# Michoro ya miambani

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|  | Makala hii kuhusu **"Michoro ya miambani"** inatumia neno au maneno ambayo si ya kawaida; matumizi yake ni jaribio kwa jambo linalotajwa. Wasomaji wanaombwa kuchangia mawazo yao.
*Kamusi za Kiswahili ama zinatofautiana kuhusu matumizi ya neno hili au hazieleweki au hazina neno kwa jambo linalojadiliwa.* |

Michoro ya miambani huko Kondoa, Tanzania
**Michoro ya miambani** (ing. *rock art*) ni jina kwa michoro ya aina mbalimbali iliyofanywa na wanadamu kwenye uso wa miamba asilia. Ni aina ya sanaa inayoweza kuwa na umri mkubwa sana.

Wataalamu wa akiolojia hutofautisha kati ya

* Petroglifi (ing. *petroglyph*) – zinazotokana na kukata nyufa kwenye uso wa mwamba
* Piktografi (ing. *pictograph*) – zinazotokana na kutumia rangi juu ya mwamba, hasa kwenye michoro ya mapango.

Michoro ya aina hii hupatikana katika mabara yote na nchi nyingi. Mfano mashuhuri ni Michoro ya Kondoa nchini Tanzania.

Inapatikana kwenye uso wa mwamba unaosimama kama ukuta ama kwenye mtelemko mkali wa mlima au ndani ya mapango.

## Picha

* Michoro ya mapango kwenye pango la Laas Geel, karibu na Hargeisa, Somalia
* Mchoro wa mapango kwenye milima ya Tassili n'Ajjer, Aljeria
* Michoro ya Twyfelfontein, Namibia
* White Lady, Brandsberg, Namibia

## Marejeo

## Kujisomea

* Malotki, Ekkehart and Weaver, Donald E. Jr., 2002, *Stone Chisel and Yucca Brush: Colorao Plateau Rock Art*, Kiva Publishing Inc., Walnut, CA, ISBN 1-885772-27-0 (cloth). For the "general public", this book has well over 200 color prints with commentary on each site where the photos were taken; the organization begins with the earliest art and goes to modern times.

* Rohn, Arthur H. and Freguson, William M, 2006, *Puebloan ruins of the Southwest*, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM, ISBN 0-8263-3970-0 (pbk, : alk. paper). Adjunct to the primary discussion of the ruins, contains color prints of rock art at the sites, plus interpretations.

* Schaafsma, Polly, 1980, *Indian Rock Art of the Southwest*, School of American Research, Sana Fe, University of New Mexico press, Albuquerque, NM, ISBN 0-8263-0913-5. Scholarly text with 349 references, 32 color plates, 283 black and white "Figures", 11 Maps, and 2 Tables.

## Viungo vya Nje

* Ekaterina, Devlet. 2001. Rock Art and the material culture of Siberian and central Asian shamanism. In *The Archaeology of Shamanism*. 43-54. 01/04/2007. Ilihifadhiwa 28 Agosti 2006 kwenye Wayback Machine.
* Rock Art studies Ilihifadhiwa 27 Januari 2002 kwenye Wayback Machine. - A Bibliographic database at the Bancroft Library containing over 10,000 citations to the world's rock art literature.
* The website of Rock Art Foundation - Native American Rock Art Ilihifadhiwa 22 Julai 2011 kwenye Wayback Machine.
* Trust for African Rock Art Ilihifadhiwa 26 Novemba 2020 kwenye Wayback Machine.
* British Rock Art Collection Ilihifadhiwa 22 Aprili 2006 kwenye Wayback Machine.
* ARARA American Rock Art Research Association.
* Rupestre.net A rock art site, mainly devoted to Valcamonica and Alpine Rock Art.
* EuroPreArt The database of European Prehistoric Art.
* Art and Archaeology of the Dampier Archipelago Ilihifadhiwa 28 Machi 2021 kwenye Wayback Machine.
* Bradshaw Foundation Supports dissemination of information on rock art, migration, and the study of artistic man around the world.
* Rock Art in South Africa  Ilihifadhiwa 15 Julai 2005 kwenye Wayback Machine.
* UNESCO World Heritage: Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka