# Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleon Bonaparte ofisini kwake. Picha ilichorwa na Jacques-Louis David, 1812
**Napoléon Bonaparte** (*Napoleone di Buonaparte*, 15 Agosti 1769 – 5 Mei 1821) alikuwa kiongozi wa kijeshi na wa kisiasa nchini Ufaransa baada ya mapinduzi ya Kifaransa.

## Kupanda ngazi kwenye jeshi la mapinduzi

Alizaliwa kwenye kisiwa cha Korsika akasomeshwa katika shule ya jeshi na kuwa mwanajeshi. Wakati wa mapinduzi mwaka 1793 alijipatia sifa dhidi ya watetezi wa ufalme kwenye mji wa Toulon waliosaidiwa na Uingereza akapandishwa cheo na kuwa jenerali akiwa na umri wa miaka 24.
1796 alipewa amri ya jeshi la Ufaransa katika Italia akafaulu dhidi ya jeshi la Austria iliyopaswa kuwachia Wafaransa utawala wa Italia.

Jeshi la Ufaransa katika mapigano karibu na Piramidi
## Vita ya Misri

1798 aliongoza uvamizi wa Ufaransa katika Misri kwa shabaha ya kukata mawasiliano kati ya Uingereza na koloni yake ya Uhindi. Alifaulu kushinda Wamisri lakini manowari zake ziliharibiwa na Waingereza katika mapigano ya Abukir. 1799 Napoleon alipaswa kuacha jeshi lake nyuma na kujiokoa pekee yake kwa kurudi Ufaransa. Uvamizi wa Wafaransa ilikuwa muhimu kisayansi kwa sababu aliongozana na wataalamu waliochungulia majengo ya Misri ya kale na nchi kwa jumla.

## Mapinduzi ya Kijeshi cha 1799

Katika Ufaransa Napoleon alifanya mipango pamoja na wanasiasa wengine wa kuchukua utawala. Tarehe 9 Novemba 1799 (ilikitwa 18 Brumaire katika kalenda ya mapinduzi ya Kifaransa) Napoleon aliongoza wanejeshi wakiingia mjini Paris na kufukuza bunge. Katiba mpya ilimfanya mtawala wa pekee mwenye cheo cha "Konsuli ya kwanzaa". Kwa umri wa miaka 30 alikuwa mtawala wa Ufaransa.

## Kipindi cha amani

Mwaka uliofuata 1800 alishambulia Austria na kuishinda katika mapigano ya Marengo tar. 14 Juni 1800. Baada ya ushindi huu Uingereza ulikubali amani na Ufaransa.
Alitumia kipindi hiki kuongeza athira yake katika Ujerumani, Uswisi na Uholanzi.

## Kurudi nyuma katika Amerika

1802 Napoléon alirudisha utumwa katika koloni za Ufaransa kwa sabau za kiuchumi akasababisha mapinduzi ya Haiti yaliyoleta uhuru wa nchi ile.

Wafalme wa Ulaya waliendelea kuangalia jamhuri ya Ufaransa kwa wasiwasi kwa sababu ilikuwa nchi ya Ulaya kwanza iliyopindua utawala wa kifalme. Napoleon aliiuzia Marekani koloni za kifaransa katika Amerika ya Kaskazini (Lousiana na mji wa New Orleans) alipoona ya kwamba angeshindwa kuzitetea kama vita ingerudi.

## Kaisari wa Wafaransa

Napoleon ajiwekea taji mwaka 1806
Mwaka 1803 Uingereza ilitangaza upya hali ya vita. Hii ilikuwa mwanzo wa vita za mfulolizo hadi mwisho wa utawala wake. Katika Ufaransa aliendesha kempeni ya kuimarisha uatwala wake.

Baada ya fitina nyingine na wafuasi wa familia ya mfalme aliyepinduliwa Napoleon aliamua kujiwekea taji. Lakini hakutumia cheo cha mfalme akajiwekea taji la "Kaisari ya Wafaransa" tar. 2 Desemba 1804. Mwaka uliofuata alipewa pia taji la mfalme wa Italia.

## Kushinda ushirikiano ya kimataifa dhidi yake

1805 Uingereza, Urusi na Austria walipatana kushindana pamoja dhidi ya Napoleon kwa sababu waliona mipango yake ilkuwa kutawala Ulaya yote. Jibu lake lilikuwa kuandaa jeshi kubwa la kuvamia Uingereza. Lakini Waingeerza waliwashinda Wafaransa katika mapigano ya bahari ya Trafalgar 21 Oktoba 1805. Kuanzia sasa Waingereza walikuwa mabwana wa bahari kimataifa.

