# Angiospermae

Aina mbalimbali za Angiospermae.
**Angiospermae** (yaani mimea inayochanua maua; kwa Kiingereza: *angiosperms*; pia **Magnoliophyta**) ndilo kundi kubwa zaidi la mimea ya nchi kavu (Embryophyte) likiwa na oda 64, familia 416, jenasi 13,000 na spishi zinazojulikana 300,000 hivi.

Mimea inayochanua ya zamani zaidi ilipatikana miaka milioni 160 iliyopita hivi.

## Tanbihi

## Marejeo

* APG (2003). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II". *Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society*. **141** (4): 399–436. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x. `{{cite journal}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help)
* APG (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". *Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society*. **161** (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2017-05-25. Iliwekwa mnamo 2010-12-10. `{{cite journal}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help); Unknown parameter `|=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|dead-url=` ignored (`|url-status=` suggested) (help)
* APG (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". *Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society*. **181** (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385. `{{cite journal}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help)
* Becker, Kenneth M. (Februari 1973). "A Comparison of Angiosperm Classification Systems". *Taxon*. **22** (1): 19–50. doi:10.2307/1218032. JSTOR 1218032.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
* Bell, Adrian D. (2008) [1991]. *Plant Form. An Illustrated Guide to Flowering Plant Morphology*. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-850-1.
	+ 1st edition published by Oxford University Press in 1991 ISBN 978-0-19854-219-3
* Bell, C.D.; Soltis, D.E.; Soltis, P.S. (2010). "The Age and Diversification of the Angiosperms Revisited". *American Journal of Botany*. **97** (8): 1296–1303. doi:10.3732/ajb.0900346. PMID 21616882.
* Chase, Mark W.; Reveal, James L. (2009). "A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III". *Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society*. **161** (2): 122–127. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x. `{{cite journal}}`: Unknown parameter `|lastauthoramp=` ignored (`|name-list-style=` suggested) (help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
* Cromie, William J. (December 16, 1999). "Oldest Known Flowering Plants Identified By Genes". Harvard University Gazette.
* Cronquist, Arthur (Oktoba 1960). "The divisions and classes of plants". *The Botanical Review*. **26** (4): 425–482. doi:10.1007/BF02940572. `{{cite journal}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
* Cronquist, Arthur (1981). *An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants*. New York: Columbia Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-231-03880-5.
* Dahlgren, R. M. T. (Februari 1980). "A revised system of classification of the angiosperms". *Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society*. **80** (2): 91–124. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1980.tb01661.x. `{{cite journal}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
* Dahlgren, Rolf (Februari 1983). "General aspects of angiosperm evolution and macrosystematics". *Nordic Journal of Botany*. **3** (1): 119–149. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1983.tb01448.x.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
* Dilcher, D. (2000). "Toward a new synthesis: Major evolutionary trends in the angiosperm fossil record". *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences*. **97** (13): 7030–7036. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.7030D. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.13.7030. PMC 34380. PMID 10860967.
* Dilcher, David L; Cronquist, Arthur; Zimmermann, Martin Huldrych; Stevens, Peter; Stevenson, Dennis William; Berry, Paul E. (8 Machi 2016). "Angiosperm". *Encyclopedia Britannica*. Iliwekwa mnamo 31 Januari 2017.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
* Heywood, V. H., Brummitt, R. K., Culham, A. & Seberg, O. (2007). *Flowering Plant Families of the World*. Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada: Firefly Books. ISBN 978-1-55407-206-4.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Hill, Christopher; Crane, Peter (Januari 1982). "Evolutionary Cladistics and the origin of Angiosperms". Katika Joysey, Kenneth Alan; Friday, A.E. (whr.). *Problems of Phylogenetic Reconstruction*. Special Volumes. Juz. la 21. London: Systematics Association. ku. 269–361. ISBN 978-0-12-391250-3. `{{cite encyclopedia}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
* Lersten, Nels R. (2004). *Flowering plant embryology with emphasis on economic species*. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Pub. ISBN 9780470752678. `{{cite book}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help)
* Pooja (2004). *Angiosperms*. New Delhi: Discovery. ISBN 9788171417889. Iliwekwa mnamo 7 Januari 2016. `{{cite book}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
* Raven, P.H., R.F. Evert, S.E. Eichhorn. *Biology of Plants*, 7th Edition. W.H. Freeman. 2004
* Sattler, R. 1973. *Organogenesis of Flowers. A Photographic Text-Atlas*. University of Toronto Press.
* Simpson, Michael G. (2010). *Plant Systematics* (tol. la 2nd). Academic Press. ISBN 9780080922089. `{{cite book}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help)
* Soltis, Pamela S; Soltis, Douglas E (Aprili 2016). "Ancient WGD events as drivers of key innovations in angiosperms". *Current Opinion in Plant Biology*. **30**: 159–165. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2016.03.015. PMID 27064530.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
* Takhtajan, A. (Juni 1964). "The Taxa of the Higher Plants above the Rank of Order". *Taxon*. **13** (5): 160–164. doi:10.2307/1216134. JSTOR 1216134. `{{cite journal}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
* Takhtajan, A. (Julai–Septemba 1980). "Outline of the Classification of Flowering Plants (Magnoliophyta)". *Botanical Review*. **46** (3): 225–359. doi:10.1007/bf02861558. JSTOR 4353970. `{{cite journal}}`: Invalid `|ref=harv` (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
* Zeng, Liping; Zhang, Qiang; Sun, Renran; Kong, Hongzhi; Zhang, Ning; Ma, Hong (24 Septemba 2014). "Resolution of deep angiosperm phylogeny using conserved nuclear genes and estimates of early divergence times". *Nature Communications*. **5** (4956): 4956. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5E4956Z. doi:10.1038/ncomms5956. PMC 4200517. PMID 25249442.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

## Viungo vya nje

* media kuhusu Magnoliophyta pa Wikimedia Commons
* Cole, Theodor C.H.; Hilger, Harmut H.; Stevens, Peter F. (2017). "Angiosperm Phylogeny Poster –  Flowering Plant Systematics" (PDF).
* Watson, L.; Dallwitz, M.J. (1992). "The Families of Flowering Plants: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval". 14 December 2000. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2014-08-02. Iliwekwa mnamo 2019-07-21. `{{cite web}}`: More than one of `|archivedate=` na `|archive-date=` specified (help); More than one of `|archiveurl=` na `|archive-url=` specified (help); Unknown parameter `|dead-url=` ignored (`|url-status=` suggested) (help)

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|  | Makala hii kuhusu mmea fulani bado ni **mbegu**. Je, unajua kitu kuhusu **Angiospermae** kama uainishaji wake wa kibiolojia, uenezi au matumizi yake? Labda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari*.* |