqaro Fazoviy Stansiya ishini taʼminlamoqda, Orion loyihasi ustida ishlamoqda.

NASA ning ilmiy boʻlimi Yer sayyorasini oʻrganadi, buning uchun u Earth Observing System tizimini qurgan. Shuningdek,boʻlim Quyosh fizikasi sohasida ishlar olib boradi. Quyosh tizimi jismlarini robotik ravishda tadqiq etadi. Umuman, astrofizikaga bogʻliq ishlar bilan shugʻullanadi.

## Boshqaruv

### Rahbariyat

Agentlikning boshqaruvi Vashington, DC shahridagi NASA qarorgohida joylashgan bo‘lib, umumiy rahbarlik va yo‘nalishni ta’minlaydi. Maxsus holatlar bundan mustasno, NASA fuqaro xizmati xodimlari AQSh fuqarolari bo‘lishi shart. NASA administratorini AQSh prezidenti tayinlaydi va bu tayinlov AQSh Senati tomonidan tasdiqlanishi lozim. Administrator prezidentning xohishiga ko‘ra bosh maslahatchi sifatida faoliyat yuritadi. Hozirgi administrator Bill Nelson bo‘lib, u 2021-yil 3-mayda prezident Joe Bidentomonidan tayinlangan.

Administrator Bill Nelson (2021–hozirgacha)
### Strategik reja

NASA quyidagi to‘rtta FY2022 strategik maqsad bilan faoliyat yuritadi.

* Yangi ilmiy kashfiyotlar orqali inson bilimlarini kengaytirish
* Insoniyatning Oyning sirtiga va Marsga uzoq muddatli barqaror izlanishlar, rivojlanish va foydalanish uchun yetib borishini ta'minlash
* Iqtisodiy o'sishni qo'llab-quvvatlash va innovatsiyalarni milliy muammolarni hal qilishga yo'naltirish
* Joriy va kelajakdagi missiyalar muvaffaqiyatini ta'minlash uchun imkoniyatlar va operatsiyalarni yaxshilash

### Budjet

NASA tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan budjet takliflari ma'muriyat tomonidan tasdiqlanib, AQSh Kongressiga taqdim etiladi. Taqdim etilgan byudjetlar Kongressning ikkala palatasi tomonidan qabul qilingan va AQSh prezidenti tomonidan qonuniylashtirilgan byudjetlardir.

Quyida **NASA**ning moliyaviy yil bo‘yicha byudjet so‘rovlari va tasdiqlangan byudjetlari ko‘rsatilgan.

| Yil | Byudjet so‘rovi (mlrd. AQSh dollari) | Tasdiqlangan byudjet (mlrd. AQSh dollari) | AQSh hukumati xodimlari |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2018 | $19.092 | $20.736 | 17,551 |
| 2019 | $19.892 | $21.500 | 17,551 |
| 2020 | $22.613 | $22.629 | 18,048 |
| 2021 | $25.246 | $23.271 | 18,339 |
| 2022 | $24.802 | $24.041 | 18,400 taxminan |

### Tashkilot

NASAning mablag'lari va ustuvor yo'nalishlari olti Missiya Boshqarmasi orqali ishlab chiqiladi.

| Missiya Boshqarmasi | Boshqaruvchi administratsiya | NASA byudjetining ulushi (FY22) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Aeronautics Research (ARMD) | Catherine A. Koerner | 4% |
| Exploration Systems Development (ESDMD) | James Free | 28% |
| Space Operations (SOMD) | Kenneth Bowersox | 17% |
| Science (SMD) | Nicola Fox | 32% |
| Space Technology (STMD) | Kurt Vogel  | 5% |
| Mission Support (MSD) | Robert Gibbs | 14% |

Markaziy bo‘limlar, masalan, Bosh Muhandis va Xavfsizlik va Missiyani Ta'minlash tashkilotlari qarorgoh vazifasiga muvofiqlashtirilgan. MSD budjetiga qarorgoh funksiyalari uchun mablag‘lar ham kiritilgan. Ma’muriyat mamlakat bo‘ylab bir nechta qo‘shimcha bo‘limlarni boshqaradigan 10 ta yirik markazlarga ega. Har biriga Markaz Direktori rahbarlik qiladi (quyidagi ma'lumotlar 2022-yil 1-sentabr holatiga ko'ra olingan).

