# Elimunafsia

Ubongo wa binadamu.
**Elimunafsia** (pia: **saikolojia** kutoka Kigiriki ψυχολογία *psikhologia*) ni fani ya elimu jamii inayolenga kujua nafsi ya binadamu ili kurahisisha ukomavu wake na uhusiano wake na wenzake.

## Kujifahamu

Picha ya mwaka 1909 mbele ya Clark University. Sigmund Freud, G. Stanley Hall, Carl Gustav Jung; nyuma yao: Abraham A. Brill, Ernest Jones, Sándor Ferenczi.
Hakuna mtu wa jana, leo au kesho aliye sawasawa na mwingine: kila mmoja ni wa pekee. Mungu ametufanya tofauti ili tutimilizane. Kila mmoja anahitaji wengine, na kila mmoja ni muhimu kwa wenzake. Katika maisha ya jamii kuna sehemu ambayo yeye tu anaweza kuijaza. Wazo hilo linaweza kumsaidia kijana ambaye ni mwepesi kukata tamaa na kujitupa. Daima uhai ni zawadi nzuri kwa mhusika na kwa wenzake wote. Kijana ni zawadi yenye nguvu na wema hata kwa taifa, kiasi kwamba kujali ustawi wa kijana ni kujenga taifa.

Tunataka kujifahamu tulivyoumbwa (mwili, nafsi na roho, ambavyo vyote vinafungamana ndani mwetu):

* 1. ili tuweze kujithamini hasa kwa kuona sisi ni nani mbele ya Mungu;
* 2. ili tufahamu mipaka yetu na kuikabili inavyofaa;
* 3. ili tufahamu vipawa tulivyojaliwa tuwashirikishe wenzetu;
* 4. ili tubadilike kuwa bora zaidi na kuchangia ustawi wa jamii;
* 5. ili tuhusiane vizuri zaidi na wenzetu;
* 6. ili tuweze kujieleza kwa watu fulanifulani na kupata mashauri ya kutufaa.

## Kujikubali

Daima ni muhimu tukubali hali ilivyo, halafu tujitahidi kuifanya bora zaidi. Tusipojikubali kwanza tutahangaika tu hata kukata tamaa. Wajue wasijue vijana wapokua wanashindwa kujikubali walivyo. Pengine wanaficha silika zao wasitambulikane na watu, hata wakashindwa kujielewa, wakapatwa na vilema vya ukuaji pia. Ni lazima waache kujifunika uso kwa vinyago hivyo; badala yake wakabili ukweli wao, wenye sifa na kasoro. Hivyo tu watapitia vizuri mabadiliko ya ujana upande wa mwili, nafsi, jamii, maadili na roho. Hatimaye watakomaa na kushika nafasi yao maishani.

Kwa kila mtu ni muhimu kuwa na marafiki; hasa kijana anahitaji kikundi. Lakini hiyo isiwe njia ya kukwepa nafsi yake mwenyewe wala ya kuficha tabia yake kwa kuzungumza, kutembea au kutenda namna fulani wanavyofanya wenzake. Kwa hiyo asijifananishe nao. Kila mtu anakua kwa namna yake, akibadilika kwa kiasi tofauti na muda tofauti. Ni lazima ajifunze kuyapokea mabadiliko hayo pia yanayomfanya geugeu sana, hasa msichana katika mzunguko wake wa kila mwezi: mara anaonekana jasiri au korofi, mara amejaa wasiwasi.

## Kujistawisha

Mwaka 1963 Abraham Maslow aliorodhesha haja za binadamu, akisema inafaa atimize kwanza zile za msingi zaidi (maji, chakula n.k.).
Uhai unasukuma kiumbe chochote kistawi. Mimea inakua namna yake, wanyama namna yao, na binadamu polepole zaidi kwa kuwa ndiye kiumbe bora anayehitaji kukomaa pande zake zote. Kulingana na haja yetu ya kukomaa hivyo, sio tu kufikia umri au kimo fulani, ndani mwetu zimo nguvu zinazotuhimiza tujilinde ili tuzidi kuishi wenyewe, tuendeleze uhai tulionao kwa kuzaa, tujitegemee (yaani tumiliki maisha yetu), tutawale vitu na watu ili mambo yaende tunavyotaka, n.k.

