# Bechuanaland

**Bechuanaland** e ne e le lefatshe mo borwa jwa Aforika le le neng le le mo tshireletsong le tlhokomelo ya lefatshe la United Kingdom go simolola ka ngwaga wa sekete , makgolo a robobobedi le masome a robaboedi le botlhao (1885) kgwedi ya Mopitlo e le malatsi a le masome a mararo le bongwe. Le ne la fetoga go nna Republic of Botswana ka ngwaga wa sekete , makgolo a robabogwe le masome a marataro le borataro (1966) kgwedi ya Lwetse e le malatsi a le masome a mararo, dingwaga dile thataro morago ga phathi ya sepolotiki ya Bechunaland Democratic Party e sena go tlhomamisiwa ke Rre Seretse Khama

## Ditso

Morongwa wa lotso lwa Scottish John Mackenzie o o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete ,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mararo le botlhano (1835) a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa wa sekete ,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe (1899), o a neng a tsena kereke ya London Missionary Society (LMS), a nna kwa motseng wa Shoshong go tswa ka ngwaga wa wa sekete ,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro le bobedi (1862) go tsena ka wa wa sekete ,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a supa le borataro (1876), o ne a dumela gore Bangwato le ma Aforika a mangwe ba a neng a bereka le bone ba ne ba tshosediwa ke batho ba ba itsege e le ba lotso lwa Seburu go tswa kwa borwa. O ne a bolotsa letsholo la go simolodisa lefatshe la Bechuanaland mo tlhokomelong ya Britain.

Mo lokwalong lwa gagwe lwa *Austral Africa: losing it or Ruling it*, Mackenzie o ranola ditiragalo tse di bakileng go simolodisiwa ga lefatshe le la tshireletso. Ka thotloetso ya ga Mackenzie, ka ngwaga wa wa sekete ,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le botlhano (1885) kgwedi ya Ferikgong, palamente ya Britain e ne ya tsaya tshwetso ya go romela setlhopha sa masole kwa Aforika Borwa ba ya go gatelela bolaodi jwa Britain mo lefelong leo. Sir Charles Warren o ne a etelela pele sesole sa batho ba le dikete di le nne go tswa kwa Cape Town. Morago ga go diragatsa ditumalano le magosi a mafatshe a Aforika a le mmalwa, Warren o ne a bolela fa tshireletso ya lefatshe e simologa ka ngwaga wa 1885 kwegi ya Mopitlo. Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse gone mo ngwageng o o, lefatshe la Batswana kwa borwa jwa noka ya Molopo le ne la tsewa ke puso ya bokolone ya British Bechuanaland. Mackenzie o ne a na le Warren , mme lokwalo lwa Austral Africa lo fa tlhaloso ya ditiragalo tse.

Bechuanaland o ne a raya "lefatshe la Batswana" mme le ne la kgaogangwa gabedi. Kwa bokone go ne ga tsamaisiwa e le lefatshe la Bechanaland fa kwa borwa go ne ga tsamaisiwa e le kolone ya British Bechuanaland. British Bechuanaland o ne a tsenngwa mo koloneng ya Cape Colony ka ngwaga wa wa sekete ,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le botlhano (1895) mme janong ke bontlha bongwe jwa lefatshe la Aforika Borwa.

Bokone jwa lefatshe e bong Bechuanaland Protectorate, bo ne bo le botona jwa 225,000 miles le palo ya batho ya dikete di le lekgolo, masome a mabedi le makgolo a supa, masome a supa le borataro. Lefelo leo le ne le nniwa ke merafe e metona ya Batswana e le meraro: Bangwato, Bakwena le Bangwaketse, ga mmogo le merafe e mebotlana jaaka Balete le Bakgatla. Ba bangwe ba ba neng ba nna foo e ne e le ditlogolwana tsa ba ba simolotseng go nna foo e bong Basarwa le Bakalaka ba ba neng ba gapetswe lefatshe ke Batswana ka nako ya fa go fudugelwa kwa borwa.

Puso ya Britain e ne e solofetse go neela lefatshe la Rhodesia kgotsa Aforika Borwa tsamaiso ya lefatshe, mme baganetsi ba Batswana ba tsaya tshetswo ya go sala mo tlhokomelong ya molao wa Britain go fitlhelela leaftshe le tsaya boipuso ka ngwaga wa wa sekete ,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borataro (1966).

