# Frederick Sanger

| Frederick Sanger |
| --- |
| Frederick Sanger |
| Doğum | 13 Ağustos 1918 Gloucestershire, İngiltere, Birleşik Krallık |
| Ölüm | 19 Kasım 2013 (95 yaşında) Cambridge, İngiltere, Birleşik Krallık |
| Vatandaşlık |  Birleşik Krallık |
| Eğitim | University of Cambridge |
| Ödüller |  Nobel Kimya Ödülü (1958)  Nobel Kimya Ödülü (1980) |
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| Kariyeri |
| Dalı | Biyokimya |
| Çalıştığı kurumlar | University of Cambridge Laboratory of Molecular Biology |
| Doktora danışmanı | Albert Neuberger |
| Doktora öğrencileri | Rodney Robert Porter Liz Blackburn |
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**Frederick Sanger,** (d. 13 Ağustos 1918, Rendcomb, Gloucestershire - ö. 19 Kasım 2013, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire) İngiliz biyokimyager. 1958 ve 1980 yıllarında 2 kez Nobel Kimya Ödülü kazanmıştır. 1958 yılında "proteinlerin, özellikle de insülinin yapısı üzerine çalışmaları için" Nobel Kimya Ödülü kazanmıştır ve bu ödülü aynı kategoride 2 kez kazanan tek kişidir. 1980 yılında da "nükleik asitlerdeki baz dizilerinin belirlenmesiyle ilgili katkıları nedeniyle" Walter Gilbert ile birlikte bu ödülü kazanmıştır. Aynı yıl ayrıca Paul Berg, "nükleik asitlerin, özellikle de rekombinant DNA'nın biyokimyası üzerine temel çalışmaları için" ödülü kazanan diğer isim olmuştur.

Sanger, Nobel Ödülü'ne iki kez layık görülen sadece dört kişiden biridir. Nobel Ödülü'nü iki kez kazanan diğer kişiler şunlardır: Marie Curie (1903'te fizik, 1911'de kimya), Linus Carl Pauling (1954'te kimya, 1962'de barış) ve John Bardeen (1956 ve 1972 fizik).

