# Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia

*Kwa vita za pili za dunia, tazama Vita vya Pili vya Dunia.*
Shirikiano za kijeshi katika Ulaya mwaka 1915. Nyekundu: Mataifa ya Kati; kijani: Mataifa ya Ushirikiano; njano: mataifa yasiyoshiriki vita
Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia: <br />1.Mifereji huko Verdun (Ufaransa) baada ya kulimwa kwa mizinga mikubwa; <br />2. Ndege za kijeshi na faru za kwanza; <br />3. bunduki ya mtombo na manowari
Ramani ya dunia ikionyesha nchi na maeneo yaliyoshiriki katika Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia. Kijani: Mataifa ya Ushirikiano; njano: Mataifa ya Kati ; nchi zisizoshiriki kwa rangi ya kijivu
**Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia (pia: Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia)** ilikuwa vita iliyopigwa kuanzia mwaka 1914 hadi 1918. Mataifa wapiganaji yalikuwa Ujerumani, Austria-Hungaria, Bulgaria na Uturuki (ziliitwa "Mataifa ya Kati", ing. *central powers*) kwa upande mmoja dhidi ya Ufaransa, Urusi, Uingereza, Italia, Marekani na nchi mbalimbali zilizoshirikiana nazo (zilitwa "Mataifa ya Ushirikiano", ing. *allied powers*).

Sababu halisi ya vita hivyo ilikuwa mauaji ya Archduke Franz Ferdinand wa Austria-Hungaria huko Sarajevo mwaka 1914, lakini mvutano wa ndani ulikuwa ukikua kwa miaka mingi kutokana na utimilifu wa kijeshi, miungano, ubeberu, na utaifa. Vita vilienea haraka kote barani Ulaya na zaidi ya hapo, vikihusisha nchi kutoka Asia, Afrika, na Amerika. Vita vya mahandaki *(Trench warfare)* vilikuwa sifa kuu ya Uwanja wa Magharibi *(Western Front)*, ambako wanajeshi walikabiliwa na mazingira magumu, hali iliyosababisha vifo vingi na taswira ya vita isiyosonga mbele.

Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia vilianzisha teknolojia mpya za kijeshi kama vile mizinga, ndege za kivita, bunduki za mashine, na silaha za kemikali, ambazo zilifanya vita hivyo kuwa vya umwagaji damu mkubwa. Kufikia mwisho wa vita mwaka 1918, inakadiriwa kuwa watu milioni 16 walikuwa wamefariki. Vita vilimalizika kwa kutiwa saini kwa *Mkataba wa Versailles* mwaka 1919, ambao uliweka adhabu kali kwa Ujerumani na kubadilisha mipaka ya Ulaya na Mashariki ya Kati. Matokeo ya Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia, yakiwemo misukosuko ya kisiasa na matatizo ya kiuchumi, yalipelekea mazingira yaliyosababisha Vita vya Pili vya Dunia miaka ishirini baadaye.

## Sababu na matokeo

**Sababu yake** ilikuwa mashindano makali kati ya mataifa ya Ulaya kuhusu kushika nafasi ya kipaumbele barani Ulaya na duniani kote.

**Matokeo yake** yalikuwa mwisho wa kipaumbele cha Ulaya duniani na kupanda ngazi kwa Marekani, mapinduzi katika nchi mbalimbali, mwisho wa falme za Ujerumani, Austria na Urusi pamoja na mwanzo wa utawala wa kikomunisti katika Urusi, mwisho wa Dola la Austria-Hungaria na wa Milki ya Osmani pamoja na mwisho wa ukoloni wa Kijerumani duniani.

Katika Ulaya nchi mpya zilijitokeza kama vile Chekoslovakia, Ufini, Latvia, Estonia, na Yugoslavia pamoja na nchi za zamani zilizotokea tena katika uwanja wa kimataifa ndizo Austria, Hungaria, Lithuania na Polandi. Katika Mashariki ya Kati Uturuki ilianzishwa kama nchi mpya, ilhali kipindi kifupi cha ukoloni wa Uingereza na Ufaransa kilianza huko Syria, Iraq na Lebanoni.

Shirikisho la Mataifa liliundwa kama chombo cha kwanza kilicholenga kuunganisha nchi zote za Dunia na kuzuia vita mpya. Koloni za awali za Ujerumani na majimbo ya Kiarabu ya Milki ya Osmani zilidhaminiwa kwa Uingereza na Ufaransa kwa niaba ya Shirikisho, hatua iliyoweka maeneo haya chini ya uangalizi wa kimataifa, tofauti na koloni za kawaida.