| Markazlar | Asosiy joylashuv | Markaz Direktori |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ames Research Center | Mountain View, California | Eugene L. Tu |
| Armstrong Flight Research Center | Palmdale, California | Brad Flick (acting) |
| Glenn Research Center | Cleveland, Ohio | James A. Kenyon (acting) |
| Goddard Space Flight Center | Greenbelt, Maryland | Makenzie Lystrup |
| Jet Propulsion Laboratory | La Canada-Flintridge, California | Laurie Leshin |
| Johnson Space Center | Houston, Texas | Vanessa E. Wyche |
| Kennedy Space Center | Merritt Island, Florida | Janet Petro |
| Langley Research Center | Hampton, Virginia | Clayton Turner |
| Marshall Space Flight Center | Huntsville, Alabama | Jody Singer |
| Stennis Space Center | Hancock County, Mississippi | Richard J. Gilbrech |

## Galereya

NASA kosmik kemalarining Quyosh tizimi kuzatuvlari* Solar Dynamics Observatory tomonidan suratga olingan Quyosh rasmi, 2010
* *MESSENGER* tomonidan suratga olingan Merkuriy sayyorasi rasmi, 2008
* *Mariner 10* tomonidan suratga olingan Venera sayyorasi, 1974
* Apollo 17 ekipaji tomonidan suratga olingan Yer sayyorasi, 1972
* Apollo 8 ekipaji tomonidan suratga olingan Oy, 1968
* *Viking 1* tomonidan suratga olingan Mars sayyorasi, 1976
* *NEAR Shoemaker* tomonidan suratga olingan Asteroid 433 Eros, 2000
* Dwarf planet Ceres image by *Dawn*, 2015
* *Juno* tomonidan suratga olingan Yupiter sayyorasi, 2019
* Moon Io (Jupiter) image by *Galileo*, 1999
* *Cassini* tomonidan suratga olingan Saturn sayyorasi, 2016
* Moon Mimas (Saturn) image by *Cassini*, 2010
* *Voyager 2* tomonidan suratga olingan Uran sayyorasi, 1986
* Moon Miranda (Uranus) image by *Voyager 2*, 1986
* *Voyager 2* tomonidan suratga olingan Neptun sayyorasi, 1989
* *New Horizons* tomonidan suratga olingan Pluton kichik sayyorasi, 2015
* Moon Charon (Pluto) image by *New Horizons*, 2015

NASA Great Observatory images* Helix Nebula by Spitzer Space Telescope, 2007
* 1901 GK Persei supernova by Chandra X-ray Observatory, 2015
* Carina Nebula by Hubble Space Telescope, 2010
* Stephens quintet by James Webb Space Telescope, Jul 2022

NASA spacecraft* Comparison of Apollo, Gemini, and Mercury systems
* Surveyor 3, Pete Conrad, and Apollo 12 on the Moon, 1969
* Space Shuttle *Endeavor* in orbit, 2008
* Hubble Space Telescope released in orbit after servicing, 2009.
* James Webb Space Telescope now in orbit, 2022.
* *Opportunity* rover on surface of Mars (rendering), 2003
* *Curiosity* rover self-portrait on Mars, 2021
* *Perseverance* rover during Mars skycrane landing, February 2021
* *Voyager 2*, now 19.5 billion kilometers from the Earth, July 2022
* *Orion* spacecraft and European Service Module testing, 2020

NASA space launch systems* Saturn V and Apollo 11 at launch, Jul 1969
* Titan III/Centaur launching *Voyager 2* spacecraft, Jul 1977
* Delta II launching *Spirit* rover, Jun 2003
* Space Shuttle (STS-124) during launch, May 2008
* Space Launch System and Artemis 1 at launch, Nov 2022

Concepts and plans* Concept of space tug cargo transport to a Nuclear Shuttle, 1960s
* Space Tug concept, 1970s
* NASA Interstellar probe concept, 2022
* Langley's Mars Ice Dome design for a Mars habitat, 2010s
* Lunar Gateway space station, 2020
* NASA lunar outpost concept, 2006
* NASA concept for crewed floating outpost on Venus, 2014
* NASA concept for 2069 Alpha Centauri solar sail mission

## Manbalar

## Havolalar

* NASA sayti
* NASA Photos (Wayback Machine saytida 2010-11-12 sanasida arxivlangan) (Wayback Machine saytida 2010-11-12 sanasida arxivlangan)
* NASA Images
* NASA Television

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