# Joseph Haydn

Joseph Haydn mwaka 1791
**Joseph Haydn** (jina kamili **Franz Joseph Haydn**) alikuwa mtungaji wa muziki kutoka nchi ya Austria. Alizaliwa tarehe 31 Machi au 1 Aprili 1732 katika kijiji kikubwa cha Rohrau, jimbo la Austria Chini. Aliaga dunia tarehe 31 Mei 1809 mjini Vienna.

Amekuwa maarufu kwa jina la heshima la "baba wa simfoni". Wajerumani na Waaustria hasa wanamkumbuka kama mtungaji wa muziki wa wimbo uliokuwa wimbo wa taifa katika Milki ya Austria na baadaye kuwa wimbo wa taifa nchini Ujerumani hadi leo (wimbo wa Wajerumani).

## Maisha

### Mvulana wa kwaya na mwanamuziki wa kujitegemea

Kanisa kuu la Mt. Stefano huko Vienna.
Alipokuwa mtoto wa miaka 8 alialikwa kwenda Vienna na kuwa mwimbaji wa kwaya ya wavulana kwenye kanisa kuu la mji huo. Katika miaka yake kama mwanakwaya alipokea mafundisho ya uimbaji, piano na fidla. Aliongozwa pia katika majaribio ya kwanza ya kutunga muziki.

Baada ya kubalehe na kubadilika kwa sauti yake aliondoka katika kwaya hiyo mnamo 1749 na kuanza kujitegemea kama mwanamuziki. Hakuwa na ajira ya kudumu bali alipata kazi kama mwimbaji au mwanamuziki kwa nafasi mbalimbali. Makazi na chakula alijipatia kama mwalimu wa muziki katika nyumba ya tajiri mmoja alipofundisha kila siku kwa masaa machache. Wakati huo alifaidika sana na maelekezo ya Nicola Porpora, mwanamuziki mzee kutoka Napoli, Italia.

### Mkurugenzi wa muziki kwenye ikulu ya Esterhazy

Kuanzia mwaka 1761 Haydn alipata ajira kwenye ikulu ya familia Esterhazy waliokuwa kati ya makabaila matajiri zaidi nchini Hungaria iliyokuwa sehemu ya milki ya Austria. Alianza kama makamu wa mkurugenzi wa muziki na tangu 1766 kama mkurugenzi wa muziki wa akina Esterhazy. Hapo alihamia pamoja na familia ya mwajiri wake baina ya ikulu tatu walipoishi kulingana na majira ya mwaka.

Aliwajibika kuongoza okestra, kuandaa tafrija, kutunga muziki kwa nafasi maalum, kupiga muziki wakati wa chakula au jioni kwa burudani ya bwana wake.

Kutokana na maisha ya kuhamahama baina ya ikulu za familia hiyo aliishi muda mrefu mashambani. Aliandika mwenyewe kuhusu maisha haya yaliyokuwa mbali na wanamuziki wengine: "Nilitengwa na dunia, bila mtu aliyeweza kunishawishi au kunivuruga na kwa hiyo nilipaswa kuwa mimi mwenyewe".

### Mtungamuziki

Katika kipindi cha karibu miaka 30 alipokuwa mkurugenzi wa muziki kwa Esterhazy, Haydn alitunga miziki mingi iliyochapishwa na kusambazwa. Kazi zake zilianza kuwa maarufu ilhali wengine walipiga muziki aliotunga yeye mahali pengine.

Aliombwa pia kutoka ng'ambo kutunga muziki kama vile Simfonia za Paris (1785–1786) na muziki kwa ibada ya Ijumaa Kuu "Maneno saba ya mwisho ya mwokozi wetu msalabani" (1786) iliyoagizwa kutoka Hispania.

### Urafiki na Mozart

Tangu 1781 Haydn na Mozart walikuwa marafiki. Mozart aliyekuwa kijana wake aliwahi kupenda muziki ya Haydn tangu miaka kadhaa. Hao watungaji wawili walipenda kupiga fidla pamoja na kushauriana juu ya kazi yao.

### Ziara za Uingereza

Tangu 1790 mtemi Esterhazy aliaga dunia na mrithi wake hakujali muziki, hivyo aliachisha wanamuziki wote.

Haydn alitumia uhuru wake mpya akifuata mwaliko wa mtoaji wa muziki Mjerumani Johann Peter Salomon kwenda Uingereza na kuendesha simfonia zake kwa okestra kubwa. Maonyesho yake yalileta mafanikio makubwa: watu wengi walitaka kumsikia akawa tajiri.

