Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Mitauro ye Chiindo-Arya

**Mitauro ye Chiindo-Arya** (kana futi **Mitauro ye Uindi**) ibazi remitauro ye Chiindo-irani riri mumhuri ye mitauro ye Chiindo-Yuropu inotaurwa sechizvarwa che Vaindo-Arya. Sechikweru che Zanagore rechi-21, vane vatauri vanosvika 800 mamiriyoni, vazhinji vavo vanowanikwa kuIndia, Pakistani, Bhangiradheshi, Neparu, S'ri Ranga, uye Marudhivhusi.

Pamusoro pezvo, kunze kwe dzasiziwumbe re India, hukuru hwe vatamiranyika (*immigrant*) uye expatriate we nzanga dzinotaura Chiindo-Arya vanogara kumaodzanyembaemadokeri e Yuropu, Madokero e Ezhiya, Amerika ye Maodzanyemba, Karibhiya, Chamhembechemabvazuva e Afurika, Porinezhiya ne Ostireriya, pamwechete ne ruzhinji rwe mamiriyoni e vatauri veMitauro ye Chiromani vazere kuwanda muChamhembechemabvirazuva e Yuropu. Pane mitauro ye Chiindo-Arya inosvika 200 inozivikanwa.

Mitauro ye Chiindo-Arya yanhasi yakabarwa kubva pamitauro ye Chiindo-Arya cheKare senge chikweru cheChisaniskriti cheChivhedhi, mumazuva e Chiindo-Arya chePakati (kana Maprakriti).

Mutauro ukuru tichitarisa zvevatauri vechitange vakarongeka sezviri zasiyo:

* (Chihindustani = Chihindi–Urudhu (c. 329 miriyoni)), Chibhengari (242 miriyoni), Chipunjabhi (inafungidzirwa 120 miriyoni), Chimaratti (112 miriyoni), Chigujarati (60 miriyoni), Chirajastani (58 miriyoni), Chibhojipuri (51 miriyoni), Chiodhia (35 miriyoni), Chimaittila (inafungidzirwa 34 miriyoni), Chisindhi (25 miriyoni), Chinepari (16 miriyoni), Chiasamiya (15 million), Chichatisigarhi (18 miriyoni), Chisinhala (17 miriyoni), uye Chiromani (c. 3.5 miriyoni).

Estimeti ye 2005 yakagadzika huwandu we hwerungo ye numeri ye vatauri ve Chiindo-Arya vokuzvarwa kusvika 900 miriyoni ye huwandu.
# L

|

|  |
| --- |
|  |
| Mabhi eChiratini (semuChishona) |
|  | Aa | Bb | Bh | Cc | Ch | Dd |
| Dh | Ee | Ff | Gg | Hh | Ii | Jj |
| Kk | Ll | Mm | Nn | Oo | Pp | Qq |
| Rr | Rh | Ss | Tt | Uu | Vv | Vh |
|  | Ww | Xx | Yy | Zz |

| Mabhi eChivanhu a /L/ |
| --- |
|

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Lh | Lw | Ly |

 |

**Mabhiihwaro eChishona**| A | E | I | O | U |
|  |  |  |  |  |
| B | Bh | Bv | Bzv | Bg |
| P | Ph | Pf | Psv | Pẋ/Pkġ |
|  |  |  |  |  |
| J | C | D | Dh | Dhl |
| Ch | X | Q | T | Thl |
|  |  |  |  |  |
| Dy | Dz | Dzv | Dv | F |
| Ty | Ts | Tsv | Tv | Vh |
|  |  |  |  |  |
| W | H | G | Kl | Y |
| V | Ẋ/Kġ | K | Kr | N' |
|  |  |  |  |  |
| M | Mb | Mv | Mn' | Ny |
| N | - | - | Nyn' | - |
|  |  |  |  |  |
| Nj | Nd | Ndhl | Ng | Ns |
| Nzv | Nth | Nthl | Nkh | Nz |
|  |  |  |  |  |
| Nc | Nx | Nq | Gc | Gq |
| N'c | N'x | N'q | Gx | Qx |
|  |  |  |  |  |
| L | S | Sh | Sk | Sp |
| R | Z | Zh | - | - |
|  |  |  |  |  |
| St | Sv | Svc | Hl |  |
| - | Zv | Zvc | **Tẋ/Tkġ** |  |