Barani Napoleon alifaulu kushinda jeshi la pamoja la Austria na Urusi na kuteka mji wa Vienna (mji mkuu wa Austria). Baadaye alishinda pia Prussia na kuteka Berlin.

1807 hata Warusi walikubali kuacha vita dhidi yake. Sasa Napoleon alikuwa mkuu wa Ulaya. Nchi zote isipokuwa Uingereza, Uswidi (pamoja na Skandinavia) na Dola la Uturuki zilikuwa ama chini yake au zilifanya mikataba ya kusaidiana naye.

Alibadilisha mipaka katika Italia, Ujerumani na Uholanzi alipounda himaya mpya chini ya wafalme Wafaransa. Alipomweka nduguye kama mfalme wa Hispania aliona uasi wa Wahispania waliopata usaidizi wa Uingereza akashindwa kukomesha uasi huo.

Dhidi ya Uingereza Napoleon alipiga marufuku kila aina ya biashara kati ya Ulaya bara na kisiwa cha Britania.

Himaya ya Napoleoni 1811 kabla kuvamia Urusi;
buluu nyeusi: Ufaransa pamaoja na maeneo yaliyounganishwa;
buluu nyeupe: nchi zilizoshikamana na Ufaransa
## Vita dhidi ya Urusi

Kaisari Alexander wa Urusi alianza tena kufanya biashara na Uingereza kuanzioa mwaka 1810. Napoleon alijibu kwa kushambulia Urusi kwa jeshi kubwa la askari 612,000 mwaka 1812. Lakini vita hii hakufaulu. Akateka mji mkuu wa Mocow lakini Warusi walichoma mji moto. Katika baridi Napoleon alikosa chakula na usiadizi alipaswa kuondoka Moscow na kuelekea magharibi. Njiani jeshi lake lilishambuliwa vivbaya na Warusi wanajeshi wengi walikufa. Wafaransa 40,000 walirudi wote wengine walikuwa wamekufa au kukamatwa.

Sasa Austria na Prussia walijiunga na Urusi na Uingereza wakamshambulia Napoleon pamoja. Mapigano ya Leipzig tar. 16 - 19 Oktoba 1813 (huitwa "Mapigano ya mataifa") yalimaliza nguvu ya Ufaransa.

## Kujiuzulu, Mtemi wa Elba

Napoleon alijiuzulu tar. 11 Aprili 1814. Washindi hawakumfunga ndani lakini kwa heshima walimpa kisiwa cha Elba (Italia) kama himaya yake ndogo alipotakiwa kukaa bila kuondoka na kuitawala kama mtemi. Mdogo wake wa mfalme wa mwisho wa Ufaransa aliyeuawa katika mapinduzi alipewa taji la Mfalme wa Ufaransa kwa jina la Louis XVI.

Mataifa washindi yalikutana Vienna walipopanga jinsi gani kurudisha utaratibu wa kale katika Ulaya uliowahi kuharibiwa na Napoleoni.

## Kurudi Ufaransa na utawala wa siku 100

Wakati huohuo Napoleon aliamua kurudi Ufaransa. Tar. 1 Machi 1815 alifika Ufaransa bara na wafuasi wachache. Serikali mpya alituma jeshi dhidi lake lakini wanajeshi walijiunga na Napoleoni. Akaingia Paris na kutawala tena kwa miezi michache.

Austria, Urusi, Uingereza na Prussia walipatana kwenye mkutano wa Vienna kumshambulia na kumwondoa. Kabla hawakuwa tayari Napoleon aliwashambulia kwa jeshi jipya. Mapigano yalitokea katika Ubelgiji kati ya vijiji vya Waterloo na Belle Alliance. Jeshi la Waingereza na Waprussia waliwashinda Wafaransa 18 Juni 1815.

Kaburi la Napoleon katika kanisa la "Dome des Invalides" mjini Paris
## Mwisho wake

Napoleon alikamatwa na Waingereza walioamua kumwondoa kabisa katika Ulaya. Alipelekwa kwenye kisiwa cha Saint Helena katika Atlantiki mbali na pwani ya Afrika. Hapo alikufa 5 Mei 1821, labda kwa kutiwa sumu na Waingereza.

