# Chad

| **Jamhuri ya Chadجمهورية تشاد (Kiarabu) *République du Tchad* (Kifaransa)* |
| --- |
|
Bendera

Nembo

 |
| **Kaulimbiu:Unité, Travail, Progrès* (Kifaransa) الاتحاد، العمل، التقدم (Kiarabu) "Umoja, Kazi, Maendeleo" |
| **Wimbo wa taifa:La Tchadienne* (Kifaransa) نشيد تشاد الوطني (Kiarabu) "Wimbo wa Chad"  |
|
Mahali pa Chad
Ramani ya Chad |
| **Mji mkuuna mkubwa** | N'Djamena 12°06′ N 16°02′ E |
| **Lugha rasmi** | Kiarabu Kifaransa |
| **Kabila** | [Funga/Fungua] Onyesha kabila 19
* 26.6 Wasara
* 12.9 Waarabu
* 8.5 Wakanembu
* 7.2 Wamasalit
* 6.9 Watebu
* 4.8 Wamasana
* 3.7 Wabidiyo
* 3.7 Wabilala
* 3.0 Wamaba
* 2.6 Wadaju
* 2.5 Wamundang
* 2.4 Wagabri
* 2.4 Wazaghawa
* 2.1 Wafulani
* 2.0 Watupuri
* 1.6 Watama
* 1.4 Wakaro
* 1.3 Wabagirmi
* 1.0 Wamasmaje
* 2.6 Wachadi wengine
* 0.7 Wageni
 |
| **Dini** | 55.1 Waislamu 41.1 Wakristo 2.4 Wakanamungu 1.3 dini asilia 0.1 wengine |
| **Serikali** | Jamhuri ya kiraisi katika udikteta |
|  • Rais | Mahamat Déby |
|  • Waziri Mkuu | Allamaye Halina |
| **Eneo** |  |
|  • Jumla | km2 1 284 000 |
|  • Maji (asilimia) | 1.9 |
| **Idadi ya watu** |  |
|  • Kadirio la 2023 | 18 523 165 |
| **PLT (PPP)** | Kadirio la 2023 |
|  • Jumla |  USD bilioni 32.375 |
|  • Kwa kila mtu |  USD 1 806 |
| **PLT (Kawaida)** | Kadirio la 2023 |
|  • Jumla |  USD bilioni 12.596 |
|  • Kwa kila mtu |  USD 702 |
| **HDI** (2022) |  0.394 - **chini** |

**Chad** (jina rasmi: **Jamhuri ya Chad**; kwa Kiarabu: *Jumhūriyyah Tshad*; kwa Kifaransa: *République du Tchad*) ni nchi isiyo na pwani katika Afrika ya Kati. Inapakana na Libya kaskazini, Sudan mashariki, Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati kusini, Kamerun na Nigeria kusini-magharibi, na Niger magharibi. Ni nchi kubwa yenye eneo la takriban km² milioni 1.28, na idadi ya watu takriban milioni 18.5 (2026) katika mikoa 23 ya utawala. Mji wake mkuu na mkubwa zaidi ni N'Djamena. Lugha rasmi ni Kiarabu na Kifaransa, huku lugha zaidi ya 120 za asili zikieleweka miongoni mwa makabila mbalimbali. Nchi hii ina maeneo ya jangwa la Sahara kaskazini na misitu ya savana kusini.

## Jiografia

Sehemu kubwa ya eneo lake ni jangwa na nchi yabisi. Kusini kuna kanda lenye hali ya hewa ya kitropiki, lakini ardhi yenye rutuba inayofaa kwa kilimo ni asilimia 3 tu za eneo lake lote .

Kaskazini kuna milima ya Tibesti.

Katikati liko beseni la ziwa Chad lililokuwa kati ya maziwa makubwa kabisa duniani lakini limepungua sana, hasa mwishoni mwa karne ya 20.

## Historia

Katika milenia ya 7 KK kulikuwa na watu wengi sana katika beseni hiyo.

