Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Syllable

A **syllable** is a unit of pronunciation uttered without interruption, loosely, a single sound. All words are made from at least one syllable.

*Monosyllables* are words that have only one vowel sound; *polysyllables* have more than one. If a syllable ends with a consonant, it is called a *closed syllable*. If a syllable ends with a vowel, it is called an *open syllable*. Patterns of syllables can be shown with C and V (C for 'consonant', V for 'vowel'). Closed syllables are often shown as *CVC* (such as *got*), and open syllables as *CV* (such as *go*). Some languages like English have many kinds of closed syllables. Other languages, like Japanese, have few kinds of closed syllables. Other languages still, like Hawaiian and Swahili, have no closed syllables.

Notice that the consonant (C) and vowel (V) notation does NOT match the letters of English spelling in a one-to-one relationship (e.g. 'th' is one sound), but rather individual sounds.

There are many words in English that have only one syllable.

IPA has been added in slashes.

* He /hi/ (CV) - open
* The /ði/ /ðə/ CV) - open
* Like /laɪk (CVC) - closed
* Run /ɹʌn/ (CVC) - closed
* Cat /kæt/ (CVC) - closed
* House /haʊs/ (CVC) - closed
* It (VC) /ɪt/ - closed
* On (VC) /ɑn/ - closed

However, in several languages, such as English, syllables can have consonant clusters (having multiple consonants next to each other), which easily allow for words to have much more complicated syllables, such as:

* Crow /cɹoʊ/ (CCV) - open
* Through /θru/ (CCV) - open
* Spray /spɹeɪ/ (CCCV) - open
* Ports /pɔɹts/ (CVCCC) - closed
* Sports /spɔɹts/ (CCVCCC) - closed
* Trip /tɹɪp/ (CCVC) - closed
* Dent /dεnt/ (CVCC) - closed
* Plant /plænt/ (CCVCC) - closed
* Sprint /spɹɪnt/ (CCCVCC) - closed
* Splints /splɪnts/ (CCCVCCC) - closed
* Strengths /stɹeŋθs/ (CCCVCCC) - closed
* Angsts /eɪŋsts/ (VCCCC) - closed

There are many more words that have two or more syllables.

* Basket /bæs.kεt/ (2 Bas-ket; CVC-CVC)
* Doctor /dɔc.tɔr/ (2 Doc-tor; CVC-CVC)
* Happy /ha.pi/ (2 Ha-ppy; CV-CV)
* Friendly /frεnd.li/ (2 Friend-ly; CCVCC-CV)
* Greenland /grin.lænd/ (2 Green-land; CCVC-CVCC)
* Computer /cəm.pju.tər/ (3 Com-pu-ter; CVC-CCV-CVC) [-pu- is pronounced "pyuu' or CCV]
* Merciful /mər.ci.fəl/ (3 Mer-ci-ful; CVC-CV-CVC)
* Pronunciation /prə.nən.ci.eɪ.ʃən/ (5 Pro-nun-ci-a-tion; CCV-CVC-CV-V-CVC)

Some languages do not use an alphabet with letters. Instead, each sign may stand for a syllable. For example: Japanese can be written using Kana. A writing system based on syllables is called a syllabary. Since words in languages like English can have many different complex syllables (well over 10,000 can be produced in English), writing such languages using a syllabary would be completely impractical, thus alphabets are much better suited to write languages with complex syllable structures. However, since words in Japanese can be made with just a few simple syllables (around 90), writing such languages are well suited for the type of language.
# 7th century

The **7th century** was the century from 601 to 700.

