# Ubepari

Injini kama hii, iliyotegemea makaa, ilisukuma mapinduzi ya viwanda huko Britania.
Tangazo la ubora wa ubepari.
Soko la hisa la New York, Marekani (1963).
**Ubepari** ni mfumo wa uchumi ambamo biashara, viwanda na vitegauchumi vingine vinatawaliwa na watu binafsi kwa kiasi kikubwa na kwa lengo la kupata faida. Nafasi ya serikali ni ndogo. Vilevile lengo la kuhudumia jamii katika mahitaji yake haliongozi mipango.

Kati ya sifa za ubepari kuna ulimbikizaji wa mtaji, ushindani katika soko huria na kazi zinazolipwa mshahara.

Katika mfumo huo, pande zinazokabiliana zinapanga zenyewe bei kwa makubaliano, bila kuingiliwa na mamlaka yoyote ya nje.

Ubepari una viwango tofauti vya uhuru huo, kadiri ya nchi:Kiingereza kinaainisha laissez-faire capitalism, welfare capitalism, crony capitalism na state capitalism.

## Historia

Kihistoria, ubepari uliwahi kuwepo tangu zamani kwa namna mbalimbali, lakini ulianza kutawala baada ya mifumo ya Karne za Kati za Ulaya kupitwa na wakati na mapinduzi ya viwanda kushika kasi. Ubeberu, ukoloni, halafu utandawazi vimefanya ubepari uenee duniani kote.

Katika karne ya 20 ubepari ulishindana na mfumo mbadala wa ukomunisti ambao ulitia mkazo juu ya majukumu ya serikali katika uchumi mpaka kuwanyima wananchi nafasi ya kuwajibika. Hata hivyo, baada ya kushinda, ubepari pia umeingiza uchumi wa dunia katika hali tete, kama ilivyojitokeza mwanzoni mwa karne ya 21.

Watetezi wa ubepari wanasisitiza kwamba mfumo huo unaleta ustawi wa jamii ulio mkubwa kuliko ule unaoletwa na mifumo mingine yoyote, kiasi kwamba hatimaye wote wanafaidika, si matajiri tu. Critics of capitalism variously associate it with economic instability,

Wengi wanapinga hoja hiyo kwa kuonyesha umati unaokosa kazi na huduma za msingi kutokana na pesa kutiwa maanani kuliko binadamu na mazingira kutumika kuliko uwezo wake wa kustahimili.. Kanisa Katoliki limejitokeza kwa namna ya pekee kati ya dini mbalimbali kukosoa ubepari kama ulivyokosoa na hatimaye kuangusha ukomunisti wa Ulaya Mashariki (1989) likiongozwa na Papa Yohane Paulo II.

## Tanbihi

## Marejeo

* Bacher, Christian (2007). *Capitalism, Ethics and the Paradoxon of Self-Exploitation*. Munich: GRIN Verlag. uk. 2. ISBN 978-3-638-63658-2.
* De George, Richard T. (1986). *Business Ethics*. New York: Macmillan. uk. 104. ISBN 978-0-02-328010-8.
* Fulcher, James (2004). *Capitalism A Very Short Introduction*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280218-7.
* James, Paul; Gills, Barry (2007). *Globalization and Economy, Vol. 1: Global Markets and Capitalism*. London: Sage Publications.
* Lash, Scott; Urry, John (2000). "Capitalism". Katika Abercrombie, Nicholas; Hill, Stephen; Turner, Bryan S (whr.). *The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology* (tol. la 4th). London: Penguin Books. ku. 36–40. ISBN 978-0-14-051380-6.
* McCraw, Thomas K. (Agosti 2011). "The Current Crisis and the Essence of Capitalism". *The Montreal Review*. ISSN 0707-9656.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
* Obrinsky, Mark (1983). *Profit Theory and Capitalism*. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press  – via Questia subscription required . uk. 1. ISBN 978-0-8122-7863-7.
* Wolf, Eric R. (1982). *Europe and the People Without History*. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04459-3.
* Wood, Ellen Meiksins (2002). *The Origin of Capitalism: A Longer View*. London: Verso. ISBN 978-1-85984-392-5.

## Marejeo mengine

* Alperovitz, Gar (2011). *America Beyond Capitalism: Reclaiming Our Wealth, Our Liberty, and Our Democracy, 2nd Edition.* Democracy Collaborative Press. ISBN 0984785701
* Block, Fred; Somers, Margaret R. (2014). *The Power of Market Fundamentalism: Karl Polyani's Critique*. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-05071-6. `{{cite book}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help)
* Harvey, David (2014). *Seventeen Contradictions and the End of Capitalism*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 019936026X.
* James, Paul; Patomäki, Heikki (2007). *Globalization and Economy, Vol. 2: Global Finance and the New Global Economy*. London: Sage Publications.
* James, Paul; Palen, Ronen (2007). *Globalization and Economy, Vol. 3: Global Economic Regimes and Institutions*. London: Sage Publications.
* James, Paul; O’Brien, Robert (2007). *Globalization and Economy, Vol. 4: Globalizing Labour*. London: Sage Publications.
* Mander, Jerry (2012). *The Capitalism Papers: Fatal Flaws of an Obsolete System*. Counterpoint. ISBN 1619021587.
* Mayfield, Anthony. "Economics", in his *On the Brink: Resource Depletion, Debt Collapse, and Super-technology* ([Vancouver, B.C.]: On the Brink Publishing, 2013), pp. 50–104. *N.B.*: The author, as well, frequently discusses aspects of economics and capitalism elsewhere (*passim.*) in the book.
* Musacchio, Aldo; Lazzarini, Sergio G. (2014). *Reinventing State Capitalism: Leviathan in Business, Brazil and Beyond*. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-72968-1. `{{cite book}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help)
* Panitch, Leo, and Sam Gindin (2012). *The Making of Global Capitalism: the Political Economy of American Empire*. London: Verso. ISBN 978-1-84467-742-9
* Piketty, Thomas (2014). *Capital in the Twenty-First Century*. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. ISBN 067443000X. `{{cite book}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help)
* Polanyi, Karl (2001). *The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time.* Beacon Press; 2 edition. ISBN 080705643X
* Roberts, Paul Craig (2013). *The Failure of Laissez-faire Capitalism: towards a New Economics for a Full World*. Atlanta, Ga.: Clarity Press. ISBN 978-0-9860362-5-5
* Wallerstein, Immanuel (1983). *Historical Capitalism*. Verso Books. ISBN 0860917614.
* Wolff, Richard D. (2012). *Democracy at Work: A Cure for Capitalism*. Haymarket Books. ISBN 1608462471.

## Viungo vya nje

Wikimedia Commons ina media kuhusu:
 Ubepari Hessen, Robert (2008). *Capitalism*. The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (tol. la 2nd). Library of Economics and Liberty. ISBN 978-0865976658. OCLC 237794267.
* Center on Capitalism and Society at Columbia University
* Center for the Study of Capitalism at Wake Forest University
* Commonwealth Club of California-Dr. Yaron Brook and Dr. David Callahan: Is Capitalism Moral? A Debate – October 22, 2012
* Basic Characteristics of Capitalism from textbooksfree.org Ilihifadhiwa 18 Septemba 2014 kwenye Wayback Machine.

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