 |

**L** (ridoko "**l**"; zita raro ndi **La**) ibhii reChishona, uye ibhiihwaro rinoshandiswa kuvumba mamwe matarabhii, rinoteverwa na R. L anowanzo shandiswa muChishona pamwechete nepanoshandiswa R, asi pakazhinji, kunyanya muChishona chechimanjemanje L anowanzo wanikwa mumashoko akatorwa kubva kuChingezi kana mumashoko echisleng'i.

## Mashandisirwo a-L

Muchirungu fonororoji ya **L** inoshandiswa kutaura mazwi ari pazasi

* Lumo kana Rumo iri ishoko rechisleng'i rinoreva chikafu.
* Musalama kana Muzarama - kureva mutendi weChiyisalama.
* aloi kana haroi - kureva *alloy*
* lotlopi/lothyopi kana rotlopi- kureva *allotropes*.

## Chirevo:

## Mabviro eruzivo:
# Chikuvamagwaro

Chikuvamagwaro cheruwa kuEthiopia
Shoko rokuti chikuvamagwaro kana kuti chikuvamabhuku (Library in English) riri kushandiswa pano kuturikira imba inowunganidzwa mhando dzakasiyana dzemagwaro, vanhu veruwa vachizopota vachikwereta vachizodzosa. Mhando dzemagwaro dzinochengetwa muchikuvamagwaro dzinosanganisira: mabhuku; mapepanhau; magazini; mimhanzi nezvimwewo. Zvikuvamagwaro zvinowanikwa munzvimbo dzinoti: zvikoro; mahofisi; dzimba; uye mumaruwa. Nokumwe kutaura tinokwanisa kuturikira shoko rokuti *library* tichiti bangiramagwaro, apa kureva nzvimbo inochengetwa magwaro.

## Kupiwa kwezita

Kumutauro weFrench chikuvamagwaro chinonzi **bibliothèque** iri izwi richiumbwa nezvikamu zviviri zvinoti **biblio** kureva bhuku uye **-thèque** kureva **collection** kana kuti *zvakakuviwa*.

Shoko rokuti **kukuva** rinoreva kuunganidza zvinhu uchichengeta kuita iya inonzi **collection**. Shoko rokuti kukuva rinowanikwa richishandiswa nenzira dzakatsaukana mumazita emhuri anotevera: Makuvatsine; Chikuvanyanga; Makuva; Guvamatanga; Guvamombe; Kaguvi; Makuvire zvichingodaro. Mazita aya angadudzirwa sezvinotevera:

* Makuvatsine - kureva munhu ane nungo anosiya munda wakararira uchiungana tsine.

* Chikuvanyanga - munhu anounganidza nyanga.

* Guvamatanga, Guvamombe - vanounganidza matanga emombe kana kuti mombe zhinji.

Mamwe mazwi anotodzana nezwi iri ndiwo anoti: guvi; huva; chikuva zvichingodaro.

## Kurerutsa Mutauro

Tichitevedza mashoko iwaya tinokwanisa kuturikirazve tichiti:

* *Librarian* anenge achinzi guvamagwaro pahuwandu toti vana chikuvamagwaro.

* Public Library inenge ichinzi chikuvamagwaro cheruwa.

* School Library inenge ichinzi chikuvamagwaro chechikoro.

Chikumbiro kuti musadzime zvanyorwa pano musina kuedzawo kupa zita riri nani rine tsananguro yekuti masvika sei pariri. Mukutaura kwamazuva ose tinodudza tichiti *Raibhurari* izvi zviri zvitsvene pakuti tinoziva chiri kurehwa - asi pano tiri kuedza kuwumba mutauro weChiShona tichishandisa mashoko eChiShona chega. Zvinodaro kuti mungada kunatsa mashoko ari pano kuti anatse kupindirana nemipanda yemutauro weChiShona, zvichinge zvakadaro zvinokudzwa.
# Kiromita

