Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# River delta

Nile River delta, as seen from Earth orbit. Photo courtesy of NASA
The Ganges Delta in India and Bangladesh is the largest delta in the world, and one of the most fertile regions in the world.
Delta: Kachemak Bay, Alaska, at low tide
A **river delta** is a landform shaped like a triangle. It is where the mouth of a river flows into an ocean, or even into a desert. It is formed by sediment carried by the river being deposited in the wider mouth. This happens because the water moves less quickly there.

Over time, the delta forms a series of fingers: places where the water flows, and places above water where plants grow. As time passes, these "fingers" change their position. The landform is typical of the tropical rivers of the past as well as the present.

The word "delta" comes from the Greek letter delta, Δ , because the deltas are shaped like the letter. A river delta can cover just a few square miles, or an area of hundreds or thousands of square miles of land.

There have been times in the past when the tropical rivers were larger than today. The South of England was, in the Jurassic period, part of a larger continent. There is today just a remnant of this huge tropical river. The mud from this river is like huge fingers, with gravel between the fingers. This can be seen in quarries where building materials are sorted for sale.

The deposition of mud and sand causes an alluvial fan, which is the name given to the phenomenon.

## Other websites

* Louisiana State University Geology Archived 2006-01-28 at the Wayback Machine - World Deltas
# Weifang

**Weifang** (simplified Chinese: 潍坊; traditional Chinese: 濰坊; pinyin: *Wéifāng*) is a prefecture-level city in central Shandong province, People's Republic of China. Its population was 9,086,241 at the 2010 census.
# Mount Penglai

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**Penglai** (Chinese: 蓬萊仙島; literally: "Penglai Immortal Island") is a place Chinese mythology. In Japanese mythology it is called **Hōrai**.

Since before the Qin dynasty people said that immortals live there.

In the story of Urashima Tarō Mount Penglai is linked with Tokoyo. In the original Chinese text, Mount Penglai is called Horai, but it's also noted that it should be pronounced as Tokoyo-no-kuni.

## Related pages

* Tokoyo
* Avalon
* Dilmun

* "Horai". *Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things (digital version @ sacred-texts.com)*. Retrieved February 22, 2006.
# Qufu

The Qufu city wall, Southern gate.

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**Qufu** is a city in Shandong, East China, located about 130 km south of Jinan. It covers an area of 815 square kilometers and has a population of 653,000, with 188,000 living in urban areas. Qufu is famous as the birthplace of Confucius. It has many historic palaces, temples, and cemeteries.

The city's famous cultural sites, known as San Kong ('the Three Confucian [sites]'), include the Temple of Confucius, the Cemetery of Confucius, and the Kong Family Mansion. These sites have been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1994.

## Name

The name of the city "Qufu" means "crooked hill" in Chinese, and refers to a mile-long hill that was part of the city during its time as capital of the state of Lu.

## Religious importance

Qufu is a important place in Confucianism as it is Confucius's birthplace. The city has the most important Temple of Confucius, the Mausoleum of Confucius, and the Mansion of the Kong Family. Additionally, it has a branch of the Holy Church of Confucius and is the headquarters of the Federation of Confucian Culture.

## Related pages

* Confucianism
* Confucius
* Temple of Confucius
# Hakka language

| Hakka |
| --- |
| 客家語/客家语/客家話/客家话 |
| Hak-kâ-fa/Hak-kâ-va (*Hakka/Kejia*) written in Chinese characters |
| Native to | China, Thailand, Malaysia, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Japan (due to presence of Taiwanese community in Tokyo-Yokohama Metropolitan Area), Singapore, Indonesia, Mauritius, Suriname, South Africa, India, Vietnam and other countries where Hakka Chinese-speaking migrants have settled. |
| Region | in China: Eastern Guangdong province; adjoining regions of Fujian and Jiangxi provinces |
| Ethnicity | Hakka people (Han Chinese) |
| Native speakers | 30 million (2007) |
| Language family | Sino-Tibetan
* Sinitic
	+ Chinese
		- **Hakka**
 |
| Writing system | hanzi, romanization |
| Official status |
| Official language in | none (legislative bills have been proposed for it to be one of the "national languages" in the Republic of China) |
| Recognised minority language in | one of the statutory languages for public transport announcements in the ROC; government sponsors Hakka-language television station to preserve language |
| Language codes |
| ISO 639-3 | `hak` |
| *Glottolog* | `hakk1236` |
|  |
|

