# Afurika

**Afurika** ndiro ziwumbe riri pachinzvimbo chechipiri pakukura uye pahuwandu hwe vagari mushure meEzhiya. Unda we Afurika hwakakura kusvika maskweya emakiromita mamiriyoni emakumimatanhatu-nekeripiri (30.2 km²), izvi zvichisanganisira zvitsuwa zviri pedyo nayo. Chikamu chinosvika chimuzana wechitanhatu (6%) cheunda we Rinopasi chinotorwa ne ziwumbe re Afurika uye chikamu chinosvika chimuzana chemakumimaviri-nekerina (20.4%) cheivhu chiri muAfurika.

Tarachisi ye Afurika inorakidza kuti yakapoteredzwa ne Bhahari re Medhiteraniya kumaodzanyemba; Gungwa re India kumabvazuva nekuchamhembe; ne Gungwa re Atlandiki kumadokero nekuchamhembe. Nyika ye Matagadzikwa chitsuwa chikuru chinoverengerwa sekuva mudunhu re Afurika. Zvimwe zvitsuwa zvinosanganisira: Seyisheri; Morishasi; Kabho Vherite; Ghini Yomutsazanisi; Chitsuwa cha Robheni; Zanzibhari nezvimwewo zvidiki.

Huwandu hwevagari we Afurika unoverengerwa kusvika kumabhiriyoni maviri (zvichienderana negore raZvuruzviviri neguminetanhatu [2016]), pamusoro pezvo vuzhinji hwe huwandu uhwu ndewe vanhu vegandadema.

Vanhu vekuYuropu vakapamba Afurika muzanagore rechiguminepfumbamwe; pakazozvika kuguma kwe zanagore remakumimaviri Afurika yose yakange yawana rusununguko. Ghana ndiyo yakatanga kuwana rusununguko mugore ra1957, Namibhiya ichive yakazopedzisira mugore ra1990.

## Taranyika

Mukuringa taranyika ye Afurika, zvinovonikwa kuti inopatsanurana ne Yuropu pa Bhahari re Medhiteraniya ichinobatana ne Ezhiya pa Muronga we Suwaisi apo panova panochekana napo Muronga we Suwaisi. Mugimbakirwa we Sinai uri mhiri kwe Muronga we Suwaisi munyika ye Ijipita iri kumaodzanyemba eAfurika.

Nzvimbo iri kwakanyanya kuenda nechekuMaodzanyemba inonzi Rasi bhene Sakha, Tunisia (37°21' N) ; iri kwakanyanya kuenda nechekuChamhembe inonzi Kabho Agulhasi muAfurika Chamhembe (34°51'15" S). Pakati penzvimbo idzi pane nhambwe inokwana makiromita ezvuruzvisere (8000km). Uko kwakanyanya kuenda nechekuMabvazuva kune Rasi Hafuni iri muSomariya (51°27'52" E); kwakanyanya kuenda nechekuMadokero kune Kabho Vherite (17°33'22" W). Kubva paRasi Hafuni kusvika kuKabho Vherite pane nhambwe inosvika makiromita ezvuruzvinomwe-nemazanamana (7,400km). Muganhu wemahombekombe eAfurika ne gungwa wakareba kusvika makiromita ezvuruzvemakumimaviri-netanhatu (26,000km).

Nyika hombesa muAfurika iArujeriya, nyika dukusa iSeyisheri yakavumbwa sechaunga chezvitsuwa zviri kuMabvazuva eAfurika. Nyika idukusa pagurunyika ye ziwumbe iGambia.

## Vanhu vemuAfurika

Huwandu hwe vagari veAfurika hwakakwira zvakanyanya pamakore makumi mana apfuura, nokudaro Afurika ine vanhu vazhinji vechidiki. Mune dzimwe nyika dze Afurika chikamu chinodarika muzana wechishanu (50%) wevanhu vari pasi pamakore makumimavairi-neshanu (25) ekuberekwa. Huwandu hwe vanhu muAfurika hwakakwira kubva pamamiriyoni mazanamaviri-nemakumimavirinerimwe (221 mamiriyoni) muna 1950 kusvika pabhiriyoni-nekerishaiwe (1.0 bhiriyoni) muna2009

Marudzi evanhu vanotaura mitauro ye Chibanthu ndivo vanotaura chikamu chikurusa mudunhu rinobva pakati peAfurika zvichienda kuchamhembe nekuchamhembechemabvazuva. Mudunhu iri munowanikwa wo marudzi evatema vechiNairi vanowanikwa kuChamhembe che Sudhani nekuMabvazuva eAfurika, pamwe ne Vaswahili uye Vakhoekhoe vanowanikwa kuchamhembe che Afurika. Marudzi eVakhoekhoe ndivo vanonzi vakatanaga kusvika kuchamhembe kwe Afurika kuchizotevera vatauri vendimi dzeChibanthu. Vakhoekhoe ndivo vane rudzi runonzi Vasan (Vasangovanhu muchikare).

KuMaodzanyemba kwe Afurika kune mapoka maviri: Vabheribhe neVaarabhu kumadokero; Vaijipita ne Varibhiya kumavirira. Verudzi rwechiArabhu vakasvika mudunhu iri muzanagore rechinomwe, ndivo vakawunza mutauro we Chiarabhu nechinamato che Uyisalama kunzvimbo idzi. Vanhu veMarudzi aShemu vakauyawo mudunhu iri vachisanganisira: Vafonisi ne Vahysko - Vagiriki ve Varhoma vakagarawo munzvimbo iyi. Verudzi rwechiBheribhe ndivo ruzhinji munyika ye Moroko uye muArujeriya mune Mabheribhe vane chitsama chakati kurei. Rudzi urwu ndirwo rune vanhu vanogara mugwenga re Sahara pakazhinji.