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|

| Kiromita |
| --- |
| Mtandira we Yuniti | rumitari (*metric*) |
| Yuniti ye | hurefu |
| Chikwangwani | km |
| Mashandurwo |
| 1 km *mu ...* | *... ienzanwa ye ...* |
| Mayuniti e MP |   1000 m |
|   mayuniti e wuimperi (*imperial*)
ne USA | 0.62137 rd (*mi*)
1093.6 rv (*yd*)
3280.8 rs (*ft*) |
| Mayuniti e unawuti (*nautical*) |   0.53996 rru (*nmi*) |

 |

**Kiromita** (Nge. *kilometre, kilometer*; Chikawangwani che MP: **km**) kana **kilomita** iyuniti ye hurefu mumtandira we rumitari, rakaenzana ne chiuru chimwe chemamita (kiro- kureva chiwakashure che MP chiwakamberi che 1000). Karekano ndiyo yuniti ye vupimo inoshandiswa kurakidza nhambwe pakati penzvimbo dze utarachisi pasi mupasirose; kunze kwe kuUSA ne kuUK kunoshandiswa mayuniti emidanho.

## Mashoko ashandiswa

### Mayuniti e upami

* **sk rd** zvirikumirira **skweya ridanho** - (*sq mi* = *square miles*)
* **km** kureva **kiromita **rv, dv** kureva **rivazhe; dzivazhe** (*yd* = *yard*)
* **rs**, **ds** kureva **rishoka**; dzishoka (*ft* = *foot; feet*)
* **rru** kureva **ridanho re unawauti** (*nmi* = *nautical mile*)

**ky rd** zvirikumirira **kyubhu ridanho** - (*cu mi* = *cube miles*)

### Mashoko

* MP (mtandira we pasirose ) zvinoreva SI (international system)
* vupimo, upimo, hupimo kana chipimo kureva measurement
* **ridanho** kureva (*mile*) kubva pakuti mutanho, nhanho

## Mabviro eruzivo
# Bherarusi

Republic of BelarusРэспубліка Беларусь|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |

 |
| *Rwiyo: Дзяржаўны гімн Рэспублікі Беларусь, "Dziaržaŭny himn Respubliki Bielaruś"*  |
|  |

**Bherarusi** (kureva *Belarus, Белару́сь*) kana **Bhelarusi**, pachihofisi inonzi **Rudhende rwe Bherarusi**, inyika yakakomberedzwa muMabvirazuva e Yuropu. Yakaganhurwa ne Rhashiya kumabvazuva ne kumaodzanyembaemabvazuva, Vukrani kuChamhembe, Polandi kumadokero, uye Ritwaniya uye Rativhiya kumaodzanyembaemadokero. Inofukidza ruwa runosvika 207,600 skweya makiromita (80,200 sk mi) uye huwandu wevanhu unosvika 9.2 miriiyoni, Bherarusi inotora chinzvimbo chigumitatu pakukura uye chinzvimbo che makumi pakuwanda kwevanhu muYuropu.

Guta guru racho iMinsk.

Nyika iyi ine miganhu ne Rhashiya, Rativhiya, Vukireni, Polandi ne Ritwaniya.

|  |
| --- |
| **Yuropu** |
|
Andora · Arubhaniya · Arumeniya · Azeribhaijani · Bherarusi · Bherujyamu · Bhoziniya ne Herizegovhina · Bhuritani · Bhurugariya · Cheki · Dhanemaki · Estonia · Furanzi · Holandi · Hlovhakiya · Hlovheniya · Hungariya · Itari · Jojiya · Jerumani · Kazakhistani · Kurohesha · Maruta · Masedhoniya Maodzanyemba · Monako · Monthenegiro · Morudhovha · Musande Marino · Noruweyi · Ostiriya · Polandi · Putugaro · Rakisombhegi · Rativhiya · Rhashiya · Rishenistayini · Ritwaniya · Romania · Saipurasi · Serubhiya · Speini · Swidheni · Turuki · Vhatikani · Vugiriki · Vufini · Vukireni · Vusvwisi · Yerelendi · Yisirandi |
# Ranjisi

**Ranjisi** (kureva *orange*; Chishongrish: *orenji*) kana futi **raranji**, muchero unorimwa une ruvara rwe ranjisi. MuZimbabwe maranjisi anorimwa zvakanyanya kuMazowe.