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**Hakka** is a dialect of the Chinese language spoken mainly in southern China by the Hakka people and their descendants now living in East and Southeast Asia and countries around the world.

* *The Hakka Dialect. A Linguistic Study of its Phonology, Syntax and Lexicon*, by Mantaro J. Hashimoto. (Cambridge University Press, 1973).
# Cultural heritage

**Cultural heritage**, often called "national heritage" or just "heritage", is the legacy of tangible artifacts and intangible attributes, activities or events of a group or society that are left by past generations.

## Related pages

* Archaeological site
* Architecture
* Conservation (art)
# Vocational school

A **vocational school** is a school where students go to learn how to do a particular job. In the 1990s, trade schools have also added some focus on academics.
# Xu Jiatun

| Xu Jiatun |
| --- |
| 许家屯 |
|  |
| Communist Party Secretary of the Jiangsu |
| **In office** 1977–1983 |
| Preceded by | Peng Chong |
| Succeeded by | Han Peixin |
| Governor of Jiangsu |
| **In office** 1977–1979 |
| Preceded by | Peng Chong |
| Succeeded by | Hui Yuyu |
| Director of the Hong Kong Branch of the New China News Agency |
| **In office** 1983–1990 |
| Preceded by | Wang Kuang |
| Succeeded by | Zhou Nan |
|  |
| Personal details |
| Born | (1916-03-10)10 March 1916 Rugao, Nantong, Jiangsu, China |
| Died | 29 June 2016(2016-06-29) (aged 100) Los Angeles, California, United States |
| Political party | Communist Party of China (until 1991) |
| Occupation | Politician |

**Xu Jiatun** (Chinese: 许家屯; 10 March 1916 – 29 June 2016) was a Chinese communist politician and dissident. He was the Chinese Communist Party secretary of Jiangsu Province from 1977 to 1983 and the Governor of Jiangsu from 1977 to 1979. After supporting the 1989 Tiananmen Square student protests, he left the country and lived in self-exile in the United States.

Xu died in Los Angeles, California on 29 June 2016 at the age of 100.
# Estuary

An **estuary** is where a river meets the sea. There, saltwater mixes with freshwater. The river becomes wider and wider and flows slowly to the ocean.

Bays, marshes, swamps, and inlets can all have estuaries. A view of an estuary from the air is usually an interesting sight: many estuaries meander (curve and bend) to find their way to the sea. Estuaries come in all sizes and shapes, each according to its location and climate. Where rivers meet the sea and fresh water mixes with salt water, the mixture is called brackish water.

Some estuaries are very large. They may be large ocean bays that have more than one river flowing into them. For example, Chesapeake Bay is a large estuary, and several different rivers meet the Atlantic Ocean there.
In simple terms it is where a river meets with a large body of water, only with one outlet and not many like a delta.

## Habitat

Estuaries are usually filled with shallow waters, and sunlight reaches all levels of the water. Marsh grasses, algae, and other kinds of plants live in estuaries and provide food for a variety of fish, crabs, oysters, and shrimp. Estuaries are especially important since they act as nurseries for many different types of young fish and other animals before they head out toward the open ocean. Many sea birds also nest in estuaries.

