# Mwaka

*Kuona mamwe mashandisirwo eshoko tarisai: Mwaka (tsauranisa chirevo)*

**Mwaka** (Nge. *season*) kana **kati** urupande (kana rugohwaniso) rwe gore zvichienderera ne shanduko ye hwewa, ruambanhundu (*ikoloji*), uye numeri ye maawa murhijoni. PaRinopasi, mwaka imhedzisiro ye botera re Rinopasi pakutenderedza Zuva ne Rinopasi patiruti ye ruakiso (*axial tilt*) nerukamukano we mutsendo uri ekliputiki (*ecliptic*). Mu-tempereti uye marhijoni ari phola (*polar*), mwaka inotaridzwa nekushanduka kwekusimba kwechiedza chezuva chinosvika paRinopasi, misiyano inogona kuita kuti mhuka dzipinde muhibhanesheni (*hibernation*) muchando kana kuti dzitame, uye zvirimwa zvisamera. Tsika dzakasiyana-siyana dzinotsanangura huwandu nemasikirwo emwaka zvichienderana nekusiyana kwematunhu, uye nekudaro kune akati wandei echimanjemanje uye enhoroondo tsika dzine huwandu hwe mwaka hunosiyana.

Mburungwagama rekuMaodzanyemba inowana chiedza chezuva chakanyanya kunanga muna Chivabvu, Chikumi, na Chikunguru, sezvo nyika yakatarisana ne Zuva. Zvimwe chetezvo ndezvechokwadi nezveMburungwagama rekuChamhembe munaMbudzi, Zvita, uye Ndira. Kurereka kwe Rinopasi pasi kunoita kuti Zuva rive pamusoro mudenga mumwedzi ye zhizha, izvo zvinowedzera kuyerera kwezuva. Nekudaro, nekuda kwekunonoka kwemwaka, Chikumi, Chikunguru, na Nyamavhuvhu ndiyo mwedzi inodziya zvakanyanya muMburungwagama rekuMaodzanyemba nepo Zvita, Ndira, na Kukadzi ndiyo mwedzi inodziya zvakanyanya muMburungwagama rokuChamhembe.

Mu-tempereti uye kudzasi-phola (*sub-polar*), mwaka mina zvichienderana nekarenda ya Gregori inowanzo zivikanwa: chirimo, chirimo, matsutso (kana mapehwe), uye chando. Nyanzvi dze Vaambanhanga (vaikolojisti) dzinowanzoshandisa modhi yemwaka mitanhatu yenzvimbo dzakadzikama dzemamiriro ekunze ayo asina kusungirirwa kune chero akatarwa mazuva ekarenda: *prevernal, vernal, estival, serotinal, autumnal,* uye *hibernal*. Nharaunda dzakawanda dzinopisa dzine mwaka miviri: *maenza (kana zienza)*, *monzuni (nge. monsoon), kana kuti uyezve mhari*. Vamwe vane mwaka wechitatu *unotonhorera, wakapfava,* kana kuti *harimatani (harmattan)*. "Mwaka" inogonawo kutaurwa nenguva yezviitiko zvakakosha zvezvakatipoteredza zvakadai *semwaka we mahharikeni, mwaka we matonadho,* uye *mwaka we moto-ye-musango*. Mimwe mienzaniso yekukosha kwenhoroondo ndeyemwaka weIjipita yekare-*mafashamo, kukura,* uye *mvura shoma*-iyo zvakambotsanangurwa nemafashamo egore negore eNairi muIjipita.

Mwaka kazhinji inobata zvakakosha kumasangano ezvekurima, ane hupenyu hunotenderera pakudyara nekukohwa nguva, uye shanduko yemwaka inowanzopindwa netsika. Tsanangudzo yemwaka ndeye tsika zvakare. MuIndiya, kubva kare kusvika nhasi, mwaka mitanhatu kana Ritu yakavakirwa kuChamhembe cheEzhiya echitendero kana tsika makarenda anozivikanwa uye anozivikanwa nezvinangwa zvakaita sekurima nekutengeserana.