## Decades and years

Note: years before or after the 7th century are in *italics*.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 590s | *590* | *591* | *592* | *593* | *594* | *595* | *596* | *597* | *598* | *599* |
| **600s** | *600* | 601 | 602 | 603 | 604 | 605 | 606 | 607 | 608 | 609 |
| **610s** | 610 | 611 | 612 | 613 | 614 | 615 | 616 | 617 | 618 | 619 |
| **620s** | 620 | 621 | 622 | 623 | 624 | 625 | 626 | 627 | 628 | 629 |
| **630s** | 630 | 631 | 632 | 633 | 634 | 635 | 636 | 637 | 638 | 639 |
| **640s** | 640 | 641 | 642 | 643 | 644 | 645 | 646 | 647 | 648 | 649 |
| **650s** | 650 | 651 | 652 | 653 | 654 | 655 | 656 | 657 | 658 | 659 |
| **660s** | 660 | 661 | 662 | 663 | 664 | 665 | 666 | 667 | 668 | 669 |
| **670s** | 670 | 671 | 672 | 673 | 674 | 675 | 676 | 677 | 678 | 679 |
| **680s** | 680 | 681 | 682 | 683 | 684 | 685 | 686 | 687 | 688 | 689 |
| **690s** | 690 | 691 | 692 | 693 | 694 | 695 | 696 | 697 | 698 | 699 |
| **700s** | 700 | *701* | *702* | *703* | *704* | *705* | *706* | *707* | *708* | *709* |

## Related pages

* Anglo-Saxons
* Asuka period
# 2nd century BC

This the image of the Expansion of Rome
The **2nd century BC** was a century that started on the first day of 200 BC and ended on the last day of 101 BC. It is considered part of the Classical period of history.

Expansion Of Rome
The eastern hemisphere at the end of the 2nd century BC.After having won the Second Punic War, the Roman Republic continued expanding by conquering neighbouring territories. It eventually made Greece part of its empire. It also took the coast of North Africa after destroying the city of Carthage at the end of the Third Punic War. In the east, the Seleucid Empire was forced to make concessions to Rome in order to avoid war. Rome came to dominate the Mediterranean Sea during this period. By the end of the century, its army changed from conscription to a voluntary professional force. These changes were known as the Marian Reforms.

In East Asia, China became very successful under the Han Dynasty. Its empire extended from Korea in the east to Vietnam in the South and, to the borders of what is today Kazakhstan in the west. The Han also try to get help in fighting the Xiongnu from the Yuezhi people in the west. It is also during this century that the first paper was made in China.

In Europa, the Second Macedonian War fought between Macedon, led by Philip V of Macedon, and Rome (200–197 BC) marked a significant stage in increasing Roman intervention in the affairs of the eastern Mediterranean, which would eventually lead to Rome's conquest of the entire region. In 203-191 the Boii were submitted by the Romans and their territory became part of Galia cisalpina. In 192-190 Rome wages war against the king Antiochus III the Great. Cato the Elder, is elected censor in 184, an try to oppose Hellenism. The Third Macedonian War (171-168) against Perseus of Macedon won by the Romans. After the Third Punic War (149-146), Carthage is taken and destroyed by the Romans. Between 133 and 121, the Gracchi brothers advocate for social reform but are both killed. Gallia Narbonensis is conquired by the Roman Republic in 125–121.
Together with the Teutones and the Ambrones, the Cimbi fight the Roman Republic between 113 and 101 BC during the Cimbrian War. The Cimbri were initially successful but they were decisively defeated at the Battle of Vercellae by Gaius Marius
# Tax

A tax form
Marker for an area where coal was taxed
**Tax** is money that people have to pay to the government.

The government uses the money it gets from taxes to pay for things. For example, taxes are used to pay for people who work for the government, such as the military and police, provide services such as education and health care, and to maintain or build things like roads, bridges and sewers. The earliest known taxes were those of the Egyptian Old Kingdom.

## Types of taxes

There are many different kinds of taxes. They may be direct tax or indirect tax.

* Taxes that are based on how much money a company earns are called **corporate taxes Taxes that are based on how much money a person earns are called **income taxes**.