## Seçilmiş yayınları

* Sanger, F.; Tuppy, H. (1951a), "The amino-acid sequence in the phenylalanyl chain of insulin. 1. The identification of lower peptides from partial hydrolysates", *Biochemical Journal*, **49** (4), ss. 463-481, PMC 1197535 , PMID 14886310 .
* Sanger, F.; Tuppy, H. (1951b), "The amino-acid sequence in the phenylalanyl chain of insulin. 2. The investigation of peptides from enzymic hydrolysates", *Biochemical Journal*, **49** (4), ss. 481-490, PMC 1197536 , PMID 14886311 .
* Sanger, F.; Thompson, E.O.P. (1953a), "The amino-acid sequence in the glycyl chain of insulin. 1. The identification of lower peptides from partial hydrolysates", *Biochemical Journal*, **53** (3), ss. 353-366, PMC 1198157 , PMID 13032078 .
* Sanger, F.; Thompson, E.O.P. (1953b), "The amino-acid sequence in the glycyl chain of insulin. 2. The investigation of peptides from enzymic hydrolysates", *Biochemical Journal*, **53** (3), ss. 366-374, PMC 1198158 , PMID 13032079 .
* Sanger, F.; Thompson, E.O.p.; Kitai, R. (1955), "The amide groups of insulin", *Biochemical Journal*, **59** (3), ss. 509-518, PMC 1216278 , PMID 14363129 .
* Ryle, A.P.; Sanger, F.; Smith, L.F.; Kitai, R. (1955), "The disulphide bonds of insulin", *Biochemical Journal*, **60** (4), ss. 541-556, PMC 1216151 , PMID 13249947 .
* Brown, H.; Sanger, F.; Kitai, R. (1955), "The structure of pig and sheep insulins", *Biochemical Journal*, **60** (4), ss. 556-565, PMC 1216152 , PMID 13249948 .
* Sanger, F. (1959), "Chemistry of Insulin: determination of the structure of insulin opens the way to greater understanding of life processes", *Science*, **129** (3359), ss. 1340-1344, Bibcode:1959Sci...129.1340G, doi:10.1126/science.129.3359.1340, PMID 13658959 .
* Milstein, C.; Sanger, F. (1961), "An amino acid sequence in the active centre of phosphoglucomutase", *Biochemical Journal*, **79** (3), ss. 456-469, PMC 1205670 , PMID 13771000 .
* Marcker, K.; Sanger, F. (1964), "*N*-formyl-methionyl-S-RNA", *Journal of Molecular Biology*, **8** (6), ss. 835-840, doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(64)80164-9, PMID 14187409 .
* Sanger, F.; Brownlee, G.G.; Barrell, B.G. (1965), "A two-dimensional fractionation procedure for radioactive nucleotides", *Journal of Molecular Biology*, **13** (2), ss. 373-398, doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(65)80104-8, PMID 5325727 .
* Brownlee, G.G.; Sanger, F.; Barrell, B.G. (1967), "Nucleotide sequence of 5S-ribosomal RNA from *Escherichia coli*", *Nature*, **215** (5102), ss. 735-736, Bibcode:1967Natur.215..735B, doi:10.1038/215735a0, PMID 4862513 .
* Brownlee, G.G.; Sanger, F. (1967), "Nucleotide sequences from the low molecular weight ribosomal RNA of *Escherichia coli*", *Journal of Molecular Biology*, **23** (3), ss. 337-353, doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(67)80109-8, PMID 4291728 .
* Brownlee, G.G.; Sanger, F.; Barrell, B.G. (1968), "The sequence of 5S ribosomal ribonucleic acid", *Journal of Molecular Biology*, **34** (3), ss. 379-412, doi:10.1016/0022-2836(68)90168-X, PMID 4938553 .
* Adams, J.M.; Jeppesen, P.G.; Sanger, F.; Barrell, B.G. (1969), "Nucleotide sequence from the coat protein cistron of R17 bacteriophage RNA", *Nature*, **223** (5210), ss. 1009-1014, Bibcode:1969Natur.223.1009A, doi:10.1038/2231009a0, PMID 5811898 .
* Barrell, B.G.; Sanger, F. (1969), "The sequence of phenylalanine tRNA from *E. coli*", *FEBS Letters*, **3** (4), ss. 275-278, doi:10.1016/0014-5793(69)80157-2, PMID 11947028 .
* Jeppesen, P.G.; Barrell, B.G.; Sanger, F.; Coulson, A.R. (1972), "Nucleotide sequences of two fragments from the coat-protein cistron of bacteriophage R17 ribonucleic acid", *Biochemical Journal*, **128** (5), ss. 993-1006, PMC 1173988 , PMID 4566195 .
* Sanger, F.; Donelson, J.E.; Coulson, A.R.; Kössel, H.; Fischer, D. (1973), "Use of DNA Polymerase I Primed by a Synthetic Oligonucleotide to Determine a Nucleotide Sequence in Phage f1 DNA", *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA*, **70** (4), ss. 1209-1213, Bibcode:1973PNAS...70.1209S, doi:10.1073/pnas.70.4.1209, PMC 433459 , PMID 4577794 .
* Sanger, F.; Coulson, A.R. (1975), "A rapid method for determining sequences in DNA by primed synthesis with DNA polymerase", *Journal of Molecular Biology*, **94** (3), ss. 441-448, doi:10.1016/0022-2836(75)90213-2, PMID 1100841 .
* Sanger, F.; Nicklen, S.; Coulson, A.R. (1977), "DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors", *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA*, **74** (12), ss. 5463-5467, Bibcode:1977PNAS...74.5463S, doi:10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463, PMC 431765 , PMID 271968 . According to the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) database, by October 2010 this paper had been cited over 64,000 times.
* Sanger, F.; Air, G.M.; Barrell, B.G.; Brown, N.L.; Coulson, A.R.; Fiddes, C.A.; Hutchinson, C.A.; Slocombe, P.M.; Smith, M. (1977), "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage φX174 DNA", *Nature*, **265** (5596), ss. 687-695, Bibcode:1977Natur.265..687S, doi:10.1038/265687a0, PMID 870828 .
* Sanger, F.; Coulson, A.R. (1978), "The use of thin acrylamide gels for DNA sequencing", *FEBS Letters*, **87** (1), ss. 107-110, doi:10.1016/0014-5793(78)80145-8, PMID 631324 .
* Sanger, F.; Coulson, A.R.; Barrell, B.G.; Smith, A.J.; Roe, B.A. (1980), "Cloning in single-stranded bacteriophage as an aid to rapid DNA sequencing", *Journal of Molecular Biology*, **143** (2), ss. 161-178, doi:10.1016/0022-2836(80)90196-5, PMID 6260957 .
* Anderson, S.; Bankier, A.T.; Barrell, B.G.; De Bruijn, M.H.; Coulson, A.R.; Drouin, J.; Eperon, I.C.; Nierlich, D.P.; Roe, B.A. (1981), "Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome", *Nature*, **290** (5806), ss. 457-465, Bibcode:1981Natur.290..457A, doi:10.1038/290457a0, PMID 7219534 .
* Anderson, S.; De Bruijn, M.H.; Coulson, A.R.; Eperon, I.C.; Sanger, F.; Young, I.G. (1982), "Complete sequence of bovine mitochondrial DNA. Conserved features of the mammalian mitochondrial genome", *Journal of Molecular Biology*, **156** (4), ss. 683-717, doi:10.1016/0022-2836(82)90137-1, PMID 7120390 .
* Sanger, F.; Coulson, A.R.; Hong, G.F.; Hill, D.F.; Petersen, G.B. (1982), "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage λ DNA", *Journal of Molecular Biology*, **162** (4), ss. 729-773, doi:10.1016/0022-2836(82)90546-0, PMID 6221115 .
* Sanger, F. (1988), "Sequences, sequences, and sequences", *Annual Review of Biochemistry*, cilt 57, ss. 1-28, doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.57.070188.000245, PMID 2460023 .

## Kaynakça

## Konuyla ilgili yayınlar

* Finch, John (2008), *A Nobel Fellow on every floor: a history of the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology*, Cambridge: Medical Research Council, ISBN 978-1-84046-940-0 .
* Sanger, F.; Dowding, M. (1996), *Selected Papers of Frederick Sanger: with commentaries*, Singapore: World Scientific, ISBN 981-02-2430-3 .

## Dış bağlantılar

* The Sanger Institute 8 Ocak 2021 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.
* About the 1958 Nobel Prize10 Ekim 2012 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.
* About the 1980 Nobel Prize22 Ekim 2012 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.
* Fred Sanger 2001 Video Documentary by The Vega Science Trust
* National Portrait Gallery 25 Ekim 2008 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.
* Frederick Sanger interviewed by Alan Macfarlane, 24th August 2007 (film) 11 Nisan 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.
* *Interviews with Nobel Prize winning scientists: Dr Frederick Sanger*, British Broadcasting Corporation, c. 1985, 22 Eylül 2013 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi9 Mart 2013 . Interviewed by Lewis Wolpert. Duration 1 hour.