## Horokodzwa ye Mwaka

### Zhizha

**Zhizha** kana **zhezha** (*zummer*) ndiwo mwaka we gore unowanzo pisa.

#### Maenza

**Maenza** kana **Zienza** (*rainy season*) kureva nguva yokunaya.

#### Nhimuramwaka

**Nhimuramwaka** (*summer-end rain*) kureva kunaya kunoitika pakupera kwe mwaka wa zhizha.

### Chando

**Chando** (*winter*) kana **Chinyamuchinga** kuChindau zvinoreva mwaka wegore unotonhora.

### Mhari

**Mhari** (*dryness, arid region*)

### Matsutso

**Matsutso**, **Masutso** kana **Mapehwe** kuChikorekore.

### Chirimo

**Chirimo** kana **ruswiswi** (*spring*)

## Tsanangudzo ye mashoko

### Akiso

Akiso (*axis*) uyu mutsetse uri pakati pechiumbwa unoti zviri kumativi ose emutsetse iwoyu zvinenge zvakafanana nekuenzanza huremu nekuumbwa kwazvo. Takatarisana neRinopasi, akiso iyi ndiyo *monerapo* apo panoziririka Rinopasi kamwe pamusi mumwe - izvi zvinokonzera kubuda nokudoka kwezuva. Akiso iyi mutsetse unobatananidza Gonga re Maodzanyemba ne Gonga re Chamhembe. Rinopasi inonyerereka kana *kumonereka* paakiso iyoyi kamwechete pamaawa 24.

* Izwi rokuti kunyera kana kunyerereka (to spin) rinoreva kumonereka paakiso.

### Denderende

Denderende (*ellipse*) - iri zita rinoreva munyonga uri pamutsendo, unoonekwa panochekwa charaka zvichitevedza mutsendo nenzira inopa munyonga wakavharwa kwese (*closed curve*). Izvi zvinoreva kuti mutsendo wacho unocheka nenzira yokuti chiumbwa chinosara pachekwa chine munyonga chete pasina mutsetse wakati twasa; mutsendo haucheke hwaro kana chisuvi chiri pacharaka. Denderende harisi denderedzwa asi rinoda kuita sedenderedzwa rine kuumbwa kwezai.

### Boterero

Boterero (*orbit*) - iri zita rinoreva nzira inofambwa nayo neRinopasi apo inenge ichipoterera zuva kamwe pagore kana kuti pamisi 365. Boterekwa reRinopasi rine kuumbwa kwakaita denderende. Iri zita rinoshandiswawo kutsanangudza nzira dzinofambwa nedzimwe zvindeya padzinopoterera zuva.

### Mutsendo

Mutsendo (*plane, flat area*) izwi rinoreva uso hwakatichechetere kunge pamusoro pemvura. Mutsendo unogonga kunge wakamiswa wakaita mutwi kana kurara kuti sandarara kana kurereka neipi zvayo gonyo. Mutsendo uso hune utandu huviri (2-dimensions)- hwasha nehurefu; mutsendo hauna hudzamu. Rinopasi rinodendera (*revolves*) iri pamutsendo wedenderende (*elliptical plane*) unocheka nepakati pezuva.

### Muenzanisi

Muenzanisi (*equator*) mutsetse unopangidza panosangana uso hweurungano nemutsendo une munzi wehuremu uye wakarurama neakiso yeurungano yacho. Kureva kuti mutsendo uyu wakaita mutwi neaksio uye kuti wakatakura munzi wehuremu (*centre of mass*) yeurungano yacho. Iri zita rinoshandiswazve pakutsangudza kuumbwa kweRinopasi. Muenzanisi une nhambwe dzakaenzana kubva kuGonga rekuMaodzanyemba ne Gonga rekuChamhembe panzvimbo dzose.

Gonga reMaodzanyemba ndipo papoyindi panoburikira akiso yekuzeya yeRinopasi, kuri kuMaodzanyemba kweRinopasi, riri divi rakapesana ne gonga rechamhembe. Kana takatarisa kuMabvazuva, Gonga reMaodzanyemba rinenge riri kuruboshwe.

Gonga reChamhembe ndipo papoyindi panoburikira akiso yekuzeya yeRinopasi, kuri kuChamhembe kweRinopasi. Kana takatarisa kuMabvazuva, Gonga reChamhembe rinenge riri kurudyi.