* Taxes that are based on how much a person buys are called **sales taxes**.
* Taxes that are based on how much a person owns are called **property taxes**. Things like houses have a property tax on them.
* Taxes that are paid when official documents are approved are called **stamp duties** (because in the past the document would have a stamp put on it). Changing who owns a house will often need a document approving.
* Taxes that are paid when somebody dies are called **inheritance** or **estate taxes.**

Taxes can also be split into 3 groups:

* **Flat taxes**: Everybody pays the same percentage. Russia has a flat income tax and everybody in Russia has to pay 13% of the income.
* **Progressive taxes**: The more money a person makes, the higher percentage of their income they have to pay. Most countries have progressive income taxes.
* **Regressive taxes**: The less money a person makes, the higher percentage of their income they have to pay. Sales taxes are usually called regressive as poor people spend a higher percentage of their money than rich people.

## Paying lots of different taxes

Often because different parts of governments use taxes for different things, people end up paying lots of taxes.

In the United States, for example, the national government has an income tax; most states have an income tax or a sales tax, or both; and cities and towns may have a sales tax or a property tax. In some states such as Ohio, the sales tax is different in each county.

## Before Taxes

In ancient times, people from one city or area would attack another place, and make the people there pay *tribute*. Tribute meant that the attacked people would pay money (or other things), and the attacker would stop attacking them. A famous tribute was the Danegeld, when people from Denmark conquered part of England and made the English pay thousands of silver coins.

## Groups who are against taxes

Anarchists and Libertarians are against all taxes or against high taxes. As people are paying them unwillingly and under the threat of sanctions, they say that taxation is the same as robbery. (Taxation as theft)

## Related pages

* Income tax in the United States
* Tithe
# Luoyang

**Luoyang** is a prefecture-level city in western Henan province, China. It has also been spelled **Loyang**. It is located by the Luo River and Yellow River. In 2010, 6,549,941 people lived there.

## Administrative divisions

Luoyang administers 5 "built-up" urban districts, 1 additional district, 1 county-level city, and 9 more rural counties:

* Luoyang proper
	+ Jianxi District (涧西区)
	+ Xigong District (西工区)
	+ Laocheng District (老城区)
	+ Chanhe Hui District (瀍河回族区)
	+ Luolong District (洛龙区)
	+ Jili District (*non-urban*, 吉利区)
* Mengjin County (孟津县)
* Xin'an County (新安县)
* Luoning County (洛宁县)
* Yiyang County (宜阳县)
* Yichuan County (伊川县)
* Song County (嵩县)
* Luanchuan County (栾川县)
* Ruyang County (汝阳县)
# North

Points of the compass with north highlighted
**North** is one of the 4 main directions on a compass. North is usually up on most maps. For Example: The United States is north of the Mexico, which is itself north of Brazil. The North Pole is the farthest north you can go. The North of the world is considered to be the top.
# Caprinae

| Caprinae |
| --- |
|  |
| Barbary sheep, *Ammotragus lervia* |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Artiodactyla |
| Family: | Bovidae |
| Subfamily: | **Caprinae** Gray, 1821 **Pantholopinae** |

**Caprinae** is a subfamily of the even-toed ungulate family Bovidae. Animals of the Caprinae subfamily are called caprid or goat-antelope.

The domestic sheep (*Ovis aries*) and domestic goat (*Capra hircus*) are part of this group.