Mara mbili Haydn alisafiri hadi Uingereza (1791–1792 na 1794–1795) akafanikiwa kila mara. Alitumia miezi yake huko kwa kutunga idadi ya kazi zake zilizokuwa mashuhuri hasa baadaye kama vile "Simfonia na pigo la ngoma", "simfonia ya jeshi" na "simfonia za London".

Kwa muda alitafakari kubaki Uingereza na kuomba uraia wa kule lakini hatimaye alirudi Vienna.

### Uzee

Aliporudi Vienna 1795 kulikuwa tena na mabadiliko katika nyumba ya Esterhazy, na mtemi mpya alimwomba arudi kama mkurugenzi wa muziki kwenye ikulu zake. Haydn alikubali lakini kwa miezi kadhaa ya kila mwaka pekee. Hapo kwenye ikulu ya Eisenstadt aliandika muziki kwa misa 6 lakini sehemu kubwa ya mwaka alikaa katika nyumba yake huko Vienna alipoendelea kutunga muziki.

Pamoja na mshairi Gottfried van Swieten aliyeandika maneno kwa uimbaji alitunga oratori kubwa mbili (yaani muziki inayosimulia habari za kidini na nyingine kwa kutumia mitindo inayofanana na opera), ambazo ni "Uumbaji" (1798) na "Majira ya mwaka" (1801). Akatunga pia muziki zaidi ya kwateti (kwa wapigaji wanne).

Hapo alianza kusikia umri umekwenda, akapaswa kupambana na magonjwa akajitahidi sana kukamilisha kazi zake. Tangu 1802 alishindwa kutunga muziki tena.

Mwaka 1808 alitoka tena katika nyumba kwa maonyesho ya oratori "Uumbaji" yaliyoendeshwa na Beethoven na Salieri kwa heshima yake. Alishindwa kukaa hadi mwisho kwa sababu alikosa nguvu.

Aliaga dunia mwisho wa Mei 1809 wakati jeshi la Napoleon Bonaparte liliposhambulia Vienna. Kati ya maneno yake ya mwisho ni jaribio la kutuliza wafyanyakazi wa nyumbani waliokuwa na hofu wakisikia ngurumo wa mizinga ya jeshi la Wafaransa.

Haydn alizikwa makaburini na ibada ya kumbukumbu yake ilifanywa baada ya uvamizi kwisha, tarehe 15 Juni 1809.

## Matukio baada ya kifo

Mwaka 1820 familia ya Esterhazy ilimkumbuka mtumishi wake wa zamani wakamwandalia kaburi katika kanisa la Eisenstadt alipowahi kufanya kazi miaka mingi. Wakati wa kuhamisha maiti yake, jeneza lilifunguliwa, kumbe kichwa chake hakikuwepo.

Iligunduliwa kwamba wakati wa kumzika mara ya kwanza gavana wa gereza la Vienna, Johann Peter, pamoja na katibu wa zamani wa nyumba ya Esterhazy, Rosenbaum waliwahonga maafisa wa manispaa ya Vienna ili wafungue kaburi kwa siri siku nane baada ya mazishi na kumpatia kichwa. Maana hawa watu wawili walikuwa wafuasi wa imani kuwa umbo la fuvu linaonyesha tabia za mtu, hivi walikusanya mafuvu wakataka kuwa na fuvu la huyu mtu mashuhuri pia.

Wakati wa mazishi ya pili fuvu halikupatikana tena, hivyo Haydn alizikwa mara ya pili bila kichwa.

Peter na Rosenbaum waliamua kuficha fuvu wakafaulu hata wakati polisi ilipopekua nyumba zao. Baadaye walimkabidhi mtemi Esterhazy fuvu tofauti lisilokuwa la kweli.

Kabla ya kufa Rosenbaum aliacha fuvu kwa Peter katika wasia wake, kwa ombi la kukipatia fuvu hilo chuo cha muziki Vienna. Lakini Peter na mjane wa Rosenbaum waliogopa kuonyesha kuwa fuvu lilikuwa bado mikononi mwao. Hivyo fuvu la Haydn lilifichwa hadi Peter kabla ya kifo chake alilikabidhi kwa shirika la marafiki wa muziki wa Vienna lilipotunzwa kuanzia mwaka 1895.

Katika miaka ya 1930 mtemi wa Esterhazy alipamba upya kaburi la Haydn katika kanisa la Eisenstadt akatafuta kibali cha shirika la marafiki wa muziki wa Vienna ili fuvu la Haydn lipelekwe huko. Baada ya majadiliano marefu walikubali, lakini sasa siasa na vita viliingia kati, yaani uvamizi wa Austria na Adolf Hitler mwaka 1938 na Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia.