Miaka 20 baada ya kifo chake maiti yake ilichukuliwa kaburini na kupelekwa Ufaransa alipozikwa kwa heshima tarehe 15 Desemba 1840.

## Marejeo

### Maisha ya Napoleon

* Abbott, John (2005). *Life of Napoleon Bonaparte*. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1-4179-7063-4.
* Blaufarb, Rafe (2007). *Napoleon: Symbol for an Age, A Brief History with Documents*. Bedford. ISBN 0-312-43110-4.
* Chandler, David (2002). *Napoleon*. Leo Cooper. ISBN 0-85052-750-3.
* Cronin, Vincent (1994). *Napoleon*. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-637521-9.
* Dwyer, Philip. *Napoleon: The Path to Power* (2008) excerpt vol 1; *Citizen Emperor: Napoleon in Power* (2013) excerpt and text search v 2; most recent scholarly biography
* Englund, Steven (2010). *Napoleon: A Political Life*. Scribner. ISBN 0674018036.
* Johnson, Paul (2002). *Napoleon: A life*. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-03078-3.; 200pp; quite hostile
* Lefebvre, Georges (1969). *Napoleon from 18 Brumaire to Tilsit, 1799–1807*. Columbia University Press. influential wide-ranging history
	+ Lefebvre, Georges (1969). *Napoleon; from Tilsit to Waterloo, 1807–1815*. Columbia University Press.
* Markham, Felix (1963). *Napoleon*. Mentor.; 303pp; short biography by an Oxford scholar online
* McLynn, Frank (1998). *Napoleon*. Pimlico. ISBN 0-7126-6247-2. ASIN 0712662472.; well-written popular history
* Roberts, Andrew. *Napoleon: A Life* (2014)
* Thompson, J.M. (1951). *Napoleon Bonaparte: His Rise and Fall*. Oxford U.P., 412pp; by an Oxford scholar

