# Tek çenekliler

| Tek çenekliler Yaşadığı dönem aralığı: 145-0 myö Kretase-Günümüz PreЄЄOSDCPTJKPgN |
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| Buğday – ekonomik açıdan önemli bir tek çenekli |
| Biyolojik sınıflandırma  |
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| Âlem: | Plantae
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| Şube: | Tracheophyta
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| *Klad*: | Angiosperms
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| *Klad*: | **Monocots**  |

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| Tip cins |
| LiliumL. |
| Takımlar |
| * alismatid monocots

* Acorales
* Alismatales

* lilioid monocots

* Asparagales
* Dioscoreales
* Liliales
* Pandanales
* Petrosaviales

* commelinid monocots

* Arecales
* Commelinales
* Poales
* Zingiberales
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| Sinonimler |
| * Alternifoliae Bessey
* Endogenae DC.
* Lilianae Takht.
* Liliatae  Cronquist, Takht. & W.Zimm.
* Liliidae Takht.
* Liliopsida Batsch
* Monocotyleae Eichler
* Monocotyledoneae E.Morren ex Mez
* Monocotyledones
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**Tek çenekliler** (Liliopsida), **monokotiller** (ya da monokotiledon), çoğunlukla tek yıllık, palmiyeler haricindeki otsu bitkileri kapsayan çiçekli bitkiler sınıfıdır.

Tohumlarında bir çenek bulunduğu için "bir çenekliler" olarak isimlendirilen, bir çenekliler; 50.000 ve 60.000 arası (IUCN 21 Nisan 2006 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. sistemine göre) 59,300 bitki türünü kapsarlar. Bu gruptaki en büyük familya, yaklaşık yirmi bin tür sayısıyla orkidegillerdir. Ekonomik önemleri olan buğdaygiller, bu grubun en önemli familyası konumundadır. Diğer ekonomik önemi olan familyaları ise; palmiyegiller, muzgiller, zencefilgiller ve zambakgillerdir.

Bir çeneklilerin iletim demetleri genellikle dağınıktır. Kambiyum olmadığından normal sekonder kalınlaşma (enine büyüme) görülmez. Bu yüzden boyları uzun, gövdeleri incedir. Yaprakları genellikle ince uzun, paralel damarlı, kökleri saçaklıdır. Ana kök gelişimi erken durduğu için saçak kök sistemi bulunur. Çiçek parçaları genellikle üçlü olup, çiçek örtüsü çanak yaprak ve taç yaprak şeklinde farklılaşma göstermez.

Tek çenekliler ya da monokotiller, adından da anlaşılacağı gibi tohumlarında tek bir (mono-) kotiledon veya embriyonik yaprak içerir.

## Sınıflandırma

Topraktan çıkan (solda) bir "bir çenekli" ve (sağda) bir "iki çenekli" bitki.
Tarihte Monokotiller şöyle isimlendirilmişledir:

* **Monocotyledoneae** - "de Candolle" sistemi ve "Engler" sistemi.
* **Monocotyledon**lar - "Bentham & Hooker" sistemi ve "Wettstein" sistemi
* **Sınıf**: **Liliopsida** - "Takhtajan" sistemi ve Cronquist sistemi.
* **Alt sınıf**: **Liliidae** - "Dahlgren" sistemi ve "Thorne" sistemi (1992).
* **Dal**: **Monokotiller** - "APG sistemi", "APG II sistemi" ve "APG III sistemi"' ne göre.

Yukardaki bütün sistemler, bu grup için kendi taksonomilerini kullanırlar. Bir çenekliler, taksonomideki değişken konumuyla bilinirler.

Günümüzün moleküler çalışmaları, bir çeneklilerin akrabalık ilişkilerini açıklamaya yardımcı olmaktadır. APG III sistemi, bir çeneklileri bir takson olarak görmez, bunun yerine bu grubu monokotil dalına yerleştirir. Bu sisteme göre tek çenekliler; 11 takıma ve henüz herhangi bir takıma yerleştirilmemiş 1 familyaya ayrılırlar:

### Cladogram 1: APG IV (2016) için kapalı tohumlularda tek çeneklilerin filojenik durumu

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| **Cladogram 1: Phylogenetic position of the monocots within the angiosperms in APG IV (2016)**

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| kapalı tohumlular
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Amborellales

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Nymphaeales

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Austrobaileyales

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magnoliids

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Chloranthales

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|  | **monocots** |
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Ceratophyllales

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ödikotlar (iki çenekliler)

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basal angiosperms
core angiosperms
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### Cladogram 2: The phylogenetic composition of the monocots

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Cladogram 2: The phylogenetic composition of the monocots**

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **monocots** 131
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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Acorales

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Alismatales

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Petrosaviales

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Dioscoreales 115

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Pandanales 91

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Liliales 121

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Asparagales 120

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| commelinids 118
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Arecales

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Poales

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Zingiberales

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Commelinales

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Lilioid monocots
Alismatid monocots
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### Dal (klad): Monocots (Monokotiller) (Tek çenekliler)