### Mbariro

Mbariro (Taranyika), (*latitude*) mitsetse inobatanidza nzvimbo dzine nhambwe yegonyo yakaenzana kana gonyo richipimwa kubva pauenzanisi zvichienda kuMaodzanyemba kana kuChamhembe kwe muenzanisi. Mbariro inoverengwa ichibva pamuenzanisi uyo unopiwa nhamba 0o. Numeri ye mbariro inokwira zvichienda kuphoula ye Maondzanyemba - nhamba dzichipiwa vara (+), kudzamara dzasvika pa +90o. Nhamba yelatitude inodzika zvichenda kuphoula ye chamhembe, nhamba dzichipiwa vara (-), kudzamara dzasvika pa -90o. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mbariro 20o iri kuMaodzanyemba kwe muenzanisi; mbariro-30o kana kuti 30oS iri kuChamhembe kwe muenzanisi. Mepu inotaridza mitsetse ye mbariro ichibva kamadokero kuenda kumabvazuva.

### Mutambariko (mtambariko)

Mitambariko (Taranyika), (l*ongitude*) mitsetse inobatanidza nzvimbo dzine nhambwe yegonyo yakaenzana kana gonyo richipimwa kubva paPrime (Greenwich) zvichienda kuMabvazuva kana kuMadokero ePrime Meridian. Mtambariko inoverengwa ichibva paPrime Meridian iyo inopiwa nhamba 0o. Nhamba ye mtambariko inokwira zvichienda kuMabvazuva - nhamba dzichipiwa vara (+), kudzamara dzasvika pa +180o. Nhamba ye mtambariko inodzika zvichenda kuMadokero, nhamba dzichipiwa vara (-), kudzamara dzasvika pa -180o. Izvi zvinoreva kuti longitude +20o iri kuMabvazuva kwePrime Meridian; longitude -30o iri kuMadokero kwePrime Meridian.

### Dendera

Dendera (*to revolve*) izwi rinoreva kupoterera kunoita Rinopasi ichitendera zuva. Dendera rinotanga nekuperera panzvimbo imwechete - ipapo paratangira ndipo parinogumira kuverengwa. Rinopasi inoita dendera kamwe (1) pamazuva 365 kana kuti pagore.

## Kuzeya ne kudendera kwe Rinopasi

### **Kuzeya**

Kuzeya (*swinging*) kwe Rinopasi rinoreva kuziririka kunoita nyika paakiso inobatanidza Gonga rekumaodzanyemba ne Gonga rekuchamhembe. Nyika inoita *monerapo* ichiziririka paakiso iyoyi. Kana tichitarisa Gonga rekumaodzanyemba kubva muchadenga nyika inoratidzika ichiziririka kuenda nerudzivo rwunopesana newachi - *counter-clockwise*. Kana kuri kuGonga rekuchamhembe inotaridzika ichitenderera nerudzivo rwunotevedza wachi - clockwise. Kuziririka kunoita nyika ndiko kunoita kuti kuve neusiku nemasikati; nyika inoziririka kamwe (1) panguva inoita 24 mahawa. Pane ipi zvayo nguva: hafu yenyika inenge yakataira zuva iri muchiedza ari masikati; imwe hafu inenge iri murima kudivi risiri kuwana mirazvo yezuva. Saka panyika panogara paine denderedzwa rinotara muganhu pakati perima nechiedza unonzi Denderedzwa reChiedza - *Circle of Illumination*.

### Dendera

Dendera rinoreva kupoterera kunoita Rinopasi ichitendera zuva. Rinopasi inoita dendera kamwe (1) pamisi 365,25. Dendera rinotanga nekuperera panzvimbo imwechete - ipapo paratangira ndipo parinogumira kuverengwa - nyika ichizotangazve kutenderera nenzira iyoyo imwechete. Nzira inotenderera nayo nyika tichaidana kuti boterekwa; nzira iyi ine kuumbwa kwedenderende kwete denderedzwa. Nokuda kwekuti boterekwa iri idenderende, nhambwe iri pakati penyika nezuva inosiyana mukufamba kwegore - asi izvi sandizvo zvinokonzera mwaka yepanyika.