## Hali kabla ya vita

Sehemu kubwa ya Ulaya iliwahi kuwa na kipindi kirefu cha amani tangu vita kati ya Ufaransa na Ujerumani mnamo 1870-1871. Mataifa ya Ulaya yalikuwa na mfumo wa mikataba na mapatano kati yao yaliyolenga kuhakikisha uwiano wa mataifa. Mataifa makubwa ya Ulaya yalikuwa Uingereza, Ufaransa, Ujerumani, Urusi na Italia pamoja na milki ya Austria-Hungaria.

Hali ilikuwa tofauti katika Kusini-Mashariki mwa bara hilo. Hadi nusu ya pili ya karne ya 19 sehemu kubwa ya Balkani ilitawaliwa na Milki ya Osmani iliyokuwa milki ya Kiislamu ya kutawala Wakristo wengi. Milki hii iliendelea kudhoofika wakati wa karne ya 19. Nchi mbalimbali zilijitenga na kupata uhuru, kama vile Ugiriki, Serbia, Bulgaria na Romania. Nchi hizi mpya zilipigana kivita kati yao na Milki ya Osmani hadi mwaka 1912.

## Mwanzo wa vita

Vita Kuu ilianza kutokana na ugomvi kati ya Austria-Hungaria na Serbia. Kutokana na muundo wa mikataba ya kusaidiana kati ya nchi za Ulaya mwanzo huo ulisababisha mfululizo wa hali ya vita kati ya mataifa, na mengine ya Balkani yaliyotafuta uhuru wao.

Tarehe 28 Juni 1914 katika mji wa Sarayevo, Bosnia, mwana wa Kaizari wa Austria aliyekuwa mfalme mteule aliuawa pamoja na mke wake na mgaidi Mserbia mwanachama wa kundi la "Mkono Mweusi" lililopinga utawala wa Austria-Hungaria katika Bosnia. Austria iliamuru Serbia ifuate masharti makali katika uchunguzi wa tendo lile. Serbia ilipokataa sehemu ya mwisho ya masharti, Austria ilitangaza hali ya vita dhidi ya Serbia tarehe 28 Julai 1914.

Agosti ya 1914 iliona kupanuka kwa vita hiyo: Warusi walikuwa na mkataba wa usaidizi na Serbia wakatangaza hali ya vita dhidi ya Austria-Hungaria. Hapo wakaingia Wajerumani waliokuwa na mapatano ya usaidizi na Austria-Hungaria wakitangaza hali ya vita dhidi ya Urusi. Urusi kwa upande wake ulikuwa na mkataba wa kusaidiana na Ufaransa, kwa hivyo hali ya vita ikajitokeza pia kati ya Ufaransa na Ujerumani. Ujerumani ilishambulia Ufaransa kwa kuingia Ubelgiji na kupigana na jeshi la nchi hiyo. Mashambulio hayo yalisababisha Uingereza kujiunga na vita dhidi ya Ujerumani.

Japan iliyokuwa na mkataba wa kusaidana na Uingereza tangu mwaka 1902 iliona nafasi ya kukamata koloni za Ujerumani katika Bahari Pasifiki ikaingia upande wa maadui wa Ujerumani.

Kuanzia Oktoba 1914 Milki ya Osmani (Uturuki) ilijiunga na vita kufuatana na mkataba wake wa siri na Ujerumani.

Mwaka 1915 Italia ilijiunga na Wafaransa na Waingereza kwa kushambulia Austria-Hungaria iliyotawala bado maeneo katika kaskazini ya rasi ya Italia, ingawa awali ilikuwa na mkataba na dola hilo.

## Vita katika nchi mbalimbali

Vita ilipigwa kwa ukali miaka ya 1914-1918. Wajerumani waliingia ndani ya Ufaransa lakini walikwama kabla ya kufikia jiji kuu la Paris. Kwa muda mrefu mstari wa mapambano ulibaki palepale.

Katika Mashariki Wajerumani na Waaustria walifaulu kurudisha mashambulio ya Kirusi na kuteka sehemu za Urusi.