## Taxonomy

* Subfamily **Caprinae**
	+ Genus *Pantholops*
		- Tibetan antelope or Chiru (*Pantholops hodgsonii*)
	+ Genus *Capricornis*
	+ Genus *Naemorhedus*: Gorals
		- Himalayan goral, *Naemorhedus goral*
		- Long-tailed goral, *Naemorhedus caudatus*
		- Red goral, *Naemorhedus baileyi*
		- Chinese goral, *Naemorhedus griseus*
	+ Genus *Oreamnos*
		- Mountain goat (*Oreamnos americanus*)
	+ Genus *Rupicapra*
		- Chamois (*Rupicapra rupicapra*)
		- Pyrenean chamois (*Rupicapra pyrenaica*)
	+ Genus *Myotragus*
		- *Myotragus balearicus* †
	+ Genus *Budorcas*
		- Takin (*Budorcas taxicolor*)
	+ Genus *Ovibos*
		- Musk ox (*Ovibos moschatus*)
	+ Genus *Hemitragus*
		- Himalayan tahr (*Hemitragus jemlahicus*)
	+ Genus *Nilgiritragus*
		- Nilgiri tahr (*Nilgiritragus hylocrius*)
	+ Genus *Arabitragus*
		- Arabian tahr (*Arabitragus jayakiri*)
	+ Genus *Capra*
		- Wild goat (*Capra aegagrus*)
		- Alpine ibex (*Capra ibex*)
		- Walia ibex (*Capra walie*)
		- West Caucasian tur (*Capra caucasica*)
		- East Caucasian tur (*Capra cylindricornis*)
		- Spanish ibex (*Capra pyrenaica*)
		- Markhor (*Capra falconeri*)
	+ Genus *Pseudois*
		- Bharal (*Pseudois nayaur*)
		- Dwarf blue sheep (*Pseudois schaeferi*)
	+ Genus *Ammotragus*
		- Barbary sheep (*Ammotragus lervia*)
	+ Genus *Ovis*

## Images

* An Alpine Ibex or *steinbock*
* A Musk Ox
* Barbary Sheep
* Domestic sheep
# 5th century

The **5th century** was the century from 401 to 500.

## Decades and years

Note: years before or after the 5th century are in *italics*.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 390s | *390* | *391* | *392* | *393* | *394* | *395* | *396* | *397* | *398* | *399* |
| **400s** | *400* | 401 | 402 | 403 | 404 | 405 | 406 | 407 | 408 | 409 |
| **410s** | 410 | 411 | 412 | 413 | 414 | 415 | 416 | 417 | 418 | 419 |
| **420s** | 420 | 421 | 422 | 423 | 424 | 425 | 426 | 427 | 428 | 429 |
| **430s** | 430 | 431 | 432 | 433 | 434 | 435 | 436 | 437 | 438 | 439 |
| **440s** | 440 | 441 | 442 | 443 | 444 | 445 | 446 | 447 | 448 | 449 |
| **450s** | 450 | 451 | 452 | 453 | 454 | 455 | 456 | 457 | 458 | 459 |
| **460s** | 460 | 461 | 462 | 463 | 464 | 465 | 466 | 467 | 468 | 469 |
| **470s** | 470 | 471 | 472 | 473 | 474 | 475 | 476 | 477 | 478 | 479 |
| **480s** | 480 | 481 | 482 | 483 | 484 | 485 | 486 | 487 | 488 | 489 |
| **490s** | 490 | 491 | 492 | 493 | 494 | 495 | 496 | 497 | 498 | 499 |
| **500s** | 500 | *501* | *502* | *503* | *504* | *505* | *506* | *507* | *508* | *509* |
# 6th century

The **6th century** was the century from 501 to 600.

## Decades and years

Note: the 6th century officially started in 501.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 490s | *490* | *491* | *492* | *493* | *494* | *495* | *496* | *497* | *498* | *499* |
| **500s** | *500* | 501 | 502 | 503 | 504 | 505 | 506 | 507 | 508 | 509 |
| **510s** | 510 | 511 | 512 | 513 | 514 | 515 | 516 | 517 | 518 | 519 |
| **520s** | 520 | 521 | 522 | 523 | 524 | 525 | 526 | 527 | 528 | 529 |
| **530s** | 530 | 531 | 532 | 533 | 534 | 535 | 536 | 537 | 538 | 539 |
| **540s** | 540 | 541 | 542 | 543 | 544 | 545 | 546 | 547 | 548 | 549 |
| **550s** | 550 | 551 | 552 | 553 | 554 | 555 | 556 | 557 | 558 | 559 |
| **560s** | 560 | 561 | 562 | 563 | 564 | 565 | 566 | 567 | 568 | 569 |
| **570s** | 570 | 571 | 572 | 573 | 574 | 575 | 576 | 577 | 578 | 579 |
| **580s** | 580 | 581 | 582 | 583 | 584 | 585 | 586 | 587 | 588 | 589 |
| **590s** | 590 | 591 | 592 | 593 | 594 | 595 | 596 | 597 | 598 | 599 |
| **600s** | 600 | *601* | *602* | *603* | *604* | *605* | *606* | *607* | *608* | *609* |

