Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Asian Games

The **Asian Games** are a multi-sport event, held every four years between competitors from all nations of Asia.

 It includes a variety of sports, from soccer to alpine skiing. Like the Olympics, it has a winter event and a summer event ^^

## List of Asian Games

* 1951 - 1st Asian Games, New Delhi, India
* 1954 - 2nd Asian Games, Manila, Philippines
* 1958 - 3rd Asian Games, Tokyo, Japan
* 1962 - 4th Asian Games, Jakarta, Indonesia
* 1966 - 5th Asian Games, Bangkok, Thailand
* 1970 - 6th Asian Games, Bangkok, Thailand (*Originally hosted by Seoul, South Korea*)
* 1974 - 7th Asian Games, Tehran, Iran
* 1978 - 8th Asian Games, Bangkok, Thailand (*Originally hosted by Karachi, Pakistan*)
* 1982 - 9th Asian Games, New Delhi, India
* 1986 - 10th Asian Games, Seoul, South Korea
* 1990 - 11th Asian Games, Beijing, China
* 1994 - 12th Asian Games, Hiroshima, Japan
* 1998 - 13th Asian Games, Bangkok, Thailand
* 2002 - 14th Asian Games, Busan, South Korea
* 2006 - 15th Asian Games, Doha, Qatar
* 2010 - 16th Asian Games, Guangzhou, China
* 2014 - 17th Asian Games, Incheon, South Korea
* 2018 - 18th Asian Games, Jakarta and Palembang, Indonesia (*Originally hosted by Hanoi, Vietnam*)

## List of Winter Asian Games

1. 1986 Winter Asian Games, Sapporo, Japan
2. 1990 Winter Asian Games, Sapporo, Japan
3. 1996 Winter Asian Games, Harbin, People's Republic of China (originally hosted by North Korea)
4. 1999 Winter Asian Games, Gangwon, South Korea
5. 2003 Winter Asian Games, Aomori, Japan
6. 2007 Winter Asian Games, Changchun, People's Republic of China
7. 2011 Winter Asian Games, Almaty, Kazakhstan

## Other websites

* Olympic Council of Asia Archived 2018-09-06 at the Wayback Machine
* 15th Asian Games - Doha - 2006 Archived 2007-01-07 at the Wayback Machine
* 6th Winter Asian Games - Changchun - 2007 Archived 2006-11-17 at the Wayback Machine
# Shun dynasty

| Great Shun大順 |
| --- |
| 1644–1646 |
| The Shun dynasty at its peak in 1644 |
| Status | Short-lived dynasty of China |
| Capital | Xi'an (1644) Beijing (1644 – 5 June 1644) |
| Common languages | Chinese |
| Religion  | Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Chinese folk religion |
| Government | Monarchy |
| Emperor |   |
|  |
| • 1644–1645  | Li Zicheng |
| • 1645–1646  | Li Zijing |
| • 1646  | Li Guo |
|  |
| History |   |
|  |
| • Established in Xi'an  | 8 February 1644 |
| • Captured Beijing/Death of the Chongzhen Emperor  | April 1644 |
| • Proclamation as the Yongchang Emperor  | 3 June 1644 |
| • Fall of Beijing  | 5 June 1644 |
| • Surrender to the Southern Ming  | 1646 |
|  |
| Currency | Chinese coin, Chinese cash |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| **Preceded by** | **Succeeded by** |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Ming dynasty |

 |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Qing dynasty |  |
| Southern Ming |  |

 |

 |
| Today part of | China |

The **Shun dynasty** (simplified Chinese: 顺朝; traditional Chinese: 順朝; pinyin: *Shùn cháo*), officially the **Great Shun** (simplified Chinese: 大顺; traditional Chinese: 大順; pinyin: *Dà Shùn*), was a short-lived Chinese dynasty that existed during the Ming–Qing transition.