Katika historia kabla ya ukoloni watu wa kaskazini waliwafanyia vita watu wa kusini na kuteka wafungwa kama watumwa. Hivyo hadi leo uhusiano kati ya kusini na kaskazini ya nchi ni mgumu.

Tangu mwaka 2003 petroli imekuwa inaongoza kati ya bidhaa zinazopelekwa nje ya nchi badala ya pamba.

Tangu mwaka huo Mgogoro wa Darfur nchini Sudan umevuka mpaka na kuvuruga Chad pia. Ikiwa kati ya nchi zinazoongoza duniani kwa ufukara na ufisadi, ilipata shida kupokea wakimbizi kwa mamia elfu.

Ingawa kulikuwa na vyama vingi vya siasa na mapigano ya kisiasa pamoja na majaribio ya mapinduzi, mamlaka ilibaki imara mikononi mwa Rais Déby na chama chake, Patriotic Salvation Movement, hadi alipouawa mwaka 2021.

## Watu

Msichana wa mkoa wa Ouaddaï.
Wakazi walikuwa 15,500,000 mwaka 2018.

Jinsi ilivyo katika nchi mbalimbali za kanda la Sahel kuna aina mbili za wakazi ndani yake:

* Kaskazini wako hasa watu walioathiriwa sana na utamaduni wa Uislamu (55% za wakazi wote, wengi wakiwa Wasuni). Mifano ni Waarabu (12.3%), Wafulbe, Wahaussa, Wazaghawa na wengineo. Wengi wao walikuwa wafugaji na sehemu ya makabila inaendelea hadi leo maisha ya kuhamahama.
* Kusini wako hasa watu wanaofuata Ukristo (41%, Wakatoliki wakiwa wengi kidogo kuliko Waprotestanti) au dini asilia za Kiafrika (1%) kama Wasara (27.7%). Wengi wao hulima.

Kwa jumla leo kuna makabila zaidi ya 200 nchini, ambayo hutimia lugha na lahaja zaidi ya 100 (angalia orodha ya lugha hizo). Asili yao ni Afrika Mashariki, Afrika ya Kati, Afrika Magharibi na Afrika Kaskazini vilevile.

Lugha rasmi ni Kiarabu na Kifaransa.

## Tazama pia

* Orodha ya miji ya Chad
* Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi
* Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu
* Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu
* Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa
* Demografia ya Afrika