Haja iliyoota mizizi mirefu ndani mwetu ni ile ya kujikamilisha tusiwe watu wanaoishi ili mradi tu. Kadiri tunavyokua tunajisikia kuwajibika. Haja hizo zinafanya tujiwekee pia malengo katika utendaji. Basi, baada ya kujifahamu, kila mmoja wetu achague na kuazimia awe bora vipi, kwa sababu wenyewe tunaamua tuweje. Ni wajibu wetu kujipenda na kwa hiyo kujitunza na kujistawisha kimwili, kinafsi, kijamii, kimaadili na kiroho. Kazi hiyo inahitaji nia na bidii za kudumu. Tufuate taratibu za kulinda afya ya mwili, heshima ya mavazi, usafi wa mazingira. Tujiepushe na uvivu unaosababisha mawazo na matendo mabaya. Tujihadhari na maandishi, picha na maneno yasiyofaa, yasije yakatupotosha kimawazo au kusisimua ashiki. Tuhusiane vema na wengine (adabu, lugha nzuri n.k.). Hasa tufuate dhamiri na kustawisha roho iliyo sehemu bora ya utu wetu ambamo tunashirikiana na Mungu.

Mbali ya motisha kutoka nje (yaani kupewa tuzo au adhabu), sisi binadamu tuna maarubu yanayotuongoza kwa ndani na kututia nguvu tutende namna fulani na kukwepa mambo mengine. Yanaweza kuwa ya aina mbalimbali:

* 1. tusiyofundishwa kwa kuwa ni haja za mwili (kupumua, kunywa, kula, kujisaidia, kupumzika, kutumia jinsia n.k.) au haja za nafsi (kupendwa, kufungamana, kukubaliwa, kufanikiwa, kujitokeza, kusaidia, kushindana, kushinda, kutawala, kujihami, kuwa salama, kuongozwa, kujishusha, kujitawala, kumiliki, kupanga, kubadili, kujua, kuhemka, kujamiiana, kucheza);
* 2. yaliyorithiwa kwa wazazi na ukoo (silika, maelekeo, vipawa n.k.);
* 3. ya kujipatia, yaani tusiyozaliwa nayo, ambayo tunayapata maishani mwetu hasa kutoka kwa watu wanaotuzunguka (mazoea, mila, tunu, imani n.k.).

Maarubu hayo yanasaidia kukua na kuelekea ukomavu, yaani hali ya kuwa jinsi Muumba alivyokusudia kisha kupitia hatua kadhaa.

## Tanbihi

## Vyanzo

* Baker, David B. (ed.). *The Oxford Handbook of the History of Psychology*. Oxford University Press (*Oxford Library of Psychology*), 2012. ISBN 9780195366556
* Brock, Adrian C. (ed.). *Internationalizing the History of Psychology*. New York University Press, 2006. ISBN 9780814799444
* Chin, Robert, and Ai-li S. Chin. *Psychological Research in Communist China: 1949–1966. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1969. ISBN 978-0-262-03032-8*
* Cina, Carol. "Social Science for Whom? A Structural History of Social Psychology." Doctoral dissertation, accepted by the State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1981.
* Cocks, Geoffrey. *Psychotherapy in the Third Reich: The Göring Institute*, second edition. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1997. ISBN 1-56000-904-7
* Forgas, Joseph P., Kipling D. Williams, & Simon M. Laham. *Social Motivation: Conscious and Unconscious Processes*. Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-83254-3
* Gregory, Robert J. *Psychological Testing: History, Principles, and Applications*. Sixth edition. Boston: Allyn & Bacon (Pearson), 2011. ISBN 978-0-205-78214-7
* Guthrie, Robert. *Even the Rat was White: A Historical View of Psychology*. Second edition. Boston, Allyn and Bacon (Viacon), 1998. ISBN 0-205-14993-6
* Leahey, *A History of Modern Psychology*. Third Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall (Pearson), 2001.
* Luria, A. R. (1973). *The Working Brain: An Introduction to Neuropsychology*. Translated by Basil Haigh. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-09208-X
* Herman, Ellen. "Psychology as Politics: How Psychological Experts Transformed Public Life in the United States 1940–1970." Doctoral dissertation accepted by Brandeis University, 1993.
* Hock, Roger R. *Forty Studies That Changed Psychology: Explorations Into the History of Psychological Research*. Fourth edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002. ISBN 978-0-13-032263-0
* Kozulin, Alex. *Psychology in Utopia: Toward a Social History of Soviet Psychology*. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1984. ISBN 0-262-11087-3
* Morgan, Robert D., Tara L. Kuther, & Corey J. Habben. *Life After Graduate School in Psychology: Insider's Advice from New Psychologists*. New York: Psychology Press (Taylor & Francis Group), 2005. ISBN 1-84169-410-X
* Severin, Frank T. (ed.). *Humanistic Viewpoints in Psychology*: A Book of Readings. New York: McGraw Hill, 1965. ISBN
* Shah, James Y., and Wendi L. Gardner. *Handbook of Motivation Science*. New York: The Guilford Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-59385-568-0
* Teo, Thomas. *The Critique of Psychology: From Kant to Postcolonial Theory*. New York: Springer, 2005. ISBN 978-0-387-25355-8
* Wallace, Edwin R., IV, & John Gach (eds.), *History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology*; New York: Springer, 2008; ISBN 978-0-387-34708-0
* Weiner, Bernard. *Human Motivation*. Hoboken, NJ: Taylor and Francis, 2013. ISBN 9780805807110
* Weiner, Irving B. *Handbook of Psychology*. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2003. ISBN 0-471-17669-9
	+ Volume 1: *History of Psychology*. Donald K. Freedheim, ed. ISBN 0-471-38320-1
	+ Volume 2: *Research Methods in Psychology*. John A. Schinka & Wayne F. Velicer, eds. ISBN 0-471-38513-1
	+ Volume 3: *Biological Psychology*. Michela Gallagher & Randy J. Nelson, eds. ISBN 0-471-38403-8
	+ Volume 4: *Experimental Psychology*. Alice F. Healy & Robert W. Proctor, eds. ISBN 0-471-39262-6
	+ Volume 8: *Clinical Psychology*. George Stricker, Thomas A. Widiger, eds. ISBN 0-471-39263-4

