# Opera

*Macbeth* eka Nkhuvo wa Opera wa Savonlinna eXigodlhweni xa St. Olaf, eSavonlinna, eFinland, hi 2007
**Opera** i xivumbeko xa mintlangu ya mintlangu leyi eka yona vuyimbeleri byi nga xiphemu xa xisekelo naswona swiphemu swa drama swi tekiwa hi vayimbeleri . "Ntirho" wo tano (vuhundzuluxeri bya xiviri bya rito ra Xintariyana "opera") hi ntolovelo i ntirhisano exikarhi ka muqambhi na mutsari wa librettist naswona wu katsa nhlayo ya vutshila byo tlanga, ku fana na vuyimbeleri, swifaniso, swiambalo, naswona minkarhi yin'wana ku cina kumbe ballet . Hi ntolovelo ntlangu lowu wu endliwa endlwini ya opera, wu fambisana ni okhestra kumbe ntlawa lowutsongo wa vuyimbeleri, lowu ku sukela eku sunguleni ka lembe xidzana ra vu-19 a wu rhangela hi mufambisi wa vuyimbeleri . Hambileswi mintlango ya vuyimbeleri yi fambisanaka swinene ni opera, leswimbirhi swi tekiwa swi hambanile ni swin’wana.

Opera i xiphemu xa nkoka xa vuyimbeleri bya xikhale bya le Vupela-dyambu, naswona ngopfu-ngopfu ndhavuko wa le Italy. Eku sunguleni a yi twisisiwa tanihi xiphemu lexi yimbeleriwaka hi ku helela, ku hambana ni ntlangu lowu nga ni tinsimu, opera yi fike yi katsa tinxaka to tala, ku katsa ni tin’wana leti katsaka mbulavurisano lowu vulavuriwaka to tanihi *Singspiel* na *Opéra comique* . Eka tinomboro ta opera ta ndhavuko, vayimbeleri va tirhisa switayele swimbirhi swa vuyimbeleri: recitative, xitayili lexi hundzuriweke hi mbulavulo, na ti- aria leti ti tiyimeleke. Lembe-xidzana ra vu-19 ri vone ku andza ka drama ya vuyimbeleri leyi yaka emahlweni .

La Scala ya le Milan
Palais Garnier wa le Paris Opéra
Opera ya Mfumo ya Berlin
Opera yi sungule eItaly eku heleni ka lembe xidzana ra vu-16 (na Jacopo Peri ’s mostly lost *Dafne*, leyi humesiweke eFlorence hi 1598) ngopfu-ngopfu eka mintirho ya Claudio Monteverdi, ngopfu-ngopfu *L’Orfeo*, naswona hi ku hatlisa yi hangalake eYuropa hinkwaro: Heinrich Schütz eJarimani, Jean-Baptiste Lully eFurwa na Henry Purcell eNghilandhi hinkwavo va pfunetile eku simekeni ka mindhavuko ya vona ya tiko hi lembe-xidzana ra vu-17. Hi lembe-xidzana ra vu-18, opera ya le Italy yi hambete yi lawula xiphemu lexikulu xa Yuropa (handle ka Furwa), yi koke vaqambhi va matiko mambe vo tanihi George Frideric Handel . Opera seria akuri xivumbeko xa ndhuma swinene xa opera ya Italy, kufikela loko Christoph Willibald Gluck a angula eka ku endliwa ka yona hi ti opera ta yena ta "reform" hiva 1760s. Munhu la dumeke swinene eka opera ya le ku heleni ka lembe-xidzana ra vu-18 i Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, loyi a sunguleke hi ti- opera seria kambe a dume ngopfu hi ti- opera ta yena ta tikhomiki ta le Italy, ngopfu-ngopfu *The Marriage of Figaro* ( *Le nozze di Figaro* ), *Don Giovanni*, na *Così fan tutte*, . swin’we ni *Die Entführung aus dem Serail* ( *Ku tekeriwa swilo eka Seraglio* ), na *Xichayachayana xa Masalamusi* ( *Die Zauberflöte* ), leswi nga swikombiso swa nkoka eka ndhavuko wa Majarimani.

Xiphemu xosungula xa nharhu xa lembe xidzana ravu 19 xivonile xiyimo xale henhla xa xitayili xa bel canto, laha Gioachino Rossini, Gaetano Donizetti na Vincenzo Bellini hinkwavo ava tumbuluxa mintirho yo sayina ya xitayili xexo. Yi tlhele yi vona ku fika ka grand opera leyi kombisiweke hi mintirho ya Daniel Auber na Giacomo Meyerbeer swin’we ni ku nghenisa ka Carl Maria von Weber ka German Romantische Oper (German Romantic Opera). Exikarhi ka lembe xidzana ra vu-19 a ku ri nguva ya nsuku ya opera, leyi a yi rhangela ni ku lawuriwa hi Giuseppe Verdi eItaly na Richard Wagner eJarimani. Ku duma ka opera kuyile emahlweni kuya fika eka nguva ya verismo e Italy na opera ya manguva lawa ya French kuya fika eka Giacomo Puccini na Richard Strauss ekusunguleni ka lembe xidzana ravu 20. Hi lembe-xidzana ra vu-19, mindhavuko leyi fanaka ya opera yi humelele exikarhi ni le vuxeni bya Yuropa, ngopfu-ngopfu eRhaxiya ni le Bohemia . Lembe-xidzana ra vu-20 ri vone ku ringeta ko tala hi switayele swa manguva lawa, swo tanihi atonality na serialism ( Arnold Schoenberg na Alban Berg ), neoclassicism ( Igor Stravinsky ) na minimalism ( Philip Glass na John Adams ). Hi ku tlakuka ka thekinoloji yo rhekhoda, vayimbeleri vo tanihi Enrico Caruso na Maria Callas va tiveka hi vayingiseri vo tala swinene lava tlulaka xirhendzevutana xa varhandzi va opera. Ku sukela loko ku sunguriwe xiya-ni-moya ni thelevhixini, ti- opera a ti tlangiwa ni eka (naswona a ti tsaleriwe) swihaxa-mahungu leswi. Ku sukela hi 2006, tindlu to hlayanyana letikulu ta opera ti sungule ku humesa tivhidiyo leti hanyaka ta xiyimo xa le henhla ta vuyimbeleri bya tona eticinema emisaveni hinkwayo. Ku sukela hi 2009, mintlangu leyi heleleke yi nga dawunilodiwaka naswona yi haxiwa hi ku kongoma .