Katika Kusini mwa Ulaya Waustria walifaulu kwa shida kubwa kuteka Serbia na Montenegro pamoja na Albania. Mapigano dhidi ya Italia yalikwama kwenye milima ya Alpi.

Waosmani walishindwa kwa ujumla katika mashambulio yao dhidi ya Warusi katika eneo la Kaukazi na dhidi ya Waingereza katika Misri. Lakini walifaulu kuzuia Waingereza wasifike Uturuki penyewe. Waingereza walipeleka jeshi katika Irak ya kusini wakafaulu kuwarudisha Waosmani hadi kaskazini ya nchi hii.

## Vita katika makoloni

Tazama makala kuu: Vita Kuu ya Kwanza katika Afrika ya Mashariki

Vita ilienea haraka baharini na katika koloni za Ujerumani zilizovamiwa na Waingereza, Wafaransa, Afrika Kusini na Japani. Koloni hizo zilikuwepo Afrika na kwenye visiwa vya Pasifiki pamoja na China. Ujerumani ilikuwa na vikosi vya kijeshi katika koloni za Afrika na pia huko Qingdao nchini China.

Kwa ujumla koloni zote zisizokuwa na jeshi zilitekwa na mataifa ya ushirikiano bila mapigano.

* Afrika ya Kusini-Magharibi ya Kijerumani ilivamiwa na Afrika Kusini na jeshi la ulinzi la Kijerumani likajisalimisha mnamo Julai 1915.
* Kamerun ilivamiwa na Ufaransa na Uingereza kutoka koloni zao za Nigeria na Afrika ya Kati ya Kifaransa. Wajerumani wakajisalimisha katika Februari 1916.
* Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani ilikuwa mahali pa mapigano yaliyoendelea kwa miaka yote ya vita. Jeshi la Ulinzi la Kijerumani lililoitwa Schutztruppe chini ya uongozi wa Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck lilifaulu kutetea eneo la koloni dhidi ya mashambulio ya kwanza ya Waingereza kutoka Kenya hadi 1916. Kwenye Novemba 1914 jeshi la askari 8,000 kutoka Uhindi lilishindwa kwenye mapigano ya Tanga. Hadi mwanzo wa 1916 Waingereza walikusanya jeshi kubwa kutoka Afrika Kusini na Uhindi wakafaulu kutwaa sehemu kubwa ya koloni hadi Agosti 1916. Jeshi la Schutztruppe likaendelea kushika sehemu ya kusini ya koloni hadi 1917 ilipopaswa kuhamia eneo la Kireno katika Msumbiji. Waingereza na Wareno walishindwa kulishika kundi la Kijerumani. Mwaka 1918 Lettow-Vorbeck alirudi Tanganyika akaingia Rhodesia ya Kaskazini alipoambiwa na Waingereza mnamo Novemba 1918 ya kwamba vita ya Ulaya ilikwisha tayari.

## Mwisho wa vita

Wakati 1917 mataifa ya Ulaya yalionyesha dalili za uchovu. Katika hali hiyo mabadiliko mawili makubwa yalitokea: Marekani ilijiunga na vita dhidi ya Wajerumani na Urusi ilikuwa na mapinduzi yaliyolazimisha serikali mpya kutia sahihi mapatano ya kumaliza vita dhidi ya Ujerumani iliyoteka maeneo makubwa ya Urusi.

Nguvu ya Marekani ilionekana haraka na bahati ya Ujerumani ilipungua sana. Austria-Hungaria ilidhoofishwa vilevile.

Mwaka 1918 iliona mwisho wa vita. Jeshi la Kiosmani lilishindwa hadi serikali ya milki kuomba kusimamishwa kwa vita. Mataifa ya ushirikiano yalikaribia mipaka ya Ujerumani na hapo mgomo wa wanamaji ilifuatwa na migomo ya wafanyakazi katika viwanda vikubwa iliyosababisha mapinduzi yaliyoangusha serikali ya Kaisari Wilhelm II. Migomo ya wanajeshi ililazimisha Austria-Hungaria kuomba kusimamisha vita.

Milki za Austria na Uturuki zilikwisha zikagawiwa na sehemu zao zilikuwa nchi mpya au nchi zilizoundwa upya.

## Mkutano wa Paris

Mwaka 1919 mataifa washindi walikutana Paris (Ufaransa) wakikubaliana masharti ya kumaliza hali ya vita dhidi ya Mataifa ya Kati. Mikataba mbalimbali iliandaliwa kati ya washindi na kuwekwa mbele ya nchi zilizoshindwa.

