Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# 1312

1312 in other calendars| Gregorian calendar | 1312 *MCCCXII* |
| Ab urbe condita | 2065 |
| Armenian calendar | 761 ԹՎ ՉԿԱ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6062 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1233–1234 |
| Bengali calendar | 719 |
| Berber calendar | 2262 |
| English Regnal year | 5 Edw. 2 – 6 Edw. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1856 |
| Burmese calendar | 674 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6820–6821 |
| Chinese calendar | 辛亥年 (Metal Pig) 4008 or 3948     *— to —* 壬子年 (Water Rat) 4009 or 3949 |
| Coptic calendar | 1028–1029 |
| Discordian calendar | 2478 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1304–1305 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5072–5073 |
| Hindu calendars |  |
|  - *Vikram Samvat* | 1368–1369 |
|  - *Shaka Samvat* | 1233–1234 |
|  - *Kali Yuga* | 4412–4413 |
| Holocene calendar | 11312 |
| Igbo calendar | 312–313 |
| Iranian calendar | 690–691 |
| Islamic calendar | 711–712 |
| Japanese calendar | Ōchō 2 / Shōwa 1 (正和元年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1223–1224 |
| Julian calendar | 1312 *MCCCXII* |
| Korean calendar | 3645 |
| Minguo calendar | 600 before ROC 民前600年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −156 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1854–1855 |
| Tibetan calendar | ལྕགས་མོ་ཕག་ལོ་ (female Iron-Boar) 1438 or 1057 or 285     *— to —* ཆུ་ཕོ་བྱི་བ་ལོ་ (male Water-Rat) 1439 or 1058 or 286 |

**1312** (MCCCXII)
was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1312th year of the Common Era (CE) and *Anno Domini* (AD) designations, the 312th year of the 2nd millennium, the 12th year of the 14th century, and the 3rd year of the 1310s decade. As of the start of 1312, the Gregorian calendar was
8 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which was the dominant calendar of the time.

## Births

* November 13 – Edward III of England
# Decoration

**Decoration** may refer to:

* Decorative arts. This includes objects, process, etc for purely aesthetical purposes. Many holidays like Halloween, Christmas and independence day involve seasonal decorating as part of the celebration.
* A house painter and decorator's craft
* An act or object intended to increase the beauty of a person, room, etc.
* An award that is a token of recognition to the recipient intended for wearing
# Southern Ocean

| **Earth's oceans (World Ocean)** |
| --- |
| * Atlantic Ocean
* Arctic Ocean
* Indian Ocean
* Pacific Ocean
* Southern Ocean
 |

Ice (white) in the Southern Ocean around Antarctica (light purple at bottom) grows and shrinks during the year
The **Southern Ocean**, also called the **Antarctic Ocean**, is the ocean around the continent of Antarctica. The fourth-largest sea by area, at 20,327,000 km², it has a coastline 17,968 km long and is surrounded by the waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.

Since the 1770s, geographers have discussed its limits, but the latitude sixty degrees south is now often accepted. It includes several seas like Cosmonauts, Somov, Commonwealth, and Mowson.

## Other websites

* Oceanography Image of the Day, from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
* The CIA World Factbook's Archived 2017-02-13 at the Wayback Machine entry on the Southern Ocean
* The Fifth Ocean Archived 2008-09-06 at the Wayback Machine from Geography.About.com
* NOAA In-situ Ocean Data Viewer Archived 2006-02-11 at the Wayback Machine Plot and download ocean observations
* NOAA FAQ about the number of oceans Archived 2007-03-13 at the Wayback Machine
# 1677