Bechuanaland Protectorate e ne lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le ikemetse e seng le le ka fa tlase ga puso ya lefatshe le lengwe. Kwa tshimologong baeteledipele ba Batswana ba ne ba neetswe nonofo mme tsamaiso ya lefatshe e neetswe sepodisi go sireletsa melelwane kgatlhanong le mafatshe a mangwe a Europe a a neng a ka tsaya lefatshe a le busa. Ka ngwaga wa wa sekete ,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le bongwe (1891), ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong a le malatsi a ferabongwe, puso ya Britain e ne ya neela tsamaiso ya lefatshe High Commissioner for South Africa, o a neng a simolola go tlhopha babusi kwa Bechuanaland.

Lefatshe le ne le tsamaisiwa go tswa kwa Mafikeng, seo se ne se tsala seemo se se sa tlwaelegang gore toropokgolo ya lefatshe e nne kwa ntle ga lefatshe leo. Kgaolo ya Mafikeng(gotswa ka ngwaga wa wa sekete ,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi (1980) ene e tsentswe mo Bophuthatswana Mfikeng, ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome (2010) ya nna Mahikieng) e ne e bidiwa 'The Imperial Reserve'. Ka ngwaga wa wa sekete ,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le botlhano (1885), ha Bechunalnd a bolelwa jaaka kgaolo e e sireleditsweng, one a tshwaragane le bokone ka ditekanyo tsa mola tsa equator ka 22° south.Molelwane wa bokone wa lefelo le le sireleditsweng on wa okediwa ke Ba-Boritshe go ya kwa bokone go akaretsa Ngamilang, eka nako eo e neng e buswa ke Ba-Tawana ka ngwaga wa wa sekete ,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe (1890), kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ele masome a mararo. Kgang eo, ene ya amogelwa semmuso ke lefatshe la Jeremane le le latelang ka karolo ya Boraro ya Tumalano ya Heligoland-Zanzibar, e e neng ya tlhomamisa molelwane wa bophirima wa lefelo la itshireletso la Britain la Bechunalnd le la Jeeremane la Itshireletso la Aforika Borwa-Bophirima gape le go bopa kgaolo ya Caprivi e e setseng e amogetswe ke Namibia ya segompieno.

Kwa Borwa- bophirima jwa Aforika, lefelo le le laolwang ke Jeremane le tlhaloswa jana:

1. kwa borwa go kgaolwa ke mola o simologang kwa molomong wa Noka ya Orange o bo o ya ntlheng ya bokone jwa yone fo fitlha e kopana le mola wa bogare wa boleele wa ditekanyo ts equator wa masome a mabedi kwa botlhaba.
2. kotlase le ene kwa botlhabanng ka mola o o simololang kwa lefelong le le builweng pele o bo o latela bogareng jwa mola wa ntlha ya botlhabanng jwa masome a bobedi go ya kwa o kopanang le mola wa ntlha ya borwa ta bo 22°. Mola o o tswa foo o latela tekanyo e bophara jwa lefatshe goya botlhabeng go fitha o kgatlhana le mola o boleele jwa lefatshe wa degre tse di masome a mabedi le bongwe (21) botlhaba, o bo o o latela mola o wa boleele oya kwa bokone go fitlha o kgatlhana le mola wa bophara jwa lefatshee wa digre tse lesome le boferabobedi(18), mme o tsamae le mola o bophara go ya kwa botlhabeng go fitlha o kgatlhana le Noka ya Chobe.Go tswa fano e welela ko tlase go fitlha e kopana le noka ya Zambezi ko e felang teng . Go tlhaloganysesa gore tumalano e , efa lefatshe la Jeremane tetla ya go tsena ka kgololesego go tswa mo kgaolong ye e sireleditswng (protectorate) go ya kwa Zambezi ka mokgwa wa mola wa lefatshe o o seng kwa tlase ga dikilimetara dile masome a mararo le bobedi (2omiles) ka bophara ntlha nngwe le nngwe. Mafelo a a laolwang ke Great Britain a kgoreleditswe ka fa bophirima le bokone-bophirima ke mola o o builweng pele, mme a akaretsa letsha la Ngami.

Badiredi ba puso yaga Mmamosadinyana ba gorogile mo kgaolong ya Ngamiland mo ngwageng wa wa sekete ,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le bone (1894)

Molao wa Tati Concessions Land Act wa Ferikgong a tlhola masome a mabedi le motso ka ngwaga wa sekete, makolo a robabongwe le lesome le motso (1911) one wa fetisetsa lefelo le lesha la botlhaba kwa tshireletsong.

Go tswa fa noka ya Shashe e simolgang teng goya kwa thulanong ya yone le dinoka tsa Tati le Ramokgwebana , go ya ka Noka ya Ramokgwebana go ya kwa e simologang teng, mme go tswa foo go latela mogopo wa metsi wa dinoka tseo.