The dynasty was founded in Xi'an on 8 February 1644, the first day of the lunar year. The founder was Li Zicheng, the leader of a large peasant rebellion. He proclaimed himself "emperor" (皇帝) instead of the title "king" (王) before founding the dynasty.
# Qinling Mountains

The **Qinling Mountains** (Traditional Chinese: 秦嶺, Simplified Chinese: 秦岭) are a major mountain range. Most of them are in the Eastern province of Shaanxi, in China. The mountains provide a natural boundary between the North and South of the country. They support a large variety of plants and wildlife, some of which is found nowhere else on Earth.
# Xincheng District

**Xincheng District** (Chinese: 新城区, pinyin:Xīnchéng Qū, meaning: New City District), is a district of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China, and it's in middle-eastern of Xi'an. Shaanxi government is in here. Its name is from Xincheng Square. As of November 2011, 589,739 people live in here. Area of Xincheng District is 30.13 km2.
# Lianhu District

**Lianhu District** (Chinese: 莲湖区, pinyin: Liánhú Qū, meaning Lotus lake District) is a district of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. It is in the center, a little northwest of Xi'an. Its name is from Lianhu park. The Xi'an government is also here. The district covers 38.32 square kilometres (14.80 sq mi). As of November 2010, 698,513 people live there.
# Yanta District

**Yanta District** (Chinese: 雁塔区, Pinyin: Yàntǎ Qū, meaning "Wild Goose Tower District") is a district of southern Xi'an. Its area is 151.44km2, and it had a population of 1,178,529 in November 2010. Its name comes from Big Wild Goose Tower, a tower that was built in 652 AD. The district is famous for its culture, is a tourist stop, and has many universites.

## History

In September 1954, Yanta District was started. It was a merger of Xi'an No.9 District, part of Chang'an County, part of Weiqu District, and other places.

In May 1960, some parts of Xincheng District, Lianhu District, and Beilin District were merged to form Yanta District. That was revoked in April 1962.

In September 1965, Yanta District was changed to a Xi'an suburb, together with Weiyang District, the original Epang District, and some other areas. That was revoked in February 1980.

## Political divisions

Yanta District is divided into eight subdistricts:

* Xiaozhailu Subdistrict
* Dayanta Subdistrict
* Changyanpu Subdistrict
* Dianzicheng Subdistrict
* Dengjiapo Subdistrict
* Yuhuazhai Subdistrict
* Zhangbagou Subdistrict
* Qujiang Subdistrict
# Yanliang District

**Yanliang District** (Chinese: 阎良区, pinyin:Yánliáng Qū) is a district of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. Its name is shortened from "Luyan Liangshan" (闾阎良善, meaning "good for living place"). It is in northeast of Xi'an, and 50 kilometres (31 mi) from the center of Xi'an. Weinan Municipality is to the east and north. Xianyang Municipality is to the west. Lintong District is to the south. It is famous for making airplanes. It is far from center of Xi'an, but its economy is good. The district covers 244.55 square kilometres (94.42 sq mi). As of November 2010, 278,604 people lived there.
# Gaoling District

**Gaoling District** (Chinese: 高陵区 pinyin:Gāolíng Qū) is a county of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. It is in the north part of Xi'an. Weiyang District and Baqiao District are to the south. Yanliang District is to the north. Lintong District is to the east. Xianyang Municipality is to the west. It covers 285.03 square kilometres (110.05 sq mi). As of November 2010, 333,477 people lived there.

Chinese government changed it from "Country" to "District" on Dec,2014.
# Huyi District

**Huyi District** (Chinese: 鄠邑区, pinyin:HùYì Qū) is a District of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. Qinling Mountain is to the south. Wei River is to the north. Chang'an District is to the east. Zhouzhi County is to the west. It covers 1,279.42 square kilometres (493.99 sq mi). As of November 2010, 556,377 people lived there.

## History

In Xia Dynasty (2100 BC - 1600 BC), here named Hushi Country (扈氏国), meaning "Hu family's country", it's the origin of Hu County. After changed some names, it named Hu Country (扈国). And in Qin Dynasty (221 BC -206 BC), "扈" changed to "鄠" in Chinese language, and then country changed to county. In 1964, "鄠" changed to "户".Chinese government changed its name from "Hu County(户县)" to "Huyi District(鄠邑区)"On Nov. 24,2016.

## Area

There are 14 towns in Huyi:

Ganting,Yuxia,Zuan,Qinduz,Dawang,Caotang,Jiangcun,Pangguang,Laodian,Ganhe,Shijing,Yuchan,Wuzhu and Weifeng.

## Transportation

Railway:Xi'an–Chengdu high-speed railway,Xi'an-Yuxia Railway.

Railway Station:Huyi Railway Station,Yuxia Railway Station.
# Zhouzhi County

**Zhouzhi County** (Chinese: 周至县, pinyin:Zhōuzhì Xiàn) is a county of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. It is in the southwest part of Xi'an. Before 1964, it was written in Chinese as **盩厔** (also read Zhouzhi), meaning surrounded by mountains and rivers. It covers 2,945.20 square kilometres (1,137.15 sq mi). As of November 2010, 562,768 people lived there. Zhouzhi is famous for embroidery, and the product kiwifruit.
# Historical source

A historical source is an original document or item that holds important information about the past. These sources are fundamental for understanding history and serve as clues for historical study.