1677 in other calendars| Gregorian calendar | 1677 *MDCLXXVII* |
| Ab urbe condita | 2430 |
| Armenian calendar | 1126 ԹՎ ՌՃԻԶ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6427 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1598–1599 |
| Bengali calendar | 1084 |
| Berber calendar | 2627 |
| English Regnal year | 28 Cha. 2 – 29 Cha. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2221 |
| Burmese calendar | 1039 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7185–7186 |
| Chinese calendar | 丙辰年 (Fire Dragon) 4373 or 4313     *— to —* 丁巳年 (Fire Snake) 4374 or 4314 |
| Coptic calendar | 1393–1394 |
| Discordian calendar | 2843 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1669–1670 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5437–5438 |
| Hindu calendars |  |
|  - *Vikram Samvat* | 1733–1734 |
|  - *Shaka Samvat* | 1598–1599 |
|  - *Kali Yuga* | 4777–4778 |
| Holocene calendar | 11677 |
| Igbo calendar | 677–678 |
| Iranian calendar | 1055–1056 |
| Islamic calendar | 1087–1088 |
| Japanese calendar | Enpō 5 (延宝５年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1599–1600 |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 10 days |
| Korean calendar | 4010 |
| Minguo calendar | 235 before ROC 民前235年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 209 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2219–2220 |
| Tibetan calendar | མེ་ཕོ་འབྲུག་ལོ་ (male Fire-Dragon) 1803 or 1422 or 650     *— to —* མེ་མོ་སྦྲུལ་ལོ་ (female Fire-Snake) 1804 or 1423 or 651 |

**1677** (MDCLXXVII)
was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1677th year of the Common Era (CE) and *Anno Domini* (AD) designations, the 677th year of the 2nd millennium, the 77th year of the 17th century, and the 8th year of the 1670s decade. As of the start of 1677, the Gregorian calendar was
10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

## Events

* May 29 – Treaty of Middle Plantation establishes peace between the Virginia colonists and the local Indians.
* May 31 – Danish ships clash with Swedish ships under Niels Iuel between Fehmarn and Warnemünde – Danish defeat the Swedish and capture number of ships.
* November 16 – French troops occupy Freiburg.
# Area

**Area** is the amount of space a two dimensional (flat) surface takes up. It is useful because it is how much of a material is needed to make a hollow container. Area is the amount of surface covered by a close object or shape.

Some units used to measure area are square foot, square mile, square metre and square kilometre. The area of a planar figure is often written as WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_0 . Areas of regular shapes such as square, rectangle, triangle and circle can be calculated through formulas. The area of an irregular shape can be approximated through grid or graph paper.

One can use different formulas to find the area of different shapes. For example:

Formula to calculate the area of a Polygon
* The area of a rectangle is the length of any two touching sides multiplied together. In other words, length times width.
* The area of a triangle is half of the product of the base and the perpendicular height. In other words, WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_2 .
* The area of a circle: WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_4

The area of a flat object is related to the surface area and volume of a three-dimensional object.

The area under a curve can be found using integration, a concept from calculus.

## Perimeter and Area

Six shapes with a fixed perimeter...
As demonstrated with honeycombs, the best shape to have when you want plenty of area with little perimeter is the circle, with the hexagon being a good alternative.

...and shapes with an (almost) fixed area.
If you want a lot of perimeter and just a little area, simply make the shape into a square, then make it twice as long and half as wide.

## Related pages

* Mu (unit of area)
# 1800s

The **1800s** was the decade that began on January 1, 1800 and ended on December 31, 1809. It is distinct from the decade known as the '''181st decade''' which began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1810.

## Events

* Beginning of the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815).
* Semaphore is adopted by navies.
* The United Kingdom was founded (1801)

## World leaders

* Emperor Napoleon I (First French Empire)
* Emperor Francis II (Holy Roman Empire)
* Frederick William III of Prussia (Prussia)
* Pope Pius VII
* Tsar Paul I (Russia)
* Tsar Alexander I (Russia)
* King Charles IV (Spain)
* King George III, (United Kingdom)
* President John Adams (United States)
* President Thomas Jefferson (United States)
* Fath Ali Shah of Qajar dynasty (Persia)
* Jiaqing Emperor of China (Qing Dynasty)

## Births

*None at this time*
## Deaths

*None at this time*
# Banja Luka

Banja Luka
Kastel fortress (on Vrbas)
Banja Luka Municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina
coat of arms
**Banja Luka** (Бања Лука), or **Banjaluka** is a city in the western part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is located on the Vrbas river. It is the second largest city in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and many people say it is one of the country's most beautiful cities. It is the administrative center of the Republika Srpska and the economic and cultural center of this part of Bosnian Krajina.