## Kutsveyama kwe akiso ye Rinopasi

Sokutaurwa kwaitwa, Rinopasi rinodendera (*revolves*) riri pamutsendo wedenderende (*elliptical plane*) unochekana neboterekwa rinofamba ne Rinopasi kamwe pagore. Panguva imwe chete, Rinopasi inoita monerapo ichiziririka paakiso inobatanidza Gonga rekuMaondzanyemba ne Chamhembe. Akiso ye Rinopasi haina kururama pamutsendo wedenderende asi yakatsveyama negonyo re 23.5o. gonyo riri pakati pemutsendo denderende ne akiso ye Rinopasi haichinje; Akiso inoramba yakanongedza divi rimwe uye yakatsveyama negonyo rimwe re 23.5o. Asi chinoshanduka kuti idivi ripi reakiso riri *pedyo* nezuva. Divi riri *pedyo* nezuva rinowana mirazvo yakanyanya - iri divi ndiro rinenge riri mumwaka wekupisa, zhizha, divi riri *kure* rinenge riri muChando.

## Mazuva (misi) ekurangarira

### Zuvaragodza

Mazuva eZuvaragodza (*solstice*) anoitika Chikumi 20-21 ne Zvita 20-21.

* Pamazuva Chikumi 20-21 Rinopasi inenge iri panzvimbo muboterekwa yokuti Gonga rekumaodzanyemba inenge yakanongedza kuzuva yakatsveyamira kuzuva ne 23.5o. Denderedzwa rechiedza rinenge riri panzvimbo yokuti Gonga rekuMaondzanyemba haipinde murima zvokuti Gonga rekumaodzanyemba inowana 24 maawa echiedza. Denderedzwa re Chiedza rinenge rakaita muganhu pambariro 66.5oN panova ndipo panotangira Denderedzwa re Akitiki (*arctic cirle*). Panguva imwechete, Gonga rekuChamhembe inenge yakanongedza kwakapesana nezuva, denderedzwa rechiedza rinenge riri panzvimbo yokuti Gonga rekuChamhembe inoramba iri murima. Gonga rekuChamhembe inowana 24 maawa erima.

Pamazuva aya, nzvimbo dzose dziri kuMaodzanyemba e muenzanisi dzinowana chiedza kwemaAwa anodarika 12; nzvimbo dzose dziri kuChamhembe kwe muenzanisi dzinowana chiedza chiri kwemahawa ari pasi pe 12. Hafu yekuMaodzanyemba inenge iri mumwaka weZhizha, hafu yekuChamhembe inenge iri mumwaka wechando.

* Pamazuva Zvita 20-21 Rinopasi inenge iri panzvimbo muboterekwa yokuti gonga rekuchamhembe inenge yakanongedza kuzuva yakatsveyamira kuzuva ne 23.5o. Denderedzwa rechiedza rinenge riri panzvimbo yokuti Gonga rekuchamhembe haipinde murima zvokuti phoula ye chamhembe inowana 24 maawa echiedza. Denderedzwa re Chiedza rinenge rakaita muganhu pa mbariro 66.5oS panova ndipo panotangira Denderedzwa reAnthakitika (*Antarctic Circle*). Panguva imwechete, Gonga rekumaodzanyemba inenge yakanongedza kwakapesana nezuva, denderedzwa rechiedza rinenge riri panzvimbo yokuti Gonga rekumaodzanyemba inoramba iri murima. Gonga rekumaodzanyemba inowana 24 maawa erima.

Pamazuva aya, nzvimbo dzose dziri kuChamhembe kwe muenzanisi dzinowana chiedza kwemaawa anodarika 12; nzvimbo dzose dziri kuMaodzanyemba kwe muenzanisi dzinowana chiedza chiri kwemahawa ari pasi pe 12. Hafu yekuChamhembe inenge iri mumwaka weZhizha, hafu yekuMaodzanyemba inenge iri mumwaka wechando.

### Husiku Hwakaenzana

Mazuva eHusiku Hwakaenzana (*equinox*) anoitika March 20-21 neSeptember 20-21. Pamazuva aya *Denderedzwa reChiedza* rinocheka Gonga reChamhembe neGonga reMaodzanyemba - mativi ose eakiso anenge ari nhambwe dzakafanana kubva kuzuva - hapana divi rinenge riri *pedyo* nezuva kudarika rimwe. Zvakare hapana divi reakiso rinenge rakanongedza kune zuva. Pamazuva aya nzvimbo dzose dziri panyika dzinowana husiku hwakaenzana, hwakareba 12 maawa - saka mazuva aya achinzi Husiku Hwakaenzana.