Historical sources encompass a wide range of materials, such as coins, artifacts, monuments, literary works, documents, archaeological sites, oral transmissions, inscriptions, paintings, recorded sounds, images, and oral history. Even ancient relics and ruins can be considered historical sources. These sources are categorized into primary, secondary, and tertiary sources.
# Wen Tingyun

**Wen Tingyun** (812–870) was an important Chinese lyricist of the late Tang Dynasty.

He was born in Qin, Shanxi province, China. Wen became regarded as the first truly distinctive writer of *ci*, the song-verse style of poetry that dominated Chinese poetry during much of the late Tang dynasty and the Song dynasty. Most of his poems are "boudoir"-style verses that described the opulent furnishings and gardens of solitary women and their hidden desires. This style of poetry was commonly used for romantic communications between men and women in the entertainment districts of the Chinese capital Chang'an during the Tang dynasty.
# Epigraphy

**Epigraphy** is the study of writings, inscriptions (epigraphs) on things like rocks, clay, stone, paper, etc. It is used to study writing; often for learning about languages of the past.
# Zhuge Liang

Zhuge Liang
**Zhuge Liang** (Chinese: 諸葛亮;181-234) was a Chinese politician and general of the ancient Shu Han Dynasty.

He helped his lord Liu Bei conquer the country *Ba Shu* from 211 to 214, along with Pang Tong. After Liu Bei's death in 223, Zhuge Liang was a regent for the new emperor Liu Shan. Zhuge Liang attempted to conquer the Southern Wei territories five times but had no success. He died in 234, and Jiang Wan succeed his power.
# Zhao Yun

**Zhao Yun** (Chinese: 趙雲, ?-229) was a Chinese general of Han dynasty.

He served Gongsun Zan when early years, and helped Liu Bei to against Yuan Shao. Later he resigned when his brother’s death.

Later he served Liu Bei as general to defend Cao Cao’s attack. He protected Liu Bei’s son Liu Shan and Lady Gan when battle of Changban.

After the battle of Red Cliff, he defended Jing Province, and controlled Liu Bei’s wife Lady Sun’s arrogant. Later Lady Sun wanted to take Liu Shan back to Wu, Zhao Yun stopped her and took back Liu Shan.

Later Zhao Yun joined with Liu Bei to attack Shu and battle with Cao Cao. When battle of Yiling, Zhao Yun advised Liu Bei don’t take back Jing Province and focus to attack Cao Wei, but Liu Bei refused. Zhao Yun came to defend when Liu Bei retreated.

Later he joined Zhuge Liang’s invasion. He battled with Deng Zhi to against Cao Zhen and defeated, but Zhao Yun retreated successful and the army still completely.

He died in 229.

* 《Record of the Three Kingdoms》
# Rebellion

Painting of Pier Gerlofs Donia and Wijerd Jelckama fighting for the freedom of his people
A **rebellion** is when people refuse to obey orders and fight against authority. Those who do this are “rebels”. They may be citizens of a country who try to take over the government by force because they do not trust the current system. Some rebels in history were slaves who fought back against their masters or against slavery in general. Leaders of slave rebellions include Spartacus and Nat Turner.

The Zhou dynasty in China feared rebellion. Rulers of other Chinese states that were captured live were made to with their families in the Zhou capital, Anyang. However, this way failed to stop rebellion because groups of lords were brought together that could rebel. The Zhou dynasty declined because other lords who were ruling parts of China rebelled.

Rebellion is a usual method of secession.
# Liu Penzi

| Liu Penzi |
| --- |
| Born | 10 AD |
| Died | After 27 AD |
| Dynasty | Han dynasty |
| Father | Liu Meng |

**Liu Penzi** (Chinese: 劉盆子; 10 AD - after 27 AD) was an emperor of China, who began to rule the Han Dynasty after the collapse of the Xin Dynasty. When Liu Xiu defeated the Red Eyebrows, he decided to spare Liu.
# Tenant farming

**Tenant farming** is when the person who works the farmland does not own the land themselves. The farmer pays rent to the landowner, either with cash or with a portion of the produce. When the rent is a share of the crop, it is sharecropping.

