# Kigugumizi

Sanamu ya Demosthenes (iko British Museum, London, Uingereza), mhubiri marufu wa Ugiriki wa kale aliyepambana na kigugumizi chake kwa kusema akiwa na mawe kinywani.
**Kigugumizi** (kutoka kitenzi "kugugumia", kwa Kiingereza: "stuttering" au "stammering" ni shida ya baadhi ya watu katika kusema: wanakadiriwa kuwa 5-6% za watoto na 1% za watu wazima. Wanaume wanapatwa mara 4 kuliko wanawake. Kwa kawaida shida inaanza katika umri wa miaka 2-6. Mhusika anajua la kusema, lakini maneno yanamtoka tofauti, kwa mfano kuna:

* marudio ya fonimu, sehemu ya maneno au sentensi
* mkwamo kabla ya maneno fulanifulani
* urefushaji wa sauti (hhhhhhhhhham badala ya ham)
* kusimama
* kusema kitu tofauti na kilichokusudiwa
* kusita au kuhangaika ili kusema kitu
* misuli kukazwa usoni au shingoni

Matatizo hayo yanaweza yakamuathiri sana mtu hata kumzuia asipate marafiki au asikabili mazingira fulanifulani, bali azidi kujifungia.

Kati ya watu maarufu wenye shida hiyo kuna:

* Demosthenes
* Musa
* Isaac Newton
* Gareth Gates
* Notker Balbulus
* Scatman John
* Winston Churchill
* Mfalme George VI
* Bruce Willis
* Ozzy Osbourne
* Tiger Woods
* Mel Tillis

## Marejeo

* Guitar, Barry (2005). *Stuttering: An Integrated Approach to Its Nature and Treatment*. San Diego: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-3920-9. `{{cite book}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help).
* Kalinowski, JS; Saltuklaroglu, T (2006). *Stuttering*. San Diego: Plural Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59756-011-5. `{{cite book}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help).
* Ward, David (2006). *Stuttering and Cluttering: Frameworks for understanding treatment*. Hove and New York City: Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-84169-334-7. `{{cite book}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help).

## Marejeo mengine

* Alm, Per A. (2005). *On the Causal Mechanisms of Stuttering Ilihifadhiwa 18 Oktoba 2007 kwenye Wayback Machine.*. Doctoral dissertation, Dept. of Clinical Neuroscience, Lund University, Sweden.
* Compton DG (1993). *Stammering : its nature, history, causes and cures*. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-56274-9.
* Conture, Edward G (1990). *Stuttering*. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-853631-7.
* Fraser, Jane (2005). *If Your Child Stutters: A Guide for Parents*. Stuttering Foundation of America. ISBN 0-933388-44-6.
* Mondlin, M., *How My Stuttering Ended* [Case Study, Judith M. Kuster, Minnesota State University, Mankato]  Ilihifadhiwa 7 Machi 2005 kwenye Wayback Machine.
* Logan, Kenneth J. (2015). *Fluency Disorders*. Plural Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59756-407-6.
* Raz, Mirla G. (2014). *Preschool Stuttering: What Parents Can Do*. GerstenWeitz Publishers. ISBN 9780963542625.
* Rockey, D., *Speech Disorder in Nineteenth Century Britain: The History of Stuttering*, Croom Helm, (London), 1980. ISBN 0-85664-809-4
* Goldmark, Daniel. "Stuttering in American Popular Song, 1890–1930." In Lerner, Neil (2006). *Sounding Off: Theorizing Disability in Music*. New York, London: Routledge. ku. 91–105. ISBN 0-415-97906-4.
* Howell, Peter (2011). *Recovery from Stuttering*. New York: Psychology Press. ISBN 1136941053.
* Rockey, D., *Speech Disorder in Nineteenth Century Britain: The History of Stuttering*, Croom Helm, (London), 1980. ISBN 0-85664-809-4
* Goldmark, Daniel. "Stuttering in American Popular Song, 1890–1930." In Lerner, Neil (2006). *Sounding Off: Theorizing Disability in Music*. New York, London: Routledge. ku. 91–105. ISBN 0-415-97906-4.
* Howell, Peter (2011). *Recovery from Stuttering*. New York: Psychology Press. ISBN 1136941053.

## Viungo vya nje

Wikimedia Commons ina media kuhusu:
 Kigugumizi Kigugumizi katika Open Directory Project
* Kigugumizi katika Open Directory Project
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|  | Makala hii kuhusu mambo ya sayansi bado ni **mbegu**. Je, unajua kitu kuhusu **Kigugumizi** kama historia yake au mahusiano yake na mada nyingine? Labda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari*.* |