## Related pages

* Kofun period
* Asuka period
# Uyghur people

Uyghur
ئۇيغۇر| Uyghur man at the Sunday market in Kashgar |
| Regions with significant populations |
|  China (Xinjiang) | 11,303,355 |
|  Kazakhstan | 223,100 (2009) |
|  Uzbekistan | 55,220 (2008) |
|  Kyrgyzstan | 49,000 (2009) |
|  Turkey (Uyghurs in Turkey) | 45,800 (2010) |
|  Saudi Arabia | ~50,000 (2013) (Saudi Labor Ministry) |
|  Syria | ~3,500 (2015) (Uyghur Turkistan Islamic Party members plus families in Zanbaqi (الزنبقي) in Jisr al-Shughur) |
|  Pakistan (Uyghurs in Pakistan) | ~1,000 families (2010) |
|  Russia | 3,696 (2010) |
|  Ukraine | 197 (2001) |
| Languages |
| Uyghur |
| Religion |
| Sunni Islam (Hanafi) |
| Related ethnic groups |
| other Turkic peoples |

The **Uyghurs** (wee-ger; 维吾尔人) are a Turkic people and a Central Asian ethnic group, living mainly in Xinjiang, nowadays a province located in the far northwest of China. Over 11 million Uyghurs live there, far more than any other part of the world.

Many Uyghurs also live in Beijing, Shanghai and Taoyuan County (Hunan, South-Central China). There are Uyghur diasporic communities in Turkey, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan and Mongolia. However, the vast majority of Uyghurs live in their native homeland Xinjiang.

Uyghurs are mainly Sunni Muslim and speak Uyghur, a Turkic language. The Uyghur alphabet is based on the Arabic alphabet. The vast majority of Uyghurs follow the Hanafi school of Sunni Islam.

Most Uyghurs were originally from the ancient Karluk tribes of the Kara-Khanid Khanate and immigrated to what is now Xinjiang during the 8th or 9th centuries AD. Modern Uyghurs identify with the Karakhanids even though the name Uyghur was taken from the Manichaean Uyghur Khaganate and the Buddhist state of Qocho.

At a conference in Tashkent in 1921, representatives of the New Uyghur-speaking population of West Turkestan, whose language does not go back directly to the Old Uyghur of Mongolia, or only to a small extent, adopted the name "Uyghurs" for themselves.

Some Uyghurs seek independence from China.

## Related pages

* Turkic peoples
* Chinese people
* Xinjiang
* Xinjiang internment camps
# Synonym

A **synonym** is a word with the same meaning as another word.

## Examples

* *sick* and *ill*
* *child* and *kid*
* *baby* and *infant*
* *rich* and *wealthy*
* *make* and *create*
* *student* and *pupil*
* *car* and *automobile*
* *scared* and *frightened*

## Nature

Synonyms can be nouns, verbs, adverbs or adjectives, but both words must be of the same part of speech. That means, only a noun can be a synonym of another noun, only a verb can be a synonym of another verb, and so on. One can find sets of synonyms in a thesaurus, which is a book listing groups of related words.

Some words are near-synonyms, which have similar but not exactly the same meaning. Examples of proper nouns, such as names of these languages, having synonyms or near-synonyms include:

* *Siamese* also known as *Thai*
* *Ute* also known as *Noochew*
* *Urdu* also known as *Lashkari*
* *Ghurkhali* also known as *Nepali*
* *Euskara* also known as *Basque*
* *Myanmar* also known as *Burmese*
* *Persian* also known as *Farsi* or *Parsi*

## History

The word *synonym* dates back over 500 years, to late Middle English. The word is derived from Latin from the Greek word *sunōnumon*, neuter form of the adjective *sunōnumos*, from *sun-* meaning 'with' + *onoma* meaning 'name' in the Greek language. The meaning of the word has remained unchanged for all these centuries. There is even a saying, dating to 1892, *Once a synonym, always a synonym*.
The word has been taught to generations of English-language students and is commonly known by the public. Many other languages have a similar word for *synonym* with the same or similar spelling.