The United States government has a program to study and protect the natural environment in many different estuaries, called the National Estuarine Research Reserve System. One reason that the natural environment in so many estuaries is in danger is because they are also good places for people to live and build cities. Unfortunately, many of world's largest cities are at or near estuaries.
# China Railway

Headquarters of China Railway Corporation
**China Railway**, commonly known as **CR**, full name **China Railway Corporation**, undertakes railway passenger and freight transport services in the People's Republic of China. It is a state-owned industrial enterprise established under the "Law of the People's Republic of China on All-Ownership Industrial Enterprises." The Ministry of Finance acts on behalf of the State Council to perform the duties of investors. China Railway operates passenger and freight transport through 21 companies.
# Kotka

| Kotka |
| --- |
| Town |
| *Kotkan kaupunki* |
| The centre of Kotka (Kotkansaari island) |
| Coat of arms |
| Location of Kotka in Finland |
| Country |  Finland |
| Region | Kymenlaakso |
| Sub-region | Kotka-Hamina sub-region |
| Charter | 1879 |
| Government |
|  • City manager | Henry Lindelöf |
| Area (2018-01-01) |
|  • Total | 949.77 km2 (366.71 sq mi) |
|  • Land | 271.29 km2 (104.75 sq mi) |
|  • Water | 678.45 km2 (261.95 sq mi) |
|  • Rank | 239th largest in Finland |
| Population (2019-01-31) |
|  • Total | 52,899 |
|  • Rank | 19th largest in Finland |
|  • Density | 194.99/km2 (505.0/sq mi) |
| Population by native language |
|  • Finnish | 94.4% (official) |
|  • Swedish | 1% |
|  • Others | 4.5% |
| Population by age |
|  • 0 to 14 | 13.1% |
|  • 15 to 64 | 59.2% |
|  • 65 or older | 27.7% |
| Time zone | UTC+02:00 (EET) |
|  • Summer (DST) | UTC+03:00 (EEST) |
| Municipal tax rate | 21.5% |
| Website | www.kotka.fi |

**Kotka** (literally *eagle*) is a town in Kymenlaakso, Finland.

It is part of the Kymenlaakso region in southern Finland. The centre of Kotka is located at Kotkansaari island.
The most famous sport team from Kotka is KTP (Kotkan Työväen Palloilijat). The KTP-team plays football and basketball.

## Gallery

* View of Kotkansaari
* Church in Kotka
* Maretarium - Finnish Sea Life
* Sea Museum Vellamo
* Mariankatu street in Kotka
* Sunset in Kotka - 19.August.2009, 21:34, hotel Sokos

## Sister cities

|  |
| --- |
| * Gdynia, Poland
* Tallinn, Estonia
* Kronstadt, Russia
* Saint Petersburg, Russia
 |

## Other websites

 Media related to Kotka at Wikimedia Commons

* City of Kotka Archived 2013-12-31 at the Wayback Machine – Official website
* Map of Kotka

* Kotka travel guide from Wikivoyage
# Jiaxing

**Jiaxing** (Chinese: 嘉兴; pinyin: *Jiāxīng*; Wade–Giles: *Chia-hsing*), alternately romanized as **Kashing**, is a prefecture-level city in northern Zhejiang province, China. At the 2010 census, its population was 4,501,657.
# Guilin

Guilin and the Lijiang River
Guilin noodles
**Guilin** is a prefecture-level city in the northeast of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. It is on the west bank of the Li River. It is next to Hunan to the north. Its name means, "Forest of Sweet Osmanthus". This is due to the large number of fragrant Sweet Osmanthus trees grown throughout the city. It has long been renowned for its scenery of karst rock formations. It has crystal clear (meaning as clear as glass) waters and many caves to explore. Guilin is one of China's most popular tourist destinations. It was the first city open to tourism after 1949. There are many tours including photographic tours.

Guilin covers an area of 27,800 square kilometres (10,700 sq mi). It has a total population of about 5.3 million people.

## Other websites

* Guilin Travel Guide Archived 2015-05-05 at the Wayback Machine
* Guilin Photo Gallery
# Ürümqi

Ü**rümqi** is the capital city of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (East Turkestan) in northwest China. It is at the foot of the Tianshan Mountains.

## Background

With a population of two million people, this prairie city is a major hub on the ancient Silk Road , leading to Central Asia and even as far as Europe. It developed its reputation as a leading cultural and commercial center during the Qing Dynasty.