Munyika dze Eriteriya ne Itopiya mune Vaamhara ne Vatigiriya vanotaura mitauro ye Marudzi echiShemu iri pamupanda wendimi dze Afurika-Ezhiya. Mudunhu rimwechetero mune Vaoromo ne Vasomari vanotaura mitauro ye Marudzi echiKushi iri pamupanda wendimi dze Afurika-Ezhiya.

Mumwaka wakanga Afurika ichiri pasi peVarungu kwakanga kuine varungu munyika zhinji asi iye zvino vasara vane chitsama munyika shoma. Mumakore akawana nyika dze Afurika kuzvitonga varungu vakatama kubva munyika dzinoti: Arujeriya, Kenya, Kongo, Rhodhezhiya, Mazambuko ne Angola. Zvinofungirwa kuti Vaputukezi vanokwana miriyoni-rimwe nekerishaiwe (1.0 mamiriyoni) vakabuda muAfurika mumwaka 1960-1979. Parizvino varungu vanowanikwa vashoma munyika dzinoti: Afurika Chamhembe, Zimbabwe, Namibhiya ne Rhewuniyone (kureva *Reunion*). Nyika ine varungu vakawanda ndiyo Afurika Chamhembe uye nyika iyi ndiyo ine verudzi rwechiJudha zvakanyanya muAfurika- zvinonzi Afurika Chamhembe ine huwandu hwe zvuruzvemakummanomwe-nerimwe (71,000) verudzi rwe Vajudha. Marudzi ane madzitateguru vekuYuropu anosanganisira, Vafurikana (kureva *Afrikaner*), Vangirofurikani (kureva *Anglo-Africans*) (vakabva Bhuritani) uye Makaradhi.

Kuvuya kwe Varungu vakavuya nechitsama chevanhu vakabva kuEzhiya zvikurusei marudzi eIndia. Misha inogara marudzi echiIndia inowanikwa muAfurika Chamhembe uye muKenya neTanzania. Zvitsuwa zviri muBhahari re India zvakagarwa vevanhu vakabva kuEzhiya- imwe nguva vairoorana neVaafurika pamwe ne Vayuropa. Vanhu vari muMatagadzikwa ndeverudzi rwe Ostironezhi asi vanosangana nemarudzi anoti Vabanthu, Vaarabhu, Vaindia ne Vayuropa. Mumwaka wachizana 20 kumahombekombe eAfrika kumabvazuva nekumadokero kwakasvikavo vane chitsama vemarudzi eku Rebhanoni ne Chayina.

## Mitauro

Pakuverengwa kwemitauro yemuAfurika , kunonzi ziwumbe iri rine mitauro inosvika zviuruzviviri, (2000). Mitauro mizhinji irikuvarwa ndeye muAfurika asi kune imwewo yakavuya kubva kuYuropu ne Ezhiya. Kunonzi Afurika ndiyo nzvimbo ine vanhu vanotaura mitauro mizhinji pane dzimwe dzose.

## Nzizi dze Afurika

### Rwizi Nile

Rwizi Nairi ndirwo rwakanyanya kureba Pasirose ruchiyerera nhambwe inoita makiromita ezvuruzitanhatu nemazanamatanhatu-nemakumimashanu (6,650km). Nairi inopinda munyika dzinosanganisa: Vurundi; Rwanda; Utemabanze we Rudhende rwe Vukongo; Tanzania; Kenya; Vuganda; Itopiya ne Ijipita.

### Rwizi Zambezi

KuChamhembe kwe Afurika, Rwizi Zambezi ndirwo rwizi rukuru rwakareba kusvika makiromita ezvuruzvitatu mazanamashanu-nemakumimana (3,540km). Parwizi urwu ndipo panowanikwa mapopoma eVutsi-vuno-tinha ari pamuganhu panosangana Zimbabwe, Zambia, Namibhiya ne Vutswana. Mamwe mapopoma ari paRwizi rwe Zambezi anosanganisira: Mapopomo eChavuma ari pamuganhu we Angola ne Zambia; Mapopomo eNgonye (kana Mapopomo eSioma) kuMadokero kwe Zambia.

## Njodzi muAfrika

* Mugore raZvuruzviviri-neguminemotsi (2011) mumwedzi wa Kurume nyika ye Japani yakaita kudengenyeka kwenyika kwakasumudza mvura kubva mugungwa ikaita mafashama padunhu. Chiitiko ichi chakaparadza zvivakwa zvizhinji nehupenyu hwevanhu.

* KuChamhembe kweAfurika kundengenyeka kwenyika kushoma; mugore ra Zvuruzviviri-nemotsi (2001) Afurika Chamhembe, Vutswana ne Zimbabwe dzakanzwawo kundengenyeka kwenyika asi hapana zvivakwa zvakaparadzwa. Padambudziko iri musiki wakaropafadza dunhu reAfurika.

* MuAfurika mune zvikwatamabwe zvinozikanwa zvinoti: Kirimanjaro; Nyiragongo; Nyamuragira nezvimwewo kuNaijeriya ne Afurika Chamhembe. Zvimwechetezvo nekudengenyeka kwenyika, chiitiko chinonzi chikwatamabwe kashoma kuitika muziwumbe re Afurika.

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Utemabanze we Rudhende rweVuarabhu rweSaharawi • Somarirandi | **Mavuso anozivikanwa zvishoma** |
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