# Letlhatso le Letshololo

| Cholera |
| --- |
| Maina a mangwe | Asiatic cholera, epidemic cholera |
|  |
| A person with severe dehydration due to cholera causing sunken eyes and wrinkled hands and skin. |
| Specialty | Infectious disease |
| Dikai | Large amounts of watery diarrhea, vomiting, muscle cramps |
| Ditamorago | Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance |
| Ditshimologo tse ditwaelesegileng | 2 hours to 5 days after exposure |
| Duration | A few days |
| Causes | *Vibrio cholerae* spread by fecal-oral route |
| Risk factors | Poor sanitation, not enough clean drinking water, poverty |
| Diagnostic method | Stool test |
| Prevention | Improved sanitation, clean water, hand washing, cholera vaccines |
| Treatment | Oral rehydration therapy, zinc supplementation, intravenous fluids, antibiotics |
| Frequency | 1.3–4 million people a year |
| Deaths | 28,800 (2015) |

**Letlhatso le Letshololo** ke tshwaetsego ya mala a mannye ka mefuta mengwe ya baketeria *ya Vibrio cholerae*. Dikai e ka nna tse di ko tase, tse di fa gare ya ko go tse di masisi. Sekai sa bogologolo ke letshololo le lentsi le le metsi le le tsayang malatsi a le mmalwa. Go kgwa le go tshwarwa ke dikerempe le gone go ka diragala. Letshololo le ka nna maswe thata mo diureng di se kae fela mo le felelang ka go felelwa ke metsi mo mmeleng le go tlhoka tekatekano ga eleketerolaete. Seno se ka felela ka gore matlho a wele, letlalo le nne tsididi, letlalo le se ka la tlhola le ela le go tsutsubana ga diatla le maoto. Go felelwa ke metsi mo mmeleng go ka dira gore letlalo le fetoge go nna botala jwa llewapi. Dikai di ka simolola diura di le pedi go ya go malatsi a matlhano morago ga go iponatsa.

Letlhatso le Letshololo le bakwa ke mefuta e le mmalwa ya *Vibrio cholerae*, mme mefuta mengwe e ntsha bolwetse jo bo maswe thata go feta e mengwe. E anamisiwa thata ke metsi a a sa babalesegang le dijo tse di sa babalesegang tse di kgotletsweng ke mantle a batho a a nang le baketeria eno. Dijo tsa lewatle tse di sa apewang sentle ke motswedi o o tlwaelegileng. Batho ke bone fela diphologolo tse di amegang. Dintlha tse di kotsi tsa bolwetse jo di akaretsa kgeleloleswe e e bokoa, go tlhoka metsi a a lekaneng a a phepa a a nowang, le lehuma. Go na le matshwenyego a gore go tlhatloga ga lemogiwa ka go dira diteko tsa mantle. Teko ya dipstick e e bonako e teng mme ga e a nepagala jalo.

Mekgwa ya thibelo kgatlhanong le Letlhatso le Letshololo e akaretsa go tokafatsa kgeleloleswe le phitlhelelo ya metsi a a phepa. Mekento ya Letlhatso le Letshololo tse e e nowang ka molomo e fa tshireletso e e utlwalang mo e ka nnang dikgwedi di le thataro. Di na le molemo o o oketsegileng wa go sireletsa kgatlhanong le mofuta o mongwe wa letshololo o o bakiwang ke *E.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwbA">&nbsp;</span>coli*. Kalafi ya konokono ke go tsenya metsi mo mmeleng ka molomo —go emisetsa diedi ka metswako e e botshe le e e letswai go sekae. Ditharabololo tse di theilweng mo raese di a ratwa. Zinc tlatsetso e na le thuso ka bana. Mo maemong a a maswe thata, go ka tlhokega gore go tsenngwe diedi mo ditshikaneng, tse di jaaka Ringer’s lactate, mme dibolayamegare tse di jaaka doxycycline di ka nna molemo. Go dira diteko go bona gore ke sebolayamegare sefe se Letlhatso le Letshololo le ka se tlhaselang bonolo go ka thusa go kaela go tlhopha.

Letlhatso le Letshololo le ama batho ba ba ka nnang 1.3 go ya go 4 batho ba le dimilione lefatshe ka bophara mme e baka batho ba le 21 000–143 000 dintsho ka ngwaga. Le fa e tsewa e le leroborobo Tempolete:As of , ga se bonwe thata mo mafatsheng a tlhabologileng. Bana ke bone ba ba amegang thata. Letlhatso le Letshololo le tlhagelela ka go runya le ka nako e telele mo mafelong a a rileng. Dikgaolo tse di nang le kotsi e e tswelelang ya malwetse di akaretsa Aforika le Borwabotlhaba jwa Asia. Kotsi ya loso mo go ba ba amegang gantsi e kwa tlase ga 1% mme e ka nna kwa godimo go fitlha go 5%. Go tlhoka go bona kalafi go felela ka gore go nne le dintsho tse di kwa godimo. Ditlhaloso tsa kholera di fitlhetswe go tloga ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 5 BC ka Sesanskrit. Thutopatlisiso ya kholera kwa Engelane e e dirilweng ke John Snow fa gare ga ngwaga wa 1849 le wa 1854 e ne ya dira gore go nne le kgatelopele e e bonalang mo thutong ya malwetse a a tshelanwang. Go nnile le ditiragalo tse ditona di le supa mo dingwageng di le makgolo a maeditse di fetileng mme tsa bolaya dimilionemilione tsa batho.

## Ditshupiso