Mwishoni fuvu lilipelekwa Eisenstadt mwaka 1954 na kuunganishwa na mabaki mengine ya mwili wa Haydin katika ibada ya kumkumbuka. Isipokuwa katika jeneza lake lilikuwepo fuvu la uongo lililopelekwa huko mwaka 1820 na fuvu hilo halikutolewa. Hivyo jeneza la Haydn lina mafuvu mawili.

## Imani na maisha ya kiroho

Maisha yake yote Haydin alikuwa Mkatoliki safi na ni imani ya dini iliyomuongoza sana katika utunzi. Hata alipojisikia kukosa ubunifu alikuwa akikimbilia sala. Maandishi yake mengi yanaishia na maneno ya Kilatini, "Laus Deo", yaani, "Sifa kwa Mungu".

## Marejeo

Kuhusu maisha yake
* Dies, Albert Christoph (1963). "Biographical Accounts of Joseph Haydn". Katika Gotwals, Vernon, translator and editor (mhr.). *Haydn: Two Contemporary Portraits*. Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-02791-0. `{{cite book}}`: `|editor-first=` has generic name (help); Invalid `|ref=harv` (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) A translation from the original German: "Biographische Nachrichten von Joseph Haydn nach mündlichen Erzählungen desselben entworfen und herausgegeben" ("Biographical accounts of Joseph Haydn, written and edited from his own spoken narratives") (1810). Camesinaische Buchhandlung, Vienna. One of the first biographies of Haydn, written on the basis of 30 interviews carried out during the composer's old age.
* Finscher, Ludwig (2000). *Joseph Haydn und seine Zeit*. Laaber: Laaber-Verlag. ISBN 3-921518-94-6. `{{cite book}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help) Highly detailed discussion of life and work; in German.
* Geiringer, Karl; Geiringer, Irene (1982). *Haydn: A Creative Life in Music* (tol. la 3rd). University of California. ISBN 0-520-04316-2. The first edition was published in 1946 with Karl Geiringer as the sole author.
* Griesinger, Georg August (1963). "Biographical Notes Concerning Joseph Haydn". Katika Gotwals, Vernon, translator and editor (mhr.). *Haydn: Two Contemporary Portraits*. Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-02791-0. `{{cite book}}`: `|editor-first=` has generic name (help); Invalid `|ref=harv` (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) A translation from the original German: "Biographische Notizen über Joseph Haydn" (1810). Leipzig. Like Dies's, a biography produced from interviews with the elderly Haydn.
* Hadden, James Cuthbert (2010). *Haydn* (tol. la Reissue). London: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 1-108-01987-0. `{{cite book}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help)
* Hughes, Rosemary (1970). *Haydn* (tol. la Revised). New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-460-02281-4. `{{cite book}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help) Originally published in 1950. Gives a sympathetic and witty account of Haydn's life, along with a survey of the music.
* Jones, David Wyn (2009a) *The Life of Haydn*. Oxford University Press. Focuses on biography rather than musical works; an up-to-date study benefiting from recent scholarly research on Haydn's life and times.
* Jones, David Wyn (2009b) *Oxford Composer Companions: Haydn*. Oxford University Press. A one-volume encyclopedia with detailed contributions from many Haydn scholars.
* Landon, H.C. Robbins (1976–1980). *Haydn: Chronicle and Works*. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-37003-5. An extensive compilation of original sources in five volumes.
* Landon, H. C. Robbins; Jones, David Wyn (1988). *Haydn: His Life and Music*. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-37265-9. `{{cite book}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help) Biography chapters by Robbins Landon, excerpted from Robbins Landon (1976–1980) and rich in original source documents. Analysis and appreciation of the works by Jones.
* Larsen, Jens Peter (1980). "Joseph Haydn". *New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians*. `{{cite encyclopedia}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help) Published separately as *The New Grove: Haydn*. New York: Norton. 1982. ISBN 0-393-01681-1. `{{cite book}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help)
* Webster, James; Feder, Georg (2001). "Joseph Haydn". *The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians*. Published separately as a book: *The New Grove Haydn*. New York: Macmillan. 2002. ISBN 0-19-516904-2. Careful scholarship with little subjective interpretation; covers both life and music, and includes a very detailed list of works.
* Geiringer, Karl; Irene Geiringer (1982). Haydn: A Creative Life in Music (3rd ed. ed.). University of California Press. pp. xii, 403. ISBN 0-520-04316-2.