## Related pages

* Antonym
* Homonym
* Homophone
# Air

A fan moves air.
**Air** is the Earth's atmosphere. Air is a mixture of many gases and tiny dust particles. It is the clear gas in which living things live and breathe. It has an indefinite shape and volume. It has mass and weight, because it is matter. The weight of air creates atmospheric pressure. There is no air in outer space.

Earth's atmosphere is composed of about 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen, 0.9 percent argon, and 0.1 percent other gases.

Animals live and need to breathe the oxygen in the atmosphere. In breathing, the lungs put oxygen into the blood, and send back carbon dioxide to the air. Plants need the carbon dioxide in the air to live. They give off the oxygen that we breathe. Without it animals die of asphyxia.

Air can be polluted by some gases (such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides), smoke, and ash. This air pollution causes various problems including smog, acid rain and global warming. It can damage people's health and the environment. There are debates about whether or not to act upon climate change, but soon enough the Earth will heat up too much, causing it to become too hot and not support life. Some say fewer people would die of cold weather, and that is true but there is already a huge amount of people dying from heat and that number is and will keep increasing more and more.

Since early times, air has been used to create technology. Ships moved with sails and windmills used the mechanical motion of air. Aircraft use propellers to move air over a wing, which allows them to fly. Pneumatics use air pressure to move things. Since the late 1900s, air power is also used to generate electricity.

Air is invisible: it cannot be seen by the eye, though a shimmering in hot air can be seen.

Air is one of the 4 classical elements (water, air, earth and fire).

## Main history

### Original atmosphere

At first it was mainly a hydrogen atmosphere. It has changed dramatically on several occasions—for example, the Great Oxygenation Event 2.4 billion years ago, greatly increased oxygen in the atmosphere from practically no oxygen to levels closer to present day. Humans have also contributed to significant changes in atmospheric composition through air pollution, especially since industrialisation, leading to rapid environmental change such as ozone depletion and global warming.

### Second atmosphere

Out gassing from volcanism, supplemented by gases produced during the late heavy bombardment of Earth by huge asteroids, produced the next atmosphere, consisting largely of nitrogen plus carbon dioxide and inert gases.

### Third atmosphere

Oxygen content of the atmosphere over the last billion years
The constant re-arrangement of continents by plate tectonics influences the long-term evolution of the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide was transferred to and from large continental carbonate stores. Free oxygen did not exist in the atmosphere until about 2.4 billion years ago. The Great Oxygenation Event is shown by the end of the banded iron formations.

## Related pages

* Air pollution
* Air craft
# National Assembly (Serbia)

The **National Assembly** (Serbian Cyrillic: Народна скупштина, romanized: *Narodna skupština*, pronounced [nǎːrodnaː skûpʃtinaː]) is the unicameral legislature of Serbia. The assembly is made up of 250 deputies who are elected to four-year terms by secret ballot. The assembly elects a president (speaker) who presides over the sessions.
# Tom Waits

| Tom Waits |
| --- |
|  |
| Background information |
| Birth name | Thomas Alan Waits |
| Born |  (1949-12-07) December 7, 1949 Pomona, California, United States |
| Genres | Rock, experimental |
| Occupation(s) | Singer-songwriter, musician, actor, composer |
| Instruments | Vocals, piano, guitar |
| Years active | 1972–present |
| Labels | Asylum Records, Island Records, ANTI- |
| Website | Official website |

**Thomas Alan "Tom" Waits** (born December 7, 1949) is an American singer, songwriter, actor, and composer. He is known for his distinct voice, electric instrumentation, and occasionally surreal lyrics. His work often includes elements of the blues, jazz, and musical theatre.