Its elevation is 163 m, and its total area is 1,238.91 km2. According to the 2013 census, the City of Banja Luka has 185,042 inhabitants.

In the first century AD, Romans won the area of Banja Luka, which was then inhabited mainly members of Mezeji, an Illyrian tribe. This area was completely within the Roman province called Illyricum. Today, the city of Banja Luka is located on the road that led from Dalmatia to Pannonia, or from Salona to today's Bosanska Gradiška. Today's citadel Kastel, which is in what was the center of the city at the time, was a Roman military fortress.

Slavs settled Balkans and all of the current Banja Luka are in the sixth and seventh centuries, and they built several fortresses in the valley of the river Vrbas. There are not many written records from that time. The earliest Slavic settlement is also called "Vrbas," and it was first mentioned in 1320. The name of the town Banja Luka first appears in writing in 1494, in a work by Croatian-Hungarian King Vladislav. The name comes from *banjaluk* that is the Turkish-Bosnian slang for "spaing." This is because of the natural hot water suitable for baths that still exist in today's oldest settlement, Gornji Šeher/Upper Seher. The city came under Ottoman rule in 1537.
# Novel

"The Lighthouse at the End of the World" is a novel by Jules Verne, who is considered as the father of science fiction.
**Novels** are books that have one long story written in them. They are works of prose fiction and are longer than short stories and novellas.

There are many kinds of novels. For example, some are adventure stories, like *Treasure Island* by Robert Louis Stevenson. There are horror stories like Mary Shelley's *Frankenstein*. There are also science fiction novels like *Dune* by Frank Herbert, and humorous novels like *The Adventures of Tom Sawyer* by Mark Twain. Novels in English are usually at least 60,000 words long. Some are much longer, at 150,000 words or more. Novels usually have 100 pages or more.

The first novels were written more than three hundred years ago. Some people say that *Don Quixote* by Miguel de Cervantes is the first novel; it was first published in 1605.

## Genres of novels

There are many different genres, or categories, of novels. Some of these are:

* Campus
* Crime fiction
* Fantasy
* Gothic
* Horror
* Romance
* Spy
* Thriller
* Science fiction
* Speculative
* Westerns
* Picaresque
* Gothic Novel
* Sentimental Novel
* Weird fiction
# Racquet

A **racquet** (sometimes racket) is used in sports to hit an object. It differs from a paddle because the head is a grid of strings instead of solid.

## Tennis

A tennis racquet has a long handle and a large oval-shaped area used to hit a tennis ball. It has many strings stretched across its surface (or face) both horizontally and vertically. The strings supply bounce to hit the ball. The handle and frame of the racquet is usually made out of light materials such as graphite. Older racquets were made out of wood. Tennis racquets come in different sizes and weights.

Tennis racquets can be bought at sports equipment stores or department stores. A beginner racquet can cost as little as $30, but they can cost much more for very good quality rackets ($500 or more).

## Badminton

A badminton racquet has a longer, thinner neck than a tennis racquet with softer strings as the shuttlecock is hit up over a net.
# Murcia

| Murcia |
| --- |
| Municipality |
| FlagSeal |
| Murcia |
| Coordinates: ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Country |  Spain |
| A. community |  Murcia |
| Province |  Murcia |
| Government |
|  • Mayor | José Francisco Ballesta |
| Area |
|  • Total | 886.0 km2 (342.1 sq mi) |
| Population (January 1, 2021) |
|  • Total | 459,778 |
|  • Density | 518.9/km2 (1,344/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 |
| Postal code | 30001–30012, 30100, 30107–30110, 30120, 30139, 30150–30158, 30160–30169, 30179, 30331, 30570, 30579, 30580, 30588–30592, 30830–30837 |
| MCN | 30030 |
| Website | Official website |

**Murcia** is the capital of the autonomous community of Murcia, in Spain, and its biggest city, with a population of 459,778 in the city. The municipality is the seventh largest in Spain.