Mikataba hii ilikuwa:

* Mkataba wa Versailles na Ujerumani (28 Juni 1919),
* Mkataba wa Saint-Germain na Austria (10 Septemba 1919),
* Mkataba wa Neuilly na Bulgaria (27 Novemba 1919),
* Mkataba wa Trianon na Hungaria (4 Juni 1920),
* Mkataba wa Sèvres na Milki ya Osmani (Uturuki) (10 Agosti 1920; ukasahihishwa na mkataba wa Lausanne (24 Julai 1923).

Mkutano wa Paris ulitoa masharti makali dhidi ya Ujerumani katika Mkataba wa Versailles. Ujerumani uliondolowa makoloni yote yaliyokabidhiwa kwa niaba ya Shirikisho la Mataifa kama maeneo ya kukabidhiwa kwa Uingereza, Ufaransa, Ubelgiji, Japani, Afrika Kusini na Australia.

Mkutano wa Paris ulikuwa jaribio la kuunda utaratibu mpya duniani uliotakiwa kulindwa na Shirikisho la Mataifa. Lakini ukosefu wa nguvu kwa upande wa Shirikisho la Mataifa pamoja na kuanza na kupanuka kwa mwendo mpya wa Kifashisti iliyochukua utawala katika Italia na Ujerumani vilishinda nia hiyo.

Wataalamu wasio wachache wanasema mwisho wa vita kuu ya kwanza ulipanda tayari mbegu za Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia.

Ni kwamba Wajerumani na wakazi wa nchi nyingine zilizoshindwa walijiona wamekosewa haki, lakini pia Waitalia walioshinda kwa gharama kubwa ya damu walijiona wamedanganywa kwa kutotimiziwa ahadi walizopewa ili wasaliti Ujerumani na Austria-Hungaria na kuingia vitani upande wa pili. Hivyo vyama vya mrengo wa kulia viliweza kupata nguvu na hatimaye kupanga kisasi.

## Vita ya kwanza ya Dunia?

Vita hii ilitwa "Vita ya Dunia" kwa sababu mapigano yalisambaa kote duniani. Sehemu kubwa ya mapigano yalitokea Ulaya na Asia ya Magharibi lakini pia katika makoloni ya Afrika, Asia na Pasifiki. Nchi za Amerika hazikuona mapigano kwenye nchi kavu lakini manowari za Ujerumani zilipigana na mataifa ya ushirikiano mbele ya pwani za Marekani na Amerika Kusini.

Ilikuwa pia vita ya kwanza iliyopigwa kote duniani ilhali habari zake ziliweza kufika katika muda wa masaa au siku chache kwa mataifa yote kutokana na upatikanaji wa vyombo vya mawasiliano hasa simu za kimataifa na redio.

Lakini kwa kweli haikuwa vita ya kwanza ya "Dunia" maana vita ya miaka saba (1756-1762) ilipigwa tayari kwenye mabara yote ya Dunia baina ya nchi zenye koloni, hasa Uingereza, Ufaransa na Hispania.

## Tazama pia

* Kampeni za Kivita katika Afrika ya Mashariki (Vita ya Kwanza ya Dunia)

## Tanbihi

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## Viungo vya nje

* A multimedia history of World War I
* The Heritage of the Great War/ First World War. Graphic color photos, pictures and music, Netherlands Ilihifadhiwa 13 Februari 2005 kwenye Wayback Machine.
* The World War I Document Archive Wiki, Brigham Young University
* Maps of Europe Ilihifadhiwa 5 Julai 2014 kwenye Wayback Machine. covering the history of World War I at omniatlas.com
* Your Family History of World War I – Europeana 1914–1918(Crowd-sourcing project)
* EFG1914 – Film digitisation project on First World War
* WWI Films on the European Film Gateway
* World War I British press photograph collection – A sampling of images distributed by the British government during the war to diplomats overseas, from the UBC Library Digital Collections
* The British Pathé WW1 Film Archive Ilihifadhiwa 24 Machi 2019 kwenye Wayback Machine.

### Ramani hai

* An animated map "Europe plunges into war" Ilihifadhiwa 4 Juni 2020 kwenye Wayback Machine.
* An animated map of Europe at the end of the war Ilihifadhiwa 4 Juni 2020 kwenye Wayback Machine.