### Utafiti kuhusu maswali ya pekee

* Alder, Ken (2002). *The Measure of All Things—The Seven-Year Odyssey and Hidden Error That Transformed the World*. Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-1675-X.
* Alter, Peter (2006). T. C. W. Blanning and Hagen Schulze (mhr.). *Unity and Diversity in European Culture c. 1800*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-726382-8.
* Amini, Iradj (2000). *Napoleon and Persia*. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-934211-58-2.
* Archer, Christon I.; Ferris, John R.; Herwig, Holger H. (2002). *World History of Warfare*. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-4423-1.
* Astarita, Tommaso (2005). *Between Salt Water And Holy Water: A History Of Southern Italy*. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-05864-6.
* Bell, David (2007). *The First Total War*. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0-618-34965-0.
* Bordes, Philippe (2007). *Jacques-Louis David*. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-12346-9.
* Brooks, Richard (2000). *Atlas of World Military History*. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-7607-2025-8.
* Chandler, David (1973). *The Campaigns of Napoleon*., the standard military history of N's battles
* Chesney, Charles (2006). *Waterloo Lectures:A Study Of The Campaign Of 1815*. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1-4286-4988-3.
* Connelly, Owen (2006). *Blundering to Glory: Napoleon's Military Campaigns*. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-5318-3.
* Cordingly, David (2004). *The Billy Ruffian: The Bellerophon and the Downfall of Napoleon*. Bloomsbury. ISBN 1-58234-468-X.
* Cullen, William (2008). *Is Arsenic an Aphrodisiac?*. Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 0-85404-363-2.
* Driskel, Paul (1993). *As Befits a Legend*. Kent State University Press. ISBN 0-87338-484-9.
* Flynn, George Q. (2001). *Conscription and democracy: The Draft in France, Great Britain, and the United States*. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-31912-X.
* Fremont-Barnes, Gregory; Fisher, Todd (2004). *The Napoleonic Wars: The Rise and Fall of an Empire*. Osprey. ISBN 1-84176-831-6.
* Fulghum, Neil (2007). "Death Mask of Napoleon". University of North Carolina. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2013-06-22. Iliwekwa mnamo 4 Agosti 2008.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
* Gates, David (2001). *The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War*. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81083-2.
* Gates, David (2003). *The Napoleonic Wars, 1803–1815*. Pimlico. ISBN 0-7126-0719-6.
* Godechot, Jacques; Béatrice Fry Hyslop; David Lloyd Dowd (1971). *The Napoleonic era in Europe*. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. `{{cite book}}`: Unknown parameter `|displayauthors=` ignored (`|display-authors=` suggested) (help)
* Grab, Alexander. *Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe* (Macmillan, 2003), country by country analysis
* Hall, Stephen (2006). *Size Matters*. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0-618-47040-9.
* Harvey, Robert (2006). *The War of Wars*. Robinson. ISBN 978-1-84529-635-3.
* Hindmarsh, J. Thomas; Savory, John (2008). "The Death of Napoleon, Cancer or Arsenic?". *Clinical Chemistry*. **54** (12). American Association for Clinical Chemistry: 2092. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2008.117358. Iliwekwa mnamo 10 Oktoba 2010.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
* Lieven, Dominic "Review article: Russia and the defeat of Napoleon." *Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History* (2006)7#2 pp: 283-308.
* Lieven, Dominic (2009). *Russia Against Napoleon: The Battle for Europe, 1807 to 1814*. Allen Lane/The Penguin Press. uk. 617. Ilihifadhiwa 5 Juni 2013 kwenye Wayback Machine.
* Lowndes, Marie Adelaide Belloc (1943). *Where Love And Friendship Dwelt*. Macmillan. OCLC 67554055.
* Macaulay, Neill (1986). *Dom Pedro: The Struggle for Liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798–1834*. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-0681-6.
* O'Connor, J; Robertson, E F (2003). "The history of measurement". St Andrew's University. Iliwekwa mnamo 18 Julai 2008.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
* Poulos, Anthi (2000). "1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict". *International Journal of Legal Information* (tol. la vol 28).
* Roberts, Chris (2004). *Heavy Words Lightly Thrown*. Granta. ISBN 1-86207-765-7.
* Scheck, Raffael (2008). *Germany, 1871–1945: A Concise History*. Berg. ISBN 1-84520-817-X.
* Schom, Alan (1997). *Napoleon Bonaparte*. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-017214-5.
* Schroeder, Paul W. (1996). *The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848*. Oxford U.P. ku. 177–560. ISBN 9780198206545. advanced diplomatic history of Napoleon and his era
* Schwarzfuchs, Simon (1979). *Napoleon, the Jews and the Sanhedrin*. Routledge. ISBN 0-19-710023-6.
* Thomson, Kathleen (1969). "Balcombe, Alexander Beatson (1811–77)". Australian Dictionary of Biography Online. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2013-05-15. Iliwekwa mnamo 27 Mei 2008.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
* Watson, William (2003). *Tricolor and crescent*. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-275-97470-7. Iliwekwa mnamo 12 Juni 2009.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
* Wells, David (1992). *The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Geometry*. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-011813-6.
* Wilkins, William (1972) [1944]. *Napoleon's Submarine*. New English Library. ISBN 0-450-01028-7.
* Wilson, J (1975). "Dr. Archibald Arnott: Surgeon to the 20th Foot and Physician to Napoleon". *British Medical Journal*. **3** (vol.3): 293–5. doi:10.1136/bmj.3.5978.293. PMC 1674241. PMID 1097047. `{{cite journal}}`: `|issue=` has extra text (help)
* Wood, Philip (2007). *The Law and Practice of International Finance Series*. Sweet & Maxwell. ISBN 1-84703-210-9.
* Woodward, Chris (Julai 2005). "Napoleon's Last Journey". History Today. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2008-04-25. Iliwekwa mnamo 2015-05-25.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

### Napoleon katika elimu ya historia

* Dwyer, Philip (2008). "Remembering and Forgetting in Contemporary France: Napoleon, Slavery, and the French History Wars". *French Politics, Culture & Society*. **26** (3): 110–122.
* Geyl, Pieter (1982) [1947]. *Napoleon For and Against*. Penguin Books. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2015-07-14. Iliwekwa mnamo 2015-05-25. `{{cite book}}`: Unknown parameter `|dead-url=` ignored (`|url-status=` suggested) (help)
* Hanson, Victor Davis (2003). "The Claremont Institute: The Little Tyrant, A review of *Napoleon: A Penguin Life*". The Claremont Institute. `{{cite web}}`: Missing or empty `|url=` (help)
* Hazareesingh, Sudhir (2005). "Napoleonic Memory in Nineteenth-Century France: The Making of a Liberal Legend". *MLN*. **120** (4): 747–773.
* Hazareesingh, Sudhir (2005). *The Legend of Napoleon*. excerpt and text search

### Vyanzo asilia

* Thompson, J.M., ed. *Napoleon's Letters* (1954)