Kubva pana Kurume 20-21, nguva yechiedza inoenda ichireba kuhafu yekuMaodzanyemba - kutanga kwenguva yeChirimo kunzvimbo dziri kuMaodzanyemba kwe Muenzanisi. Kunzvimbo dziri kuChamhembe, nguva yechiedza inenge ichiderera, kutanga kwenguva ye Matsutso kunzvimbo idzi. Pakutsutsa.

Kubva pana Sep 20-21, nguva yechiedza inoenda ichiderera kuhafu yekuMaodzanyemba - iyi inguva yemwaka weMatsutso kunzvimbo dziri kuMaodzanyemba kwe Muenzanisi. Kunzvimbo dziri kuChamhembe, nguva yechiedza inenge ichireba, nguva yemwaka weChirimo kunzvimbo idzi.

## Mbariro ne Mtambariko muChishona

* Mbariro dzeTaranyika. Taona kuti mwaka yepanyika inosiyana zvichienderana nekusiyana kwelatitude; nokudaro pfungwa iri kuti tsambamba idzi dzidanwe kunzi Mbariro dzeTaranyika mwaka muChishona. Mwaka inenge iri kulatitude dzekuMaodzanyemba inopesana nemwaka ye mbariro dzekuChamhembe. Nzvimbo dziri mumabriro dze Madondazuva (*Tropics*) munova mune nyika ye Zimbabwe, mwaka haiverengwe kusvika pamwaka mina. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nechiitiko chokunge zuva richiwanikwa nemurazvo une simba panguva zhinji dzegore.

Nzvimbo dziri kunze kwe mbariro ye Madondazuva dzinoverenga mwaka mina inoonekwa zvakati tsvikiti. Mwaka iyi ndiyo chando; chirimo, zhizha, matsutso.

* Mutambariko weTaranyika. Nguva yezuva inosiyana zvichienderana ne mtambariko, saka zvakafanira kuti mtambariko inzi mtambariko we taranyika. Nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzine nguva dzakasiyana zvichienderana memtambariko yenzvimbo yacho. Kune mipanda yenguva (time-zones) yakarongeka ichitevedza rudzivo Mabvazuva-Madokero yakatarwa pamitemo yenguva Pasirose. Nguva idzi hadzizoteveri mtambariko kuti gedye-gedye nokuda kwekusiyana kwemitemo ye nyika dze Pasirose panhau yeMipanda yenguva.

Tamboona kuti mtambariko inoverengwa iri 0-180oE tichienda kuMabvazuva uye 0-180oW tichienda kuMadokero. Zvinoreva kuti gonyo remtambariko rinohwerengedzwa kusvika pa360o. Taona zvakare kuti nyika inoziririka kutenderera kamwe paawa 24h - mahawa 24h anoenderana ne 360o. Panofambwa 15o yoga-yoga nguva inochinja neawa imwe (1h).

Nyika ye Zimbabwe iri murumana rwemtambariko (*longitude*) +30oE. Pose panochinja muyeranhamo ne 15o, nguva inochinja nehawa rimwe (1h). Nokudaro Zimbabwe inopiwa nguva yakawedzerwa 2h (maawa 2) zvichienzaniswa nenguva iri paPrime Meridian. Somuenzaniso kana nguva iri paPrime Meridian iri pa 06:00hrs, nguva ye Zimbabwe inenge iri pa 08:00hrs. Nguva iri paPrime Meridian inonzi Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Nokumwe kutaura nguva ye Zimbabwe inodanwa ichinzi GMT + 2hrs.

* Tariro ndeyekuti mifananidzo ivepo pachidzidzo chino kubatsira kunzwisisa zviri kutsanangurwa.

## Zvimwe zvinyorwa

### Mamwe mashoko ashandiswa

* gumiko (*result*) kana *rhizawuti* paChishongrish.
* gonga kureva *pole*
* dondazuva (*tropic*) madondazuva (*tropics*)
* hawa (hour)
* praima meridhi (*prime meridian*)
	+ praima kana puraimu (*prime*) - riri kupereterwa semataurirwo kuChishona
	+ Meridhi (*meridian*)

### Mazwi eBantu

* VaMambwe vanoti **mwaka** (year, season, period) kureva gore, mwaka kana chinguva.
* VaGungu vanoti **mwaka** (year, age) kureva gore.
* VaKaonde vanoti **mwela** (season) kureva mwaka.
* VaTonga vanoti **ciindi** (season, time, long ago, opportunity).

## Mabviro eruzivo