# toki Osan

| toki Osan
 *台山话/台山話/臺山話* |
| --- |
| ma | ma Sonko
* ma Osan

ma ante pi jan Osan |
| kulupu toki | Sonko Po
* Sonko
	+ Ju
		- Sije
			* Osan
 |
| nasin sitelen | sitelen Sonko |
| nanpa toki |
| Glottolog | `tois1237` |
| Linguasphere | `79-AAA-mbc` |

**toki Osan** anu **toki Tasan** anu **toki Tosan** (toki Sonko la: *台山话/台山話/臺山話*), li toki pi kulupu toki Ju tan ma Osan pi ma Konton.

toki Osan en toki Konton li jo e mama sama. taso, toki Osan en toki Konton la linja toki pi ken sona li lili. toki Konton li mama ala pi toki Osan. jan li toki e toki Osan lon ma Sije pi ma Konton. tenpo sin pi tenpo sike ale nanpa 19 en tenpo majuna pi tenpo sike ale nanpa 20 la jan pi ma Sije (ma Osan li lon ma Sije) li tawa ma Nosamelika li jan mute nanpa wan pi ma Sonko lon ma Nosamelika. ni la tenpo tawa pi meso pi tenpo sike ale nanpa 20 la toki Osan li toki nanpa wan pi kulupu toki Sonko lon ma tomo lili pi jan Sonko lon ma Kanata lon ma Mewika. tenpo tawa la toki Osan li toki linja pi jan pi ma Sonko lon ma ante lon ma Mewika.

## kalama

### kalama open

|  | uta | nena uta | sewi kiwen | sewi ko | lupa uta |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| kalama suli | kalama lili | kalama suli |
| nena | m1 | n1 |  |  |  | ŋ1 |  |
| pini | monsi nena | ᵐb1 | ⁿd1 |  |  |  | ᵑɡ1 |  |
| pana kon ala | p | t | t͡s2 | t͡ɕ2 |  | k | ʔ |
| pana kon | pʰ | tʰ | t͡sʰ2 | t͡ɕʰ2 |  | kʰ |  |
| kon tawa | wawa ala | f | ɬ | s2 | ɕ2 |  |  | h |
| wawa | v |  |  | ʒ3 |  |  |  |
| kon poka |  | l |  |  | j3,4 | w5 |  |

1. /m/, /n/, /ŋ/ li kalama pi ken sama tawa /ᵐb/, /ⁿd/, /ᵑɡ/. /ŋ/ li ken open kalama li ken pini kalama. mute la /ŋ/ li kama nena ala, sama 耳 /ŋi/ [ŋɡi] 'kute', 飲/饮 /ŋim/ [ŋɡim] 'moku telo'，魚 /ŋuy/ [ŋɡui] 'kala', 月 /ŋut/ [ŋɡut] 'mun'. nimi sama 牙 /ŋa/ 'kiwen uta', 我 /ŋoy/ 'mi' la, kama nena ala li sama lon ala. sinpin kalama [o] la, /ŋ/ li kama uta lupa. o lukin: 東 /uŋ/ 'open suno', 紅 /huŋ/ 'loje'.
2. kalama lili nanpa wan li sewi (/i/, /u/) la, /t͡ɕ/, /t͡ɕʰ/, /ɕ/ li kalama pi ken sama tawa /t͡s/, /t͡sʰ/, /s/.
3. /j/ li kalama pi ken sama tawa /ʒ/.
4. /i/ li kalama meso la /j/ li ken.
5. /u/ li kalama meso la /w/ li ken.

### kalama lili

|  | sinpin | meso | monsi |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| sewi | /i/1 |  | /u/2 |
| insa sewi | /e/ | /ə/3 |  |
| insa anpa | /ɛ/ | /ɔ/ |
| anpa | /a/ |  |  |

1. /i/ li lili la ona li ken [j].
2. /u/ li lili la ona li ken [w].
3. /ə/ li ken kepeken uta lupa.

### kalama pini

| open | -a- | -e- | -ɵ~ə- | -i- | -u- | -∅- |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| insa | ∅- | i- | u- | ∅- | ∅ | ∅- | ∅- | ∅- |
| pini | -∅ | [a] | [iɛ] | [uɔ] |  |  | [i] | [u] |  |
| -i | [ai] |  | [uɔi] | [ei] |  |  | [ui] |  |
| -u | [au] | [iau] |  | [eu] |  | [iu] |  |  |
| -m | [am] | [iam] |  | [em] |  | [im] |  | [m] |
| -n | [an] |  | [uɔn] | [en] |  | [in] | [un] |  |
| -ŋ | [aŋ] | [iaŋ] | [ɔŋ] |  | [ɵŋ] ~ [əŋ] |  |  |  |
| -p | [ap] | [iap] |  | [ep] |  | [ip] |  |  |
| -t | [at] |  | [uɔt] | [et] | [ɵt] ~ [ət] | [it] | [ut] |  |
| -k | [ak] | [iak] | [ɔk] |  | [ɵk] ~ [ək] |  |  |  |

## kalama pi pana kon

| kalama pi pana kon | nasin pi kalama pi pana kon | lukin | kalama ante pi pana kon | nanpa Chao | nanpa Jyutping pi kalama pi pana kon |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| sewi (yin shang) | ˥ (55) | hau˥ 口 (uta) | (ala) | - | 2 |
| meso (yin ping) | ˧ (33) | hau˧ 偷 (lanpan) | meso, tawa sewi | ˧˥ (35) | 1 |
| anpa (yang ping) | ˨ or ˩ (22 or 11) | hau˨ 頭 (lawa) | anpa, tawa sewi | ˨˥ (25) | 4 |
| meso, tawa anpa | ˧˩ (31) | hau˧˩ 皓 (suno) | meso, tawa anpa, tawa sewi | ˧˨˥ (325) | 6 |
| anpa, tawa anpa (yang shang) | ˨˩ (21) | hau˨˩ 厚 (suli ko) | anpa, tawa anpa, tawa sewi | ˨˩˥ (215) | 5 |

| nimi pi kalama pi pana kon | ante ala *píng* *平* | tawa sewi *shǎng* *上* | tawa *qù* *去* | kama *rù* *入* |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| sewi *yīn* *陰* | *高* | ˧ (33) | ˥ (55) | ˧ (33) | ˥ (5) |
| *低* | ˧ (3) |
| anpa *yáng* *陽* | *高* | ˨ anu ˩ (22 anu 11) | ˨˩ (21) | ˧˨ anu ˧˩ (32 anu 31) | ˧˨ anu ˧˩ (32 anu 31) |
| *低* | ˨˩ (21) |

## tan sona