## Marejeo

## Marejeo mengine

* (Kifaransa) Alphonse, Dokalyo (2003); "Cinéma: un avenir plein d'espoir Archived 2013-09-28 at Archive.today}}", *Tchad et Culture* **214**.
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* (Kifaransa) Bambé, Naygotimti (April 2007); ""
* Issa Serge Coelo, cinéaste tchadien: *On a encore du travail à faire* Ilihifadhiwa 30 Mei 2013 kwenye Wayback Machine.
* Botha, D.J.J. (December 1992); "S.H. Frankel: Reminiscences of an Economist", *The South African Journal of Economics* **60** (4): 246–255.
* Boyd-Buggs, Debra & Joyce Hope Scott (1999); *Camel Tracks: Critical Perspectives on Sahelian Literatures*. Lawrenceville: Africa World Press. ISBN 0-86543-757-2
* Central Intelligence Agency (2009). "Chad". The World Factbook. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2013-04-24. Iliwekwa mnamo 28 Januari 2010.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
* "Chad". Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2006, 6 March 2007. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State.
* "Chad". Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2004, 28 February 2005. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State.
* "Chad". International Monetary Fund. Iliwekwa mnamo 18 Aprili 2012.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
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* "*Amnesty International Report 2006* Ilihifadhiwa 13 Januari 2015 kwenye Wayback Machine. ". Amnesty International Publications.
* "Chad" (PDF). *African Economic Outlook 2007*. OECD. May 2007. ISBN 978-92-64-02510-3
* "Chad Ilihifadhiwa 24 Aprili 2020 kwenye Wayback Machine. ". *The World Factbook*. United States Central Intelligence Agency. 15 May 2007.
* "Chad Ilihifadhiwa 14 Juni 2007 kwenye Wayback Machine. " (PDF). *Women of the World: Laws and Policies Affecting Their Reproductive Lives – Francophone Africa*. Center for Reproductive Rights. 2000
* ""Chad (2006)"". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2011-06-04. Iliwekwa mnamo 2021-01-16.. *Freedom of the Press: 2007 Edition*. Freedom House, Inc.
* "Chad". Human Rights Instruments. United Nations Commission on Human Rights. 12 December 1997.
* "Chad". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. (2000). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
* "Chad, Lake". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. (2000).
* "Chad – Community Based Integrated Ecosystem Management Project" (PDF). 24 September 2002. World Bank.
* ""Chad: A Cultural Profile"" (PDF). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 2006-10-01. Iliwekwa mnamo 2021-01-16. (PDF). Cultural Profiles Project. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. ISBN 0-7727-9102-3
* "Chad Urban Development Project" (PDF). 21 October 2004. World Bank.
* "Chad: Humanitarian Profile – 2006/2007 Ilihifadhiwa 14 Julai 2007 kwenye Wayback Machine." (PDF). 8 January 2007. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
* "Chad Livelihood Profiles Ilihifadhiwa 4 Mei 2012 kwenye Wayback Machine." (PDF). March 2005. United States Agency for International Development.
* "Chad Poverty Assessment: Constraints to Rural Development" (PDF). World Bank. 21 October 1997.
* "Chad (2006) Ilihifadhiwa 12 Oktoba 2007 kwenye Wayback Machine. ". *Country Report: 2006 Edition*. Freedom House, Inc.
* ""Chad and Cameroon"". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2009-01-13. Iliwekwa mnamo 2021-01-16.. Country Analysis Briefs. January 2007. Energy Information Administration.
* "Chad leader's victory confirmed", BBC News, 14 May 2006.
* "Chad may face genocide, UN warns", BBC News, 16 February 2007.
* (Kifaransa) Chapelle, Jean (1981); *Le Peuple Tchadien: ses racines et sa vie quotidienne*. Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN 2-85802-169-4
* Chowdhury, Anwarul Karim & Sandagdorj Erdenbileg (2006); "*Geography Against Development: A Case for Landlocked Developing Countries*" (PDF). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 2009-02-05. Iliwekwa mnamo 2021-01-16.. New York: United Nations. ISBN 92-1-104540-1
* Collelo, Thomas (1990); *Chad: A Country Study*, 2d ed. Washington: U.S. GPO. ISBN 0-16-024770-5
* (Kifaransa) Dadnaji, Dimrangar (1999); "*La decentralisation au Tchad*". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2008-03-08. Iliwekwa mnamo 2021-01-16.
* Decalo, Samuel (1987). *Historical Dictionary of Chad* (tol. la 2 ed.). Metuchen: The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-1937-6. `{{cite book}}`: `|edition=` has extra text (help)