## Marejeo mengine

* Badcock, Christopher R. (2015). "Nature-Nurture Controversy, History of". Katika Wright, James D. (mhr.). *International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences* (tol. la Second). Elsevier. ku. 340–344. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.03136-6. ISBN 978-0-08-097087-5. Iliwekwa mnamo 9 Aprili 2015. `{{cite encyclopedia}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help); Unknown parameter `|laydate=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|laysource=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|laysummary=` ignored (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) – via ScienceDirect Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries.
* Cascio, Wayne F. (2015). "Industrial–Organizational Psychology: Science and Practice". Katika Wright, James D. (mhr.). *International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences* (tol. la Second). Elsevier. ku. 879–884. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.22007-2. ISBN 978-0-08-097087-5. Iliwekwa mnamo 9 Aprili 2015. `{{cite encyclopedia}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help); Unknown parameter `|laydate=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|laysource=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|laysummary=` ignored (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) – via ScienceDirect Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries.
* Chryssochoou, Xenia (2015). "Social Psychology". Katika Wright, James D. (mhr.). *International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences* (tol. la Second). Elsevier. ku. 532–537. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.24095-6. ISBN 978-0-08-097087-5. Iliwekwa mnamo 9 Aprili 2015. `{{cite encyclopedia}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help); Unknown parameter `|laydate=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|laysource=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|laysummary=` ignored (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) – via ScienceDirect Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries.
* Deakin, Nicholas (2015). "Philosophy, Psychiatry, and Psychology". Katika Wright, James D. (mhr.). *International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences* (tol. la Second). Elsevier. ku. 31–36. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.27049-9. ISBN 978-0-08-097087-5. Iliwekwa mnamo 9 Aprili 2015. `{{cite encyclopedia}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help); Unknown parameter `|laydate=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|laysource=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|laysummary=` ignored (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) – via ScienceDirect Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries.
* Demetriou, Andreas (2015). "Intelligence in Cultural, Social and Educational Context". Katika Wright, James D. (mhr.). *International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences* (tol. la Second). Elsevier. ku. 313–322. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.92147-0. ISBN 978-0-08-097087-5. Iliwekwa mnamo 9 Aprili 2015. `{{cite encyclopedia}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help); Unknown parameter `|laydate=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|laysource=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|laysummary=` ignored (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) – via ScienceDirect Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries.
* Gelso, Charles J. (2015). "Counseling Psychology". Katika Wright, James D. (mhr.). *International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences* (tol. la Second). Elsevier. ku. 69–72. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.21073-8. ISBN 978-0-08-097087-5. Iliwekwa mnamo 9 Aprili 2015. `{{cite encyclopedia}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help); Unknown parameter `|laydate=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|laysource=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|laysummary=` ignored (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) – via ScienceDirect Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries.
* Henley, Tracy B. (2015). "Psychology, History of (Early Period)". Katika Wright, James D. (mhr.). *International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences* (tol. la Second). Elsevier. ku. 406–411. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.03235-9. ISBN 978-0-08-097087-5. Iliwekwa mnamo 9 Aprili 2015. `{{cite encyclopedia}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help); Unknown parameter `|laydate=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|laysource=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|laysummary=` ignored (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) – via ScienceDirect Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries.
* Knowland, Victoria C. P.; Purser, Harry; Thomas, Michael S. C. (2015). "Cross-Sectional Methodologies in Developmental Psychology". Katika Wright, James D. (mhr.). *International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences* (tol. la Second). Elsevier. ku. 354–360. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.23235-2. ISBN 978-0-08-097087-5. Iliwekwa mnamo 9 Aprili 2015. `{{cite encyclopedia}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help); Unknown parameter `|laydate=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|laysource=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|laysummary=` ignored (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) – via ScienceDirect Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries.