## Mamwe Mashoko

Ganda kana deko (peel, noun) rakadai seganda re ranjisi kana ndimu.

* Kusendenudza kana kufunura (to peel) zvichireva kumenya.
* Kusenda (to scrape) zvichireva kupara.

## Mashoko e Chibantu

* VaShambala vanoti **shuza** kana **mashuza** pakuwanda (n. orange) kureva orenji. VaTsonga vanoti **malamula** (n. orange tree).
* Venda vanoti **muswiri** (n. orange. From Afrikaans: **suur**) vachireva orenji. Mamwe mazwi: **thambo** (pip as of fruit).
* VaMaconde vanoti **lishenje** (n. tangerine; naartjie) vachireva nachisi.
* VaDigo vanoti **gandula** (n. to peel) vachireva kumenya.

## Tarisai futi:

* Nachisi
* Ndimu
* Ururu (citrus/citric)
# Nyika yeRudhende

Nyika yeRudhende (Republic) zvinoreva nyika inotongwa, kwete naMambo kana Ishe, asi nevamiriri vakasarudzwa neruzhinji rwevanhu. Izvi zvoreva kuti simba revamiriri rinobva pakuvhoterwa nevanhu uye rinopfumbira pakuita zvinofadza ruzhinji rwevanhu. Nyika dzine hutongi hwechinyarudhende dzinosanganisira: United States of America, South Africa, India, Botswana, Nigeria, France, zvichingodaro.

**Republic of Zimbabwe** inokwaninya kuturikirwa kuchinzi Nyika yeRudhende rweZimbabwe kana Nyika yeRuzhinji rweZimbabwe kana Nyika yeMukumbi weZimbabwe.

* **Republicanism** yoturikirwa kuchinzi chinyarudhende, chinyaruzhinji kana chinyamukumbi.
* **Republican** yoturikirwa kuchinzi nyarudhende, nyaruzhinji kana nyamukumbi.
* Rudhende (Generality of the common people, the rest of the people).

Mashoko ari pamusoro aya kuedza kuumba mutauro weShona kuti ududze zvinorehwa kuEnglish.

Izwi rokuti **republic** rakaumbwa kubva kuLatin. Izwi rokuti **res** rinoreva *thing, entity*, izwi rokuti **publica** rinoreva *public* kana ruzhinji rwevanhu. Saka izwi rokuti **republic** rinoreva **entity of the public**. Zvino kuChiShona kwaturikirwa kuchinzi Nyika yeRudhende.

## Mamwe Mazwi

* Mapurisa eRudhende rweZimbabwe mazwi angashandiswa kuturikira Zimbabwe Republic Police.

## Mitauro yeBantu

* MaZulu vanoti **uwonke** (the public; the masses) vachireva ruzhinji rwevanhu. Sokuti **Uwonke umenyelwe enkosini** kureva ruzhinji rwadaidzwa naShe.
* VaRwanda vanoti **rubanda** (public; crowd; the people) vachireva ruzhinji rwevanhu.
* VaChewa vanoti **gulu** kana **magulu** (audience; assembly, troop; a race or family, larger than fuko).
* MaZulu vanoti **imvama** kana **imvamela** (the majority, generality).
* VaChewa vanoti **gulu** kana **magulu** (crowd, company, herd of animals, drove of cattle, pack of wolves).
# Bhahari re Iyoni

**Bhahari re Iyoni** (nge. Ionian sea; Chigiriki-chazvino: Ιόνιο Πέλαγος, *Iónio Pélagos;* Chiitari: *Mar Ionio* kana *Mar Jonio*; Chiharubhani: *Deti Jon*) ibhayi reBhahari re Medhiteraniya rakareba. Rakabatanidzana ne Bhahari re Adhiriya kumaodzanyemba, uye rakaganhukwa ne Chamhembe che Itari, zvichisinganisa Bhasirikata, Karabhiriya, Sisiri, uye mugimbakirwa we Sarendo kumadokero, chamhembe che Arubhaniya (ne madokero eApuriya, Itari) kumaodzanyemba, ne mugombe wekumadokero weVugiriki, zvichisanganisa Peroponisi.