* Acorales Takımı Link
	+ Acoraceae Martinov
* Alismatales Takımı R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
	+ §Alismataceae Vent. (Limnocharitaceae Takht. ex Cronquist'yi içine alır.)
	+ Aponogetonaceae Planch.
	+ Araceae Juss. (Yılanyastığıgiller)
	+ Butomaceae Mirb.
	+ Cymodoceaceae Vines
	+ Hydrocharitaceae Juss.
	+ Juncaginaceae Rich.
	+ Posidoniaceae Vines
	+ Potamogetonaceae Bercht. & J.Presl
	+ Ruppiaceae Horan.
	+ Scheuchzeriaceae F.Rudolphi
	+ Tofieldiaceae Takht.
	+ Zosteraceae Dumort.
* †Petrosaviales Takımı Takht.
	+ Petrosaviaceae Hutch.
* Dioscoreales Takımı R.Br.
	+ Burmanniaceae Blume
	+ Dioscoreaceae R.Br.
	+ Nartheciaceae Fr. ex Bjurzon
* Pandanales Takımı R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
	+ Cyclanthaceae Poit. ex A.Rich.
	+ Pandanaceae R.Br.
	+ Stemonaceae Caruel
	+ Triuridaceae Gardner
	+ Velloziaceae J.Agardh
* Liliales TakımıPerleb
	+ §Alstroemeriaceae Dumort. (Luzuriagaceae Lotsy'yi içine alır.)
	+ Campynemataceae Dumort.
	+ Colchicaceae DC.
	+ Corsiaceae Becc.
	+ Liliaceae Juss. (Zambakgiller)
	+ Melanthiaceae Batsch ex Borkh.
	+ \*Petermanniaceae Hutch.
	+ Philesiaceae Dumort.
	+ Ripogonaceae Conran & Clifford
	+ Smilacaceae Vent.
* Asparagales Takımı Link
	+ $Amaryllidaceae J.St.-Hil. (Nergisgiller) (Agapanthaceae F.Voigt ve Alliaceae Borkh. (Soğangiller)'i içine alır.)
	+ $Asparagaceae Juss. (Agavaceae Dumort. (Sabırgiller veya Agavgiller), Aphyllanthaceae Burnett, Hesperocallidaceae Traub, Hyacinthaceae Batsch ex Borkh., Laxmanniaceae Bubani, Ruscaceae M.Roem., Themidaceae Salisb.'yi içine alır.)
	+ Asteliaceae Dumort.
	+ Blandfordiaceae R.Dahlgren & Clifford
	+ Boryaceae M.W.Chase, Rudall & Conran
	+ Doryanthaceae R.Dahlgren & Clifford
	+ Hypoxidaceae R.Br.
	+ Iridaceae Juss. (Süsengiller)
	+ Ixioliriaceae Nakai
	+ Lanariaceae R.Dahlgren & A.E.van Wyk
	+ Orchidaceae Juss. (Salepgiller veya Orkidegiller)
	+ Tecophilaeaceae Leyb.
	+ $Xanthorrhoeaceae Dumort. (Asphodelaceae Juss. ve Hemerocallidaceae R.Br.'yi içine alır.)
	+ Xeronemataceae M.W.Chase, Rudall & M.F.Fay

### Dal (klad): Commelinids (Kommelinidler)

* Dasypogonaceae Familyası Dumort. (Bir takım içinde yer verilmemiştir)
* Arecales Takımı Bromhead
	+ Arecaceae Bercht. & J.Presl (Palmiyegiller)
* Commelinales Takımı Mirb. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
	+ Commelinaceae Mirb.
	+ Haemodoraceae R.Br.
	+ Hanguanaceae Airy Shaw
	+ Philydraceae Link
	+ Pontederiaceae Kunth
* Poales Takımı Small
	+ Anarthriaceae D.F.Cutler & Airy Shaw
	+ Bromeliaceae Juss. (Ananasgiller)
	+ Centrolepidaceae Endl.
	+ Cyperaceae Juss. (Papirüsgiller)
	+ Ecdeiocoleaceae D.F.Cutler & Airy Shaw
	+ Eriocaulaceae Martinov
	+ Flagellariaceae Dumort.
	+ Joinvilleaceae Toml. & A.C.Sm.
	+ Juncaceae Juss.
	+ Mayacaceae Kunth
	+ Poaceae Barnhart (Buğdaygiller)
	+ Rapateaceae Dumort.
	+ Restionaceae R.Br.
	+ Thurniaceae Engl.
	+ §Typhaceae Juss. (Sparganiaceae Hanin'yi içine alır.)
	+ Xyridaceae C.Agardh
* Zingiberales Takımı Griseb.
	+ Cannaceae Juss.
	+ Costaceae Nakai
	+ Heliconiaceae Vines
	+ Lowiaceae Ridl.
	+ Marantaceae R.Br.
	+ Musaceae Juss. (Muzgiller)
	+ Strelitziaceae Hutch.
	+ Zingiberaceae Martinov (Zencefilgiller)

## Kullanımlar

Tek çenekliler ekonomik ve kültürel açıdan en önemli bitkiler arasındadır, tahıl taneleri ve nişastalı kök mahsulleri, palmiyeler, orkideler ve zambaklar dünyadaki temel besinlerin çoğunu oluştururken birçokları da inşaat malzemesi ve ilaç olarak kullanılır. Tek çeneklilerden olan otlar, bir hayvan ve insan gıdası kaynağı olarak çok büyük ekonomik öneme sahiptir ve üretilen biyokütle bakımından tarım türlerinin en büyük bileşenini oluşturmaktadır.

## Notlar

## Kaynakça

## Bibliyografya

## Dış bağlantılar

Vikitür'de konuyla ilgili taksonomik bilgiler bulunur:
Monocots

Wikimedia Commons'ta Tek çenekliler ile ilgili ortam dosyaları mevcuttur.