# Njaa

Mama na mtoto wenye njaa wakati wa njaa kuu ya Mlima Lebanoni chini ya Waturuki, 1915–1918.
**Njaa** ni hali ya kukosa chakula kinachohitajiwa na mwili ili kujimudu.

Sababu zake zinaweza kuwa mbalimbali, kama vile vita, ukame, maradhi ya mimea, wadudu waharibifu, utovu wa ustadi katika uzalishaji na utunzaji wa mazao, ugumu wa mawasiliano n.k.

Kila bara liliwahi kupatwa na hali hiyo katika historia, na bado hiyo ni tishio kwa nchi mbalimbali, pia kutokana na sababu mpya, kama vile utandawazi, matumizi ya mazao kwa ajili ya kuendesha mashine kiekolojia.

## Marejeo

* Asimov, Isaac, *Asimov's New Guide to Science*, pp. 152–153, Basic Books, Inc. : 1984.
* Bhatia, B.M. (1985) Famines in India: A study in Some Aspects of the Economic History of India with Special Reference to Food Problem, Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
* Chaudhari, B. B (1984). Desai, Meghnad; Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber; Rudra, Ashok (whr.). *Agrarian power and agricultural productivity in South Asia*. Juz. la 1. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-05369-4. Iliwekwa mnamo 1 Oktoba 2010Kigezo:Inconsistent citations`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
* Davis, Mike, *Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World*, London, Verso, 2002 (Excerpt online.)
* Dutt, Romesh C. *Open Letters to Lord Curzon on Famines and Land Assessments in India*, first published 1900, 2005 edition by Adamant Media Corporation, Elibron Classics Series, ISBN 1-4021-5115-2.
* Dutt, Romesh C. *The Economic History of India under early British Rule*, first published 1902, 2001 edition by Routledge, ISBN 0-415-24493-5
* Encyclopaedia Britannica (2010). "Food-availability decline". Iliwekwa mnamo 1 Oktoba 2010Kigezo:Inconsistent citations`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
* Ganson, Nicholas, The Soviet Famine of 1946-47 in Global and Historical Perspective. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. (ISBN 0-230-61333-0)
* Genady Golubev and Nikolai Dronin, *Geography of Droughts and Food Problems in Russia (1900–2000)*, Report of the International Project on Global Environmental Change and Its Threat to Food and Water Security in Russia (Februari 2004).
* Greenough, Paul R., *Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal. The Famine of 1943-1944*, Oxford University Press 1982
* Harrison, G. Ainsworth.,*Famine*, Oxford University Press, 1988.
* LeBlanc, Steven, *Constant battles: the myth of the peaceful, noble savage*, St. Martin's Press (2003) argues that recurring famines have been the major cause of warfare since paleolithic times. ISBN 0-312-31089-7
* Lassa, Jonatan., "Famine, drought, malnutrition: Defining and fighting hunger."  Ilihifadhiwa 16 Februari 2009 kwenye Wayback Machine.. 3 Julai 2006.
* Li, Lillian M. *Fighting Famine in North China: State, Market, and Environmental Decline, 1690s-1990s* (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2007 ISBN 978-0-8047-5304-3.
* Mead, Margaret. “The Changing Significance of Food.” American Scientist. (Machi–Aprili 1970). pp. 176–189.
* Ray, James Arthur; Sivertsen, Linda (2008). *Harmonic Wealth: The Secret of Attracting the Life You Want*. Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4013-2264-9Kigezo:Inconsistent citations`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
* Middlebrook, Peter, When the Public Works: Generating Employment and Social Protection in Ethiopia, Lambert Academic Publishing. 2009. ISBN 978-3-8383-0672-8
* Moon, William. "Origins of the Great North Korean Famine." North Korean Review Archived 2012-07-12 at Archive.today
* Sen, Amartya, *Poverty and Famines : An Essay on Entitlements and Deprivation*, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1982 via Questia via Oxford Press
* Shipton, Parker, *African Famines and Food Security: Anthropological Perspectives*, Annual Review of Anthropology, volume 19, pages 353–394
* Srivastava, H.C., The History of Indian Famines from 1858–1918, Sri Ram Mehra and Co., Agra, 1968.
* Sommerville, Keith. Why famine stalks Africa, BBC, 2001
* Webb, Patrick. Famine. In Griffiths, M (ed.). *Encyclopaedia of International Relations and Global Politics*. London: Routledge, 2005, pp. 270–72.
* Woo-Cumings, Meredith, *The Political Ecology of Famine: The North Korean Catastrophe and Its Lessons*PDF (807 KiB), ADB Institute Research Paper 31, Januari 2002.

## Viungo vya nje

* 1980s Drought and Subsequent Food Crisis from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
* Relief in Malawi with sustainable living Ilihifadhiwa 7 Julai 2020 kwenye Wayback Machine.
* Morning Star Fishermen Ilihifadhiwa 19 Oktoba 2017 kwenye Wayback Machine. And The Race Against Hunger
* United Nations World Food Programme Hunger relief against poverty and famine
* International Food Policy Research Institute Sustainable solutions for ending hunger
* Article Ilihifadhiwa 2 Machi 2012 kwenye Wayback Machine. from Technorati on the Issue of Shrinking Arable Farmland and its Contribution to Food shortages and high food prices
* In Depth: Africa's Food Crisis, BBC News
* Fighting Hunger and poverty in Ethiopia (Geopolicity)PDF (1.48 MiB) (Peter Middlebrook)
* Overfarming African Land Is Worsening Hunger Crisis - New York Times
* The blog about the upcoming food shortage crisis
* Food Security: A Review of Literature from Ethiopia to India (Geopolicity)Ilihifadhiwa 22 Desemba 2008 kwenye Wayback Machine.
* Famine Crimes in International Law Ilihifadhiwa 17 Agosti 2008 kwenye Wayback Machine.. David Marcus, The American Journal of International Law, 2003.
* The Real Causes of Famine - Time Magazine Ilihifadhiwa 12 Septemba 2012 kwenye Wayback Machine.