Zvitsuwa zvikuru zvirimubhahari zvakagadzikwa nechekuruchamhembe charo, ndezveVugiriki. Zvinodanwa nezita rimwe rokuti Zvitsuwa zve Iyoni, zvikuru pakati pezvose zvichisanganisa Korifu, Kefaronya, Zakinthosi, Lefakadha, ne Itaka.
# Gumi neimwe

| 11 |
| --- |

**Gumi neimwe** inhamba inotevera gumi.

## Mitauro yeBantu

* VaWanga vanoti **ikhumi na ndala** (n. eleven) kureva gumi neimwe.
* VaBukusu vanoti **Liikhumi naa ndala** (n. Eleven) kureva gumi nerimwe
* VaWanga neVaBukusu vanoti **ndala** (one - the form used in counting). Sokuti **abomunzu ndala** (children of one woman).
# Hurefu

Muchidzidzo chePimanyika, tsangudzo dzinotevera dzinopihwa maererano nekupimwa kwenhambwe.

* Hurefu (*length*) - shoko iri rinoreva kureba kwenzvimbo kana ichipimwa. Kana tiri kuMasvomhu, hurefu hunoshandiswa kududza divi rakanyanya kureba kudarika mamwe.
* Hwasha (*width*) - shoko iri rinoreva kupamhama kwenzvimbo kana ichipimwa
* Hudzamu (*depth*) - shoko rinoreva kudzika kwenzvimbo kana ichipimwa. Shoko iri rinoshandiswa kududza kupimwa kwenhambwe zvichitevedza rudzivo rwekudzika pasi.
* Hukwidza (height, altitude) - iri shoko rinonyanya kushandiswa kududza kupimwa kwenhambwe zvichitevedza rudzivo rwekuenda mudenga. Somuenzaniso tingataura hukwidza hwendenge iri kubhururuka kana chivakwa chemudurikidzanwa. Mukutaura kwamazuva ose tinoti chinhu chiri pakakwirira kana pakaderera, muzvidzidzo zveScience zvakafanira kuti titaure pamusoro pe*hukwidza*.

Mipimo yose yataurwa pamusoro inoshandisha chiyero chenhambwe chinonzi mita (metre).

* Musambara zvinoreva hurefu huripo kubva pahuma kusvika pabesu panotangira muswe wemhuka.
* Mudzukwa (Tall, straight object e.g. tree; skyscraper). zvinoreva chiro chakareba kuenda mudenga uye chakatwasuka.
* Mbimbi kana honokono (Short length e.g. of string; Cubit).
* Mbombo (Very big).

Kuturama (to be exalted; lifted on high) apa kureva kuva pachinzvimbo chine hukuru hwakakwirira saMwari. Shoko iri rinotaurwa kuChiNdau *Psalm 138:6*.

## Kurerutsa Mutauro

* Rakadzuka (Be eminent. Tower. 2. Grow as child does). Uri kuona here, gunde rakadzuka iro: can you see that stalk which is taller than all the others?
* Dandara kana dzu (ideophone of Being high; of Being on highest point). Takaona Zhombwe kuti dandara: we saw that Zhombwe was higher than the other hills.
* Ngokuti kunyazwi Mambo Mwari **wakaturama**, unokarakadza ngevari pashi; Though the Lord is exalted, he looks kindly on the lowly.

## Mitauro yeBantu

* VaSwahili vanoti **urefu** (length) kureva hurefu. VaGulu vanoti **muntu ayu mtali** (this person is tall) kureva munhu uyu murefu.
* Bemba vanoti **butali** kureva hurefu. Nyakyusa vanoti **ndali** (long) kureva refu. Taabwa vanoti kulepa (adj. belong) kureva kureba.
* VaLungu vanoti **umulimi mutali** (tall farmer) kureva murimi murefu. Kimbundu vanoti **kuleba** (v. length) kureva kureba.
* Nyungwe inoti **citali** (long) kureva hurefu. VaKwere vanoti **lutali** (long) kureva hurefu. Kikongo inoti **levesa** (to make long) kureva kurebesa.