Ürümqi, whose name means "beautiful pasture" in the Mongolian language of the Dzungar people, is the largest city in China's western interior. Since the 1990s Ürümqi has developed economically and is now a regional transport node, cultural, and commercial centre.

## Other websites

* Images & Photos of Urumqi Sights
# Mingyue Lake

**Mingyue Lake** is a small lake in the west part of Yangzhou, People's Republic of China. The name means "Bright Moon Lake" in Chinese. It is at where Wenchang West Road and Guozhan Road meet. It is connected to Zhaojia Lateral Ditch to the south and Yanshan River to the north. There is a bridge called Mingyue Lake Bridge over the lake. The Yangzhou City Cultural and Art Center is on the south bank; on the north bank is Jinghuacheng Plaza. There is also a City Study called Mingyue Lake City Study on the plaza. It is a small building that belongs to Yangzhou City Library.
# Yangtze River

The first turn of the Yangtze at Shigu (石鼓), Yunnan Province, where the river turns 180 degrees from south- to north-bound.
The Yangtze River dolphin also known as Lipotes vexillifer died in 2002 and became functionally extinct in 2006.
The **Yangtze River**, or **Yangzi** (Simple Chinese: 扬子江 / Traditional Chinese: 揚子江), or **Chang Jiang** (Simple Chinese: 长江 / Traditional Chinese: 長江), is the longest River in China and Asia, as well as the world's fourth longest river (after the Amazon, the Nile and the Mississippi-Missouri-Jefferson river system). It is honored as one of the two main cradles of Chinese civilization. (another is Yellow River)

The river is about 6,236 km (3,876 miles) long and is one of the busiest waterways in the world. It goes from the western part of China (Plateau of Tibet) into the East China Sea, which is part of the Pacific Ocean. It has been thought of as a dividing point between northern and southern China. It helped start the Chinese civilization.

On the river is a big dam called the Three Gorges Dam, which is the biggest in the world. It forms a man-made lake that stretches almost 410 miles (660 km) upstream.

The Yangtze River is home to many species. The Finless porpoise is endangered and the Lipotes vexillifer (Chinese river dolphin) which died in 2002.

Top tourist attractions for the Yangtze river cruise are Chongqing Dazu Carvings, Three Gorges, lesser Three Gorges, Bai Di City, Fengdu Ghost City and so on.

The Yangtze River is also known as the Yanugzi or Chang Jiange.

Etymology: "The name Yangtze" [... comes] from the name of the ancient fiefdom of Yang", according to media.

## Uses

* transport
* drinking water
* cleaning
* boundary marking
* ingredients for food

## Pollution

The Yangtze river is becoming extremely polluted. The Yangtze river contains oil, dead animals and rubbish including cans, bags, wrappers, glass and plastic bottles. In 2001 about 23.4 billion tons of sewerage and factory waste was dumped in the river.

## Other websites

* [how to say Chiang Jiang].  Wikimedia.org
* Attractions along Yangtze River
* Yangtze River Cruise Guide Archived 2014-01-16 at the Wayback Machine
# Overpass

A train on an overpass
An **overpass** is a bridge over a road, railway, or similar pathway. It allows people or vehicles to cross pathways without coming into contact with the traffic on the other pathway.
# Comb

A **comb** is a tool used to care for hair or other fibers. It has small pieces sticking out of a main frame; these are called "teeth." A comb is usually flat.

Humans have been using combs as a tool for a long time, at least for 5,000 years. Combs are used by humans to separate tangled hairs, to keep their hair clean and to style their hair. They are also used as a decoration for hair.

Combs are used in the making of thread from fibers like wool or cotton. Combing makes all the fibres point the same way so a thread can be spun.

## History

The first use of the comb was about 5,000 years ago. Different kinds of comb have been found throughout history by archaeologists. The ancient Egyptians carved out combs. In ancient China, combs were worn as hair decorations and accessories. Over time, combs have become into tools for taking care of hair. Today, there are hundreds of different kinds of combs.

