# Kompyuta ya munthu payekha

Chithunzithunzi cha munthu wakujambula cha mrangura ya munthu payekha iyo yikaŵa mu vilimika vya m’ma 2000, iyo yili na chikwama cha chisulo na vinthu vyakupangira mrangura, chiwoneskero na kiyibodi ( mbeŵa yikulongoreka yayi)
**Mrangura wa munthu payekha**, iyo kanandi yikuchemeka kuti **PC** panji kuti *mrangura* waka, ni mrangura iyo yikupangika kuti munthu waliyose wagwiliskirenge ntchito. Kanandi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito pa milimo nga nkhulemba mazgu, kupenja pa Intaneti, kutumizga e-mail, kuseŵera vinthu vinandi, na kuseŵera maseŵero . Mamrangura gha ŵanthu ghakupangika kuti ghagwiliskirikenge ntchito na munthu uyo wakugwiliskira ntchito, m'malo mwa nkhwantha ya mirangura panji nkhwantha . Kupambana na mirangura ghakurughakuru ghakudura na mirangura ghakurughakuru, kugaŵana nyengo na ŵanthu ŵanandi pa nyengo yimoza kukugwiriskirika ncito yayi na mirangura gha munthu payekha. Lizgu lakuti home computer likayowoyekaso comene mu ma 1970 na 1980. Kwiza kwa mirangura na kusintha kwa vinthu mu caru vya pa Intaneti vyawovwira comene ŵanthu.

## Mazgu

Lizgu lakuti "mrangura ya munthu payekha" (PC) likugwiriskirika nchito pakuyowoya za mrangura iyo yikupangika kuti munthu waliyose wagwiriskirenge nchito. Nangauli pakwamba lizgu ili likuyowoya za mirangura ghachokoghachoko agho ghakukolerana na PC ya IBM, sono lizgu ili likukhwaska chomene mirangura ghose agho ghakupangika kuti munthu wagwiriskirenge ntchito, kusazgapo agho ghakugwiliskira ntchito mirangura ghanyake nga ni macOS panji Linux.

## Mbiri

Mbiri ya mirangura gha munthu payekha yikulongora umo ghakapangikira kufuma ku makina ghakurughakuru ghakuyana na chipinda m’paka ku vipangizo vichokovichoko, vyankhongono ivyo tikugwiliskira ntchito mazuŵa ghano.

### Kufuma

Vipangizo vyakwambilira vyakupangira mirangura nga ni ENIAC (1946) vikaŵa mirangura gha munthu payekha yayi kweni vikaŵika maziko gha mirangura gha digito. Fundo ya mrangura ya "munthu" yikawonekera mu vilimika vya m'ma 1960 apo ŵantchito ŵakaghanaghananga makina ghachokoghachoko, ghakusangika.

M'ma 1960

* 1964: Olivetti wakambiska mrangura ya Programma 101, iyo yikaŵa yimoza mwa mirangura ghakwamba gha pa mrangura.
* 1965: PDP-8 ya DEC, iyo yikaŵa mrangura yichoko, yikapangiska kuti ŵamalonda na mayunivesite ŵaŵe na mwaŵi wa kugwiliskira ntchito mrangura.

M'ma 1970

* Mu 1971: Pulosesa yakwamba ya Intel 4004 yikafumiskika.
* 1975: Altair 8800, iyo kanandi ŵakuti ndiyo yikaŵa mrangura yakwamba yaunenesko ya munthu payekha, yikaguliskika nga ni chipangizo.
* 1977: “Utatu” wa mirangura gha munthu payekha—Apple II, Commodore PET, na TRS-80—ukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵaŵe na ma PC.

M'ma 1980

* 1981: IBM yikambiska IBM PC, ndipo yikakhazikiska ndondomeko ya x86 kuŵa ndondomeko yikuru.
* 1983: Compaq wakafumiska PC yakwamba yakunyamulika iyo yikukolerana na IBM.
* Mu 1984: Macintosh wa Apple wakapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambe kugwiliskira ntchito pulogiramu ya vithuzithuzi (GUI).

M'ma 1990

* 1991: Linux, iyo yikaŵa pulogiramu yakujulika, yikapangika.
* 1995: Windows 95 ya Microsoft yikasintha umo PC yikugwiriskikira nchito na GUI yake yiwemi.
* Kukwera kwa intaneti kukapangiska kuti ma PC ghaŵe ghakuzirwa chomene kuti ŵanthu ŵayowoyanenge na kusanga uthenga.

## Mitundu

Mamrangura gha ŵanthu ghakuŵa ghakupambanapambana, ndipo limoza likukolerana na vinthu vyakupambanapambana.