* East, Roger & Richard J. Thomas (2003); *Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders*. Routledge. ISBN 1-85743-126-X
* Dinar, Ariel (1995); *Restoring and Protecting the World's Lakes and Reservoirs*. World Bank Publications. ISBN 0-8213-3321-6
* (Kifaransa) Gondjé, Laoro (2003); "[
* La musique recherche son identité] Ilihifadhiwa 30 Mei 2013 kwenye Wayback Machine. ", *Tchad et Culture* **214**.
* "Chad: the Habré Legacy" Ilihifadhiwa 13 Januari 2015 kwenye Wayback Machine. . Amnesty International. 16 October 2001.
* Lange, Dierk (1988). "The Chad region as a crossroad" (PDF), in *UNESCO General History of Africa – Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century*, vol. 3: 436–460. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03914-8
* (Kifaransa) Lettre d'information (PDF). Délégation de la Commission Européenne au Tchad. N. 3. September 2004.
* Macedo, Stephen (2006); *Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes Under International Law*. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1950-3
* (Kifaransa) Malo, Nestor H. (2003); "[
* Littérature tchadienne : Jeune mais riche] Ilihifadhiwa 30 Mei 2013 kwenye Wayback Machine. ", *Tchad et Culture* **214**.
* Manley, Andrew; "Chad's vulnerable president", BBC News, 15 March 2006.
* "Mirren crowned 'queen' at Venice", BBC News, 9 September 2006.
* (Kifaransa) Ndang, Tabo Symphorien (2005); "A qui Profitent les Dépenses Sociales au Tchad? Une Analyse d'Incidence à Partir des Données d'Enquête Ilihifadhiwa 12 Mei 2012 kwenye Wayback Machine. A qui Profitent les Dépenses Sociales au Tchad? Une Analyse d'Incidence à Partir des Données d'Enquête Ilihifadhiwa 12 Mei 2012 kwenye Wayback Machine. "Nakala iliyohifadhiwa" (PDF). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 2012-05-12. Iliwekwa mnamo 2015-07-18." (PDF). *4th PEP Research Network General Meeting*. Poverty and Economic Policy.
* Nolutshungu, Sam C. (1995). *Limits of Anarchy: Intervention and State Formation in Chad*. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. ISBN 0-8139-1628-3.
* Pollack, Kenneth M. (2002); *Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991*. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-3733-2
* "Rank Order – Area Ilihifadhiwa 9 Februari 2014 kwenye Wayback Machine. ". *The World Factbook*. United States Central Intelligence Agency. 10 May 2007.
* "Republic of Chad – Public Administration Country Profile Ilihifadhiwa 14 Juni 2007 kwenye Wayback Machine." (PDF). United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. November 2004.
* (Kifaransa) "République du Tchad – Circonscriptions administratives" (PDF). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 2007-07-03. Iliwekwa mnamo 2021-01-16.. Government of Chad.
* Spera, Vincent (8 February 2004);
* "Symposium on the evaluation of fishery resources in the development and management of inland fisheries". CIFA Technical Paper No. 2. FAO. 29 November – 1 December 1972.
* (Kifaransa) "Tchad". *L'évaluation de l'éducation pour tous à l'an 2000: Rapport des pays*. UNESCO, Education for All.
* (Kifaransa) " Ilihifadhiwa 5 Septemba 2011 kwenye Wayback Machine." (PDF). International Crisis Group. 1 June 2006.
* Wolfe, Adam; "Instability on the March in Sudan, Chad and Central African Republic" kwenye Wayback Machine (*archived 5 Januari 2007*)., PINR, 6 December 2006.
* World Bank (14 July 2006). *World Bank, Govt. of Chad Sign Memorandum of Understanding on Poverty Reduction Ilihifadhiwa 12 Oktoba 2007 kwenye Wayback Machine.*. Press release.
* *World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision Population Database*. 2006. United Nations Population Division.
* "Worst corruption offenders named", BBC News, 18 November 2005.
* Young, Neil (August 2002); *An interview with Mahamet-Saleh Haroun, writer and director of Abouna ("Our Father")*.

## Viungo vya nje

Vya serikali
* (Kifaransa) Serikali ya Chad Ilihifadhiwa 4 Januari 2014 kwenye Wayback Machine.
* (Kifaransa) Official presidency site Ilihifadhiwa 26 Februari 2011 kwenye Wayback Machine.
* Chief of State and Cabinet Members Ilihifadhiwa 27 Julai 2009 kwenye Wayback Machine.

Vingine
* Chad entry at *The World Factbook*
* Chad country study from Library of Congress
* Chad katika Open Directory Project
* Chad profile from the BBC News
* Wikimedia Atlas of Chad
* Key Development Forecasts for Chad from International Futures