Many freed slaves during the Reconstruction of the United States who owned no land became tenant farmers, renting land from a great landowner.
# Exile

**Exile** means being sent away from the country or area where you live. People are usually exiled for political reasons or sometimes because they have committed a crime. They may have said bad things about the rulers in that country or tried to get into power themselves. People are not exiled in democratic countries, but many famous people in history have been sent into exile.

Exile may mean that someone is sent out of the country, but sometimes they are sent to another part of the country (this is called "internal exile"). Sometimes people have made their own decision to leave their country as a protest against the way it was being ruled. This is called "self-imposed exile".

In the Old Testament the Jews were exiled to Babylon. In Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome people were often sent into exile. For several centuries Russia (in the 20th century the Soviet Union) sent many people into exile, often to labour camps in Siberia. Thousands of people from Europe including many famous people went to the United States when the Nazis came to power in Germany in the 1930s.

One famous person who was sent into exile was Napoléon Bonaparte who was exiled from France, first to Elba and then to Saint Helena after his defeat against the allied forces.

The cellist Pablo Casals went into self-imposed exile as a protest against the government of Francisco Franco. He said he would not come back until Spain was a democracy. But he never could, because he died two years before Franco.

## Related pages

* Government-in-exile
* Political asylum
# Swordsmanship

Angampora (Sri Lankan martial art) swordsmen
**Swordsmanship** refers to the skills of a *swordsman*. It is a modern term mainly used to refer to small sword fencing. But it can also be applied to any martial art involving the use of a sword. The English word "swordsman" is parallel to the Latin word *gladiator*. This was a professional fighter who fought against other fighters and others for the entertainment of spectators in the Roman Colosseum. The word *gladiator* itself comes from the Latin word *gladius*, meaning "sword".

## Noted swordsmen

Japan's greatest swordsman, Miyamoto Musashi won sixty duels. His classic book on swordsmanship is called the Book of Five Rings, written about 1645.

William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke was called "the greatest knight who ever lived". He was one of England's greatest swordsmen.

Guy Chabot, Seigneur de Jarnac was famous as France's finest swordsman. He won by a slashing blow to his opponent's buttocks so he could no longer stand. Winning a duel using this method has since been called a *coup de Jarnac*.

Italo Santelli was a great Italian fencing master (teacher). His fencing styles made Italians the best swordsmen in Europe by the end of the 19th century. He established and taught fencing in Hungary for over fifty years. By the 20th century his Hungarian fencers were the best in Europe. He was given a knighthood for his contributions to the sport in Hungary.

## Related pages

* Sword
* Sabre
* Fencing
* Foil
* Claymore
* Longsword
* Japanese sword-making

## Other websites

* Gladiators of the Roman Empire Archived 2014-07-03 at the Wayback Machine
* The School of European Swordsmanship
* Mirror Dance: The Art of Japanese Swordsmanship
# Gentry

**Gentry** means “well-born people”. The word comes from the latin word *gentis* which means “clan” or “extended family”. In England, gentry is the social class below the aristocracy. It gets its income from large landholdings.

## Related pages

* Aristocracy
* Feudalism
* Manorialism
* Nobility

* Peter Coss, *The Origins of the English Gentry*. Past and Present Publications. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press (2003). ISBN 052182673X
# Palace

A palace in Udaipur, India, built in a lake.
A **palace** is a place with a grand and imposing building that is the official residence of a king or queen, a head of state such as a president, ruler, or leader. Many historical palaces are now museums that show what royal and aristocratic life was like when it was built.

Besides, it can mean a luxurious house or mansion (like Biltmore Mansion or Hearst Castle) or a large building for entertainment: a large public or private building with an imposing ornate style, used for entertainment or exhibitions and large events.

## History

The word "palace" comes from the Palatine Hill in Rome, where the Roman emperors used to live. A palace is a big, fancy building where a king or queen might live, or where the government or religion might be based. It's different from a castle, which was originally a fortified home.

After the Middle Ages, rich people in England, France, and Spain started calling their fancy homes palaces. Even the popes' residence in Avignon was called a palace when they were exiled. Eventually, the name "palace" was used for many grand buildings, both public and private.

In the United States, there are colonial governors' palaces in Williamsburg, Virginia; Santa Fe, New Mexico; and San Antonio, Texas. The White House in the U.S. was called the "Executive Mansion" instead of the "Presidential Palace" because it sounded better without the colonial connection.

France also has the Élysée Palace and buildings called "Palaces of Justice."