* Louw, Dap (2015). "Forensic Psychology". Katika Wright, James D. (mhr.). *International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences* (tol. la Second). Elsevier. ku. 351–356. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.21074-X. ISBN 978-0-08-097087-5. Iliwekwa mnamo 9 Aprili 2015. `{{cite encyclopedia}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help); Unknown parameter `|laydate=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|laysource=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|laysummary=` ignored (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) – via ScienceDirect Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries.
* McWilliams, Spencer A. (2015). "Psychology, History of (Twentieth Century)". Katika Wright, James D. (mhr.). *International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences* (tol. la Second). Elsevier. ku. 412–417. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.03046-4. ISBN 978-0-08-097087-5. Iliwekwa mnamo 8 Aprili 2015. `{{cite encyclopedia}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help); Unknown parameter `|laydate=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|laysource=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|laysummary=` ignored (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) – via ScienceDirect Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries.
* Pe-Pua, Rogelia (2015). "Indigenous Psychology". Katika Wright, James D. (mhr.). *International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences* (tol. la Second). Elsevier. ku. 788–794. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.24067-1. ISBN 978-0-08-097087-5. Iliwekwa mnamo 9 Aprili 2015. `{{cite encyclopedia}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help); Unknown parameter `|laydate=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|laysource=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|laysummary=` ignored (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) – via ScienceDirect Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries.
* Peterson, Roger L.; Peterson, Donald R.; Abrams, Jules C.; Stricker, George; Ducheny, Kelly (2015). "Training in Clinical Psychology in the United States: Practitioner Model". Katika Wright, James D. (mhr.). *International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences* (tol. la Second). Elsevier. ku. 517–523. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.21086-6. ISBN 978-0-08-097087-5. Iliwekwa mnamo 9 Aprili 2015. `{{cite encyclopedia}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help); Unknown parameter `|laydate=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|laysource=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|laysummary=` ignored (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) – via ScienceDirect Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries.
* Poortinga, Ype H. (2015). "Cross-Cultural Psychology". Katika Wright, James D. (mhr.). *International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences* (tol. la Second). Elsevier. ku. 311–317. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.24011-7. ISBN 978-0-08-097087-5. Iliwekwa mnamo 9 Aprili 2015. `{{cite encyclopedia}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help); Unknown parameter `|laydate=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|laysource=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|laysummary=` ignored (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) – via ScienceDirect Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries.
* Spinath, Frank M.; Spinath, Birgit; Borkenau, Peter (2015). "Developmental Behavioral Genetics and Education". Katika Wright, James D. (mhr.). *International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences* (tol. la Second). Elsevier. ku. 320–325. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.92009-9. ISBN 978-0-08-097087-5. Iliwekwa mnamo 9 Aprili 2015. `{{cite encyclopedia}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help); Unknown parameter `|laydate=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|laysource=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|laysummary=` ignored (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) – via ScienceDirect Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries.
* Smith, Edward E. (2015). "Cognitive Psychology: History". Katika Wright, James D. (mhr.). *International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences* (tol. la Second). Elsevier. ku. 103–109. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.03028-2. ISBN 978-0-08-097087-5. Iliwekwa mnamo 9 Aprili 2015. `{{cite encyclopedia}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help); Unknown parameter `|laydate=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|laysource=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|laysummary=` ignored (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) – via ScienceDirect Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries.
* Staerklé, Christian (2015). "Political Psychology". Katika Wright, James D. (mhr.). *International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences* (tol. la Second). Elsevier. ku. 427–433. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.24079-8. ISBN 978-0-08-097087-5. Iliwekwa mnamo 9 Aprili 2015. `{{cite encyclopedia}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help); Unknown parameter `|laydate=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|laysource=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|laysummary=` ignored (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) – via ScienceDirect Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries.
* Gelder, Mayou & Geddes (2005). Psychiatry. New York, NY: Oxford University Press Inc.

## Viungo vya nje

* Psychology katika Open Directory Project
* American Psychological Association
* Association for Psychological Science
* Discovering Psychology. (2001). *The History of Psychology:Contemporary Foundations*
* The Florida State University PSYCHOLOGY.(2011).*HISTORY* Ilihifadhiwa 23 Desemba 2015 kwenye Wayback Machine.