Kgaolo eno e kile yabo ele ya Matebeleland. Ka ngwaga wa wa sekete ,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le botlhano (1895), ba (British South Africa Company) ba ne ba leka go tsaya kgaolo eno, mme dikgosi tsa Botswana e bong Bathoen 1, Khama lll le Sebele l bane ba ya kwa Lontone go ka ngongorega mme ba atlega go thibela BSAC. Kgaolo eno gompieno ke yone kgaolo ya Bokone-Botlhaba ya Botswana.

Go feta moo, lefelo la borwa jwa Bechunaland lene la amiwa thata ke bolwetsejwa leruarua jwa Aforika (bolwane) jwa dingwaga tsa wa sekete ,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe (1890), jo bo neng jwa senya itsholelo ya lefatshe ka nakwana.

## Polotiki

Kitsiso ya tshireletso e e neng e bolelwa ke kgaolo ye ntsha ya puso yaga Mmamosadinyana Bechunaland Protectoraye ( eleng Botswana) kwa borwa, di ne di diretswe segolo bogolo go thibela mafatshe a Jeremane, Portugal , le Maburu go atolosa madbelo a bone.

Go fapana le se se neng se begwa ke Warren le ba bangwe ka nako eo, gase dikgosi tsotlhe ts di neng di amegile mo tshireletsong ya Mmamosadinyana (protectorate) tse di neng di e batla. Kgosi e e neng ena le thata go di feta tsotlhe , e ne ele Kgosi Khama III, yo o neng a na le tshegetso e kgolo go tswa kwa pusong yaga Mmamosadinyana. Mme a ratiwa thata bogolo jang ke batho ba ba neng ba rera enfagedi kwa Borithane. O ne a dirisana thata le masole a Boritane, mme a thibela lefatshe la gagwe le le legolo, le le se nang batho ba bantsi gore le seka la tsenwa ke batswa kwa, go tswa Aforika Borwa.

Morwa Khama , e bong Sekgoma II, yo mogolwane one a nna kgosi ya Bamangwato morago ga leso lwa ga Khama ka 1923. Morwa yo mogolo wa ga Sekgoma II o ne a bidiwa Seretse. Mo botshelong jwa gagwe, Khama one a tlogelwa ke mosadi ( a na ale motlholagadi)mme a nyala gape makgetho ale mmalwa. Mosadi mongwe , e bong Semane, o ne a nna le morwa yo o bidiwang Tshekedi.

Puso yaga Sekgoma II ene ya nna ngwaga fela , mme ya tlogela morwae e bong Seretse, yo o neng a santse a le lesea ka nako eo, jaaka mojalefa yo o tshwanetsweng wa bogosi (Tshekedi one a se mo molaong wa bogosi ka ane a sa tswa mo go morwa yo mogolo waga Khama e bong Sekgoma II). Ka jalo , go ya ka ngwao, Tshekedi one a nna motshwarelela bogosi go fitlhela Seretse a gola mo a ka kgonang go tsaya bogosi. Phetisetso ya boikarabelo go tswa go Tshekedi go ya go Seretse ene ya rulaganngwa go diragala morago ga gore Seretse a boele gae a tswa dithutong tsa mlao kwa mafatsheng a sele a Boritane.

Sebaka se Kgosi Tshekedi Khama a se tserenng ele motshwarelela bogosi wa Bamangwato , o gakologelwa thata ka go oketsa mephato go agela morafe dikolo tsa dithuto tse di botlana, matlo a piolokelo ya mabele, le didiba tsa metsi. o ne a lwa le puso ya ga Mmamosadinyana ka ga tsamaiso le taolo ya ga Ngwato . le go rarabolola kgaogano e kgolo ya morafe fa Serete a ne a nyala mosadi wa Lekgowa, Ruth Williams.

Tshekedi one ale kgatlhanong le lenyalo leo ka mabaka a gore , goya ka ngwao ya Setswana, kgosi ga e kake ya itseela tshwetso ya go nyala ka fa e ratang ka teng. Ene e le motlhanka wa morafe, bogosi jone bone bo aperwe ke kobo ye ntsho. Seretse o ne a fapaana le mafoko a bone mme a nyala Ruth, one a mo nyala jalo nako ya fa a leleketswe Britain ka ngwaga wa 1948. Megopolo ya morafe ka lenyalo e ne ya farologana ka bogare ka go latelana ga dingwaga: bagolo ba ne ba dumalana le Tshekedi, fa ba bannye bone ba ema Seretse nokeng. Kwa pheleletsong, balaodi ba ga Mmamosadinyana ba ne ba leleka banna ba babedi bano ( Tshekedi mo kgaolong ya Mmangwato, mme Seretse mo Botswana otlhe). Dikgoberego dine tsa tsoga mme batho ba bangwe ba ne ba latlhegelwa ke matshelo.

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