## Palaces around the world

### In Asia

In East Asia, newer palaces like the ones in the Forbidden City in Beijing and the imperial palaces of Japan are made up of many buildings. These buildings are mostly low pavilions made of fancy wood, and they are set within large walled gardens.

### In America

In the Americas, palaces were usually simpler compared to those in other places. For example, the Mayan governor's palace at Uxmal around 900 CE and the Zapotec palace at Mitla around 1000 CE were both single-story buildings with lots of rooms that were decorated with carvings. Like in East Asia, these palaces were not just where the leaders lived, but also where the government was based.
# Mistress (lover)

Madame de Pompadour, the mistress of King Louis XV of France, c. 1750
A **mistress** is a man's long term female sexual partner and companion who is not married to him. This term is especially used when the man is married to another woman. The relationship is generally stable; however, the couple do not live together openly. Also, the relationship is usually but not always secret. Rather often the man is paying for some of the woman's living expenses. A mistress has no legal relationship to the man, that makes the difference to the status of a concubine.

The term can also be used to describe the "other" companion in a female same-sex marriage. Likewise, a woman may be married to a man and have a mistress of her own.

## Definition

Historically, the term was used for women who could afford a comfortable lifestyle, because a wealthy man financed that so that she will be available for his sexual pleasure. Such a woman could move between the roles of a mistress and a courtesan. Today however, the word *mistress* is used primarily to refer to the female companion of a man who is married to another woman; in the case of an unmarried man it is usual to speak of a "girlfriend".

The historically best known and most researched mistresses are the royal mistresses of European monarchs, for example Madame de Pompadour.
In the courts of Europe, particularly Versailles and Whitehall in the 17th and 18th centuries, a mistress often had great power and influence. A king might hold numerous mistresses but have a single "favourite mistress" or "official mistress" (in French, "maîtresse en titre"), as with Louis XV and Madame de Pompadour.
# Retronym

A **retronym** is a new name for something that already exists. This is so that people can tell the older thing apart from the newer one.

For example, the name "acoustic guitar" was made to tell them apart from electric guitars. Before electric guitars, acoustic guitars were just called guitars because there were no other kinds of guitars. Therefore, the name "acoustic guitar" is a retronym for the word guitar.

In pop culture, the 1977 movie *Star Wars* was renamed *Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope* in 1981, one year after the sequel *The Empire Strikes Back* came out.
# Jia Kui

|  |
| --- |
| **Lua error in Module:Infobox\_multi-lingual\_name at line 132: attempt to call field '\_transl' (a nil value).** |

**Jia Kui** (30–101 CE) was a philosopher in China of the Eastern Han period. He was a descendant of Jia Yi. Jia was born in Pingling.
# Kingdom

A **kingdom** is the most common type of monarchy. This means that the ruler or head of state of the country is a king or queen. They get their position from inheritance. With some countries a female may become head of state as a queen.

When the current king or queen dies, then their eldest child becomes the new monarch.

For example, the United Kingdom has a king as head of state. His mother Queen Elizabeth II was, at the time of her father's death, his only child.

Not all countries have this system. Many countries today have no royal family. In their case, the head of state is a leading politician.
# Knight

Edward III granting the Black Prince the principality of AquitaineA **knight** is a person who is given an honorary title of knighthood by a monarch, church, or country.

During the Middle Ages, knights were professional heavy cavalry soldiers. Knights were the best soldiers in the kingdom. They fought for lords or nobles, and got land in return. They thought honour was very important, and they had a code of honour called chivalry. A knight usually had a coat of arms, also called an armorial achievement.

Although they no longer fight as elite warriors, knights still exist. Today, King Charles III names Knights of the Commonwealth Realms.

## Knights in the Middle Ages

Knights were first used in the 8th century in the late Roman armies.[*citation needed*] The era of the knights lasted until the 16th century. After that, national armies replaced feudal armies. Many knights were recruited as officers in the new armies.

## Knights today

Modern-day Knights of the Commonwealth Realms are named by the British monarch, King Charles III. To knight a person, he taps their shoulders with the flat side of a sword during a ceremony. Bill Gates, Clint Eastwood, Michael Caine, Elton John, and George H.W. Bush have all been knighted.

Some British orders of knighthood still exist, like the Order of the British Empire. Today, knights are called “Sir” followed by their first name.

Many members of nobility are descended from knights. For example, Wijerd Jelckama is descended from a knight who died at the siege of Antioch in 1199.

## Related pages

* Heraldry
* Knight Bachelor
* Order of the Garter
* Feudalism
* Manorialism