### Kukhazikika

Yikupangika kuti yikhale pa malo ghakukhazikika.

#### Malo ghakugwilira ntchito

Mamrangura ghakugwira ntchito makora chomene agho ghakugwiriskirika nchito pa milimo yapadera nga ni 3D rendering panji kupanga mirangura gha sayansi.

#### mrangura ya pa mrangura

Nsanja ya chikhalidwe panji ndondomeko zose-mu-chimoza na ma monitor ghapadera.

### Yakunyamulika

Mamrangura agho ghapangika kuti ghaŵe ghakwendakwenda.

#### Kunyamulika

Mamrangura ghakale ghakunyamulika (e.g., Osborne 1) agho ghakaŵa ghakuzirwa ndipo ghakakhumbikwiranga nkhongono za AC.

#### Laputopu

Mamrangura ghachokoghachoko, ghakugwira ntchito na mabatire ghali na makiyibodi na vithuzithuzi.

#### Tableti

Vipangizo vyakukhwaska vyambura kiyibodi (mwachiyelezgero, iPad, Microsoft Surface).

#### Foni yamakono

Mamrangura gha mu mawoko agho ghali na nkhongono zakuchezgera pa foni (mwachiyelezgero, iPhone, vipangizo vya Android).

#### PC ya mafoni ghapachanya (UMPC)

Ma PC ghachoko, ghambura kulemera chomene agho ghali na ndondomeko yose yakugwiliskira ntchito (mwachiyelezgero, Sony VAIO UX).

#### PC ya mu thumba

Chigaŵa cha vipangizo vyakuyana na PDA ivyo vikugwira ntchito na Windows Mobile.

#### Ma PC gha pa palm na gha mu mawoko

Mamrangura ghakale gha mu thumba (mwachiyelezgero, Psion Series, HP 200LX).

## Vipangizgo

Vigaŵa vikuruvikuru ni ivi:

* Chigaŵa chapakati chakupangira vinthu (CPU)
* Kukumbukira (RAM)
* Kusungirako (HDD, SSD)
* Vipangizo vyakunjilirapo/vyakufumiskamo (kiyibodi, mbeŵa, monita)
* Chigaŵa chakupangira vithuzithuzi (GPU)

## Mapulogalamu

Mapulogalamu agho ghakovwira ma PC kuti ghachitenge milimo.

### Nthowa yakugwiliskira ntchito

Mapulogalamu ghakuzirwa ghakulaŵilira vyakugwiriskira ntchito na mapulogiramu (mwachiyelezgero, Windows, macOS, Linux).

### Mapulogalamu

Kupanga vinthu, kupanga vinthu, na mapulogalamu ghakovwira (mwachiyelezgero, Ofesi ya Microsoft, Adobe Photoshop).

### Kuseŵera

Maseŵera gha pa PC ghakusazgapo maudindo gha AAA, maseŵera gha indie, na emulators, kanandi ghakukhumbikwira ma GPU ghakujipeleka.

## Kuguliska

Msika wa PC wasintha na kusintha kwa ivyo ŵakugula ŵakukhumba.

### Kugaŵana kwa msika

Ŵanthu awo ŵakuseŵera chomene ni Lenovo, HP, Dell, Apple, na Acer.

### Mtengo wakuguliska wapakatikati

Mitengo yikupambana kufuma ku malaputopu gha bajeti (<$500) kufikira ku malo ghakugwilira ntchito ghapachanya (>$3000).

## Kukhwaska chilengiwa

Nkhawa zikusazgapo:

* E-waste kufuma ku vipangizo vyambura kugwira ntchito
* Kugwiriskira ncito nkhongono
* Kugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vyakofya
* Kuseŵezeskaso vinthu vyakale na kuyezgayezga kuti viŵe vyambura kumara

## Wonaniso

* Mbiri ya vyakupangapanga
* Mndandanda wa awo ŵakupanga vinthu vya pa mrangura
* Kuyezgelera ndondomeko zakugwiliskira ntchito

## Vyolemba

## Pobeka

* *Accidental Empires: How the boys of Silicon Valley make their millions, battle foreign competition, and still can't get a date*, Robert X. Cringely, Addison-Wesley Publishing, (1992), ISBN 0-201-57032-7
* *PC Magazine*, Vol. 2, No. 6, November 1983, "SCAMP: The Missing Link in the PC's Past?"

## malinki ghakuwalo

* How Stuff Works pages:
	+ Dissecting a PC
	+ How PCs Work
	+ How to Upgrade Your Computer
	+ How to Build a Computer
	+ Global archive with product data-sheets of PCs and Workstations

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