Kuhusu kazi zake
* Brendel, Alfred (2001). "Does classical music have to be entirely serious?". Katika Margalit, Edna; Margalit, Avishai (whr.). *Isaiah Berlin: A Celebration*. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ku. 193–204. ISBN 0-226-84096-4. `{{cite book}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help) On jokes in Haydn and Beethoven.
* Celestini, Federico (2010). "Aspekte des Erhabenen in Haydns Spätwerk". Katika Celestini, Federico; Dorschel, Andreas (whr.). *Arbeit am Kanon*. Vienna: Universal Edition. ku. 16–41. ISBN 978-3-7024-6967-2. `{{cite book}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help) On the sublime in Haydn's later works; in German.
* Clark, Caryl, mhr. (2005). *The Cambridge Companion to Haydn*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83347-7. Covers each of the genres Haydn composed in as well as stylistic and interpretive contexts and performance and reception.
* Griffiths, Paul (1983). *The String Quartet*. New York: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-01311-X.
* Hughes, Rosemary (1966). *Haydn String Quartets*. London: BBC. A brief (55 page) introduction to Haydn's string quartets.
* Rosen, Charles (1997). *The classical style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven* (tol. la 2nd). New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-31712-9. `{{cite book}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help) First edition published in 1971. Covers much of Haydn's output and seeks to explicate Haydn's central role in the creation of the classical style. The work has been influential, provoking both positive citation and work (e.g., Webster 1991) written in reaction.
* Sisman, Elaine (1993) *Haydn and the classical variation*. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-38315-X.
* Sutcliffe, W. Dean (1989). "Haydn's Musical Personality". *The Musical Times*. **130** (1756): 341–344. doi:10.2307/966030. JSTOR 966030. `{{cite journal}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help)
* Sutcliffe, W. Dean (1992). *Haydn, string quartets, op. 50*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39103-2. Covers not just Op. 50 but also its relevance to Haydn's other output as well as his earlier quartets.
* Webster, James (1991). *Haydn's "Farewell" symphony and the idea of classical style: through-composition and cyclic integration in his instrumental music*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-38520-2. `{{cite book}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help) This book focuses on a single work, but contains many observations and opinions about Haydn in general.

## Viungo vya nje

Wikimedia Commons ina media kuhusu:
 Joseph Haydn

 Wikiquote ina mkusanyiko wa dondoo kuhusu: Joseph Haydn
Kigezo:EB9 Poster

* Haydn Festival Eisenstadt Ilihifadhiwa 2 Desemba 2019 kwenye Wayback Machine.
* Albert Christoph Dies: (German) *Biographische Nachrichten von Joseph Haydn. Wien: Camesinaische Buchhandlung Ilihifadhiwa 17 Agosti 2009 kwenye Wayback Machine.*, 1810.
* Haydn's Late Oratorios: The Creation and The Seasons by Brian Robins Ilihifadhiwa 3 Juni 2016 kwenye Wayback Machine.
* Full text of the biography *Haydn* by J. Cuthbert Hadden, 1902, from Project Gutenberg. The end of book contains documentary material including a number of Haydn's letters. Alternatively scanned copy *Haydn* at archive.org.
* Shughuli au kuhusu Joseph Haydn katika maktaba ya WorldCat catalog
* No Royal Directive: Joseph Haydn and the String Quartet by Ron Drummond
* *musicologie.org*, with biography (Kifaransa)
* 'Haydn – Quartet in F minor, Op.20 No.5' Ilihifadhiwa 10 Oktoba 2007 kwenye Wayback Machine., Lecture by Professor Roger Parker, with the Badke Quartet, Gresham College, 8 April 2008 (available for video, audio and text download).
* Haydn anniversary page on Bachtrack, includes lists of live performances Ilihifadhiwa 20 Agosti 2014 kwenye Wayback Machine.

### Rekodi za kazi zake

* **Joseph Haydn** ame orodheshwa katika International Music Score Library Project

* Free scores by Joseph Haydn katika Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
* www.kreusch-sheet-music.net – Free Scores by Haydn
* Free scores Ilihifadhiwa 8 Machi 2021 kwenye Wayback Machine. at the Mutopia Project
* Works by Joseph Haydn katika Project Gutenberg
* Kunst der Fuge: Franz Joseph Haydn – Hundreds of MIDI files
* Haydn's page at Classical Archives
* Haydn Symphonies Ilihifadhiwa 6 Februari 2012 kwenye Wayback Machine. from the British Library Sound Archive
* Complete recording of Joseph Haydns Pianosonatas on a sampled Walther Pianoforte Ilihifadhiwa 29 Machi 2017 kwenye Wayback Machine.
* Complete recording of Joseph Haydns Pianosonatas on a sampled Steinway D Ilihifadhiwa 12 Aprili 2016 kwenye Wayback Machine.