# Upimaji dunia

Taswira ikikuza umbo la Dunia
Nguzo ya kituo cha upimaji dunia (1855) huko Ostend, Ubelgiji.
**Upimaji dunia** ni sayansi ya dunia inayohusika na upimaji na uelewaji wa umbo lake, mwelekeo wake angani, na uvutano wake. Utafiti wake unaenea katika mabadiliko ya tabia hizo za dunia na katika zile za sayari nyingine.

## Historia

Upimaji dunia ulianza katika zamani za kale kabla ya sayansi. Kizamani ilidhaniwa kwamba umbo la Dunia ni bapa na mbingu ni kuba lisilovukika. Ingawaje, watu wengine walidai kupatwa kwa Mwezi, ambapo Dunia inaweka kivuli cha duara kwenye Mwezi, na mambo mengine ni bayana ya Dunia kuwa tufe. Mitazamo hii ya wapimaji dunia wa kale ilija kuthibitisha kwamba Dunia ndiyo tufe.

## Majiranukta

*Tazama pia: Majiranukta* ya *kijiografia*

Ili wapimaji dunia waratibishe kazi zao, mifumo mbalimbali ya majiranukta imeundwa. Kabla ya kubuni satelaiti, mifumo ya majiranukta iliyofasiliwa kutumia kituo cha upimaji dunia, kitu kama vile nguzo kutoka ambapo vipimo vyote vinatendwa. Kituo hicho kingekuwa nukta (0,0) katika mfumo wa majiranukta. Hata hivyo, siku hizi wanasayansi hutumia satelaiti zinazoweza kupima kwa usahihi kuliko watu walioko duniani.

## Wapimaji dunia maarufu

*Makala kuu: Orodha ya wapimaji dunia*

## Marejeo

## Fasihi

* F. R. Helmert, *Mathematical and Physical Theories of Higher Geodesy*, Part 1, ACIC (St. Louis, 1964). This is an English translation of *Die mathematischen und physikalischen Theorieen der höheren Geodäsie*, Vol 1 (Teubner, Leipzig, 1880).
* F. R. Helmert, *Mathematical and Physical Theories of Higher Geodesy*, Part 2, ACIC (St. Louis, 1964). This is an English translation of *Die mathematischen und physikalischen Theorieen der höheren Geodäsie*, Vol 2 (Teubner, Leipzig, 1884).
* B. Hofmann-Wellenhof and H. Moritz, *Physical Geodesy*, Springer-Verlag Wien, 2005. (This text is an updated edition of the 1967 classic by W.A. Heiskanen and H. Moritz).
* W. Kaula, *Theory of Satellite Geodesy: Applications of Satellites to Geodesy*, Dover Publications, 2000. (This text is a reprint of the 1966 classic).
* Vaníček P. and E.J. Krakiwsky, *Geodesy: the Concepts*, pp. 714, Elsevier, 1986.
* Torge, W (2001), *Geodesy* (3rd edition), published by de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-017072-8.
* Thomas H. Meyer, Daniel R. Roman, and David B. Zilkoski. "What does *height* really mean?" (This is a series of four articles published in *Surveying and Land Information Science, SaLIS*.)
	+ "Part I: Introduction" *SaLIS* Vol. 64, No. 4, pages 223–233, December 2004.
	+ "Part II: Physics and gravity" *SaLIS* Vol. 65, No. 1, pages 5–15, March 2005.
	+ "Part III: Height systems" *SaLIS* Vol. 66, No. 2, pages 149–160, June 2006.
	+ "Part IV: GPS heighting" *SaLIS* Vol. 66, No. 3, pages 165–183, September 2006.

## Viungo vya nje

Wikimedia Commons ina media kuhusu:
 Upimaji dunia Geodetic awareness guidance note, Geodesy Subcommittee, Geomatics Committee, International Association of Oil & Gas Producers

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