The city is in the Segura Valley, in an area called la *Huerta de Murcia*, which is a very important agricultural center with oranges, lemons, tomatoes, onions, etc.; the varied fruits and vegetables typical of the Mediterranean lands. It has a hot semi-arid climate (*BSh* in the Koeppen climate classification). The city has a Baroque cathedral and a university.
# Cult of personality

Soviet poster featuring Stalin, Soviet Azerbaijan, 1938
Sometimes, governments create idealized images of people. Very often, these people are current or former leaders of the country. What will then result is a **cult of personality**, or **cult of the leader**. Techniques such as mass media, propaganda, fake news, spectacle, the arts and patriotism are used to create this image. The leader is shown as a hero, with few or no negative traits. Social engineering is also used very often, especially in one-party states and dominant-party states. A cult of personality often accompanies the leader of a totalitarian or authoritarian countries. It can also be seen in some monarchies, theocracies, and failed democracies.

Augustus of Prima Porta, 1st century CE
Ho Chi Minh statue in front of the City Hall of Ho Chi Minh City (formerly known as Saigon) in Vietnam
Statue of Mao Zedong in China
# Subject (school)

**Subjects** are the parts into which learning can be divided. At school, each lesson usually covers one subject only. Some of the most common subjects at school are Language arts, history, mathematics, physical education and science.

## Examples

Primary school subjects: (ages 4–11)

* Art
* Citizenship
* Geography
* History
* Languages (French, German, Spanish)
* Literacy
* Music
* Natural history
* Personal, social and health education (PSHE)
* Science
* Arithmetic
* Social Studies
* Reading
* Writing
* Math

Secondary school subjects: (ages 11–16)

* Art
* Business studies
* Citizenship
* Critical reading
* Dance
* Design & technology
* Drama
* English
* Geography
* History
* Information and communication technology (ICT)
* Languages
* Mathematics
* Modern studies
* Music
* PE: Physical education
* P.S.H.E: Personal, social and health education (PSHE)
* RE: Religious education
* Science
* Study skills

Other subjects include:

* Ancient Greek
* Animal husbandry
* Art
* Biology
* Chemistry
* Commerce
* Computer studies.
* Design technology
* Drama
* Ethic(s)
* Food technology
* Foreign languages: Spanish, French, German, Mandarin, Irish, Welsh, Italian, Japanese, etc.
* Geography
* Health and hygiene
* Home economics
* Latin
* Literature
* Music
* Physics
* Psychology
* Religion
* Sociology
* Woodwork
* Design Technology (Paper and Board, Resistant Materials, Food Technology, Textiles)

## Other websites

* "Elective Subjects" . *New International Encyclopedia*. 1905.
* "Elective Subjects" . *Encyclopedia Americana*. 1920.
# Guangdong

Guangdong Province in China
**Guangdong** (Chinese: 广东省) is a province on the southern coast of China. The meaning of the name in Chinese is "east of the expanse" or "expanse's east". It has a higher population and GDP than any other province in China. Its capital city is Guangzhou. Guangdong has 49 districts, 30 county-level cities, 42 counties, and three autonomous counties.

Guangdong has an area of 177,900 km2 (68,700 sq mi) and is the 15th biggest province in China. In 2008, more than 95,440,000 people were living in Guangdong. They speak several different kinds of dialects. More than half of the people speak Yue Chinese, which is also the main dialect in the neighboring Hong Kong, while Min Chinese and Hakka Chinese each has about 20% of the total speakers.

The shortened name for Guangdong is Yue (粤), since Guangxi also shares the first word "Guang" (广), meaning "expanse".

Economy: The largest companies are (as of 2024) Huawei, BYD, Foxconn, Midea, GIIHG, Luxshare, Gree, TCL, GAC and ZTE.

## Other websites

* How to (say or) pronounce Guangdong. Channel, "Pronounce Names" at YouTube.com
# Emperor Ai of Han

**Emperor Ai of Han** (27 BC-1 BC) was an emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty. He ascended the throne when he was 20, having been made heir by his uncle Emperor Cheng, who was childless, and he reigned from 7 BC to 1 BC.