## Use

Combs can be used to fix stray hairs and untangle wet hair. Another common use for the comb is to make hair be put in one position before tying it up. Combs may also be used to part hair for coloring, conditioning and braiding. Combs can also be worn as accessories that hold hair up in a special style.

## Gallery

* A comb.
* An old Norman comb, made from horn.
* Painting of a girl combing her hair.
* Combing a bride in Nigeria
# Shen Kuo

Modern artist's impression of Shen Kuo
**Shen Kuo** (or **Shen Gua** Chinese: 沈括; pinyin: *Shěn Kuò*; Wade–Giles: *Shen K'uo*; 1031–1095) was a Chinese scientist and politician. He lived during the Song Dynasty. He was a polymath, being good at many fields of study.

Many of his most important works came from his use of astronomy. In 1088, Shen was the first to describe the magnetic needle compass, which would be used for navigation. He was also one of the first to suggest that the Earth goes through gradual climate change. His hobbies consisted of music, painting, calligraphy, and philosophy.

## Related pages

* List of Chinese scientists
# Birth rate

Countries by birth rate
**Birth rate** is the total number of live human births per 1,000 people for a given period divided by the length of the period in years. The number of live births is normally taken from a registration system for births. The number of people comes from a census. There may also be some estimates. The birth rate (with the mortality and migration rates) is used to calculate population growth. The estimated average population may be taken as the mid-year population.

When the crude death rate is subtracted from the crude birth rate, the result is the rate of population change (excluding migration).

The total crude birth rate (CBR) includes all births. There is also a set of age-specific rates. This is the number of births per 1,000 women, in each age group.

The first known use of the term "birth rate" in English was in 1856.

World historical and projected crude birth rates (1950–2050)
UN, medium variant, 2019 rev.| Years | CBR | Years | CBR |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1950–1955 | 36.9 | 2000–2005 | 21.0 |
| 1955–1960 | 35.4 | 2005–2010 | 20.3 |
| 1960–1965 | 35.2 | 2010–2015 | 19.5 |
| 1965–1970 | 34.0 | 2015–2020 | 18.5 |
| 1970–1975 | 31.4 | 2020–2025 | 17.5 |
| 1975–1980 | 28.5 | 2025–2030 | 16.6 |
| 1980–1985 | 27.7 | 2030–2035 | 16.0 |
| 1985–1990 | 27.4 | 2035–2040 | 15.5 |
| 1990–1995 | 24.2 | 2040–2045 | 15.0 |
| 1995–2000 | 22.2 | 2045–2050 | 14.6 |

The average global birth rate was 18.1 births per 1,000 total population in 2021. The death rate was 7.7 per 1,000. The rate of population change was thus 1.6%. In 2012, the average global birth rate was 19.611 according to the World Bank and 19.15 births per 1,000 total population according to the CIA. It was 20.09 per 1,000 total population in 2007.

Brth rates declined from 1.85 to 1.53 per woman between 1980 and 2019 in the world’s most developed countries.

The 2021 average of 18.1 births per 1,000 total population is about 4.3 births per second or about 259 births per minute for the world.
# College town

The High Street of Oxford, a good example of a university town. There is no main campus, rather university buildings are around the city between shops, for example those at centre right of the picture.
A **college town** or **university town** is a place (often a town or city) that has a college or university that is an important part of that place. The university may be a very big part of the place's economy and culture, and there may be a lot of students living there. Many residents may work for the university, the university may be the biggest employer, and many businesses may work with the university.
# 2022 Asian Games

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Main venue | Hangzhou Sports Park Stadium |
| ← Jakarta-Palembang 2018*Nagoya 2026* → |

The **2022 Asian Games**, also known as **XIX Asiad** (Chinese: 第十九届亚洲运动会; pinyin: *Dì Shíjiŭ Jiè Yàzhōu Yùndònghuì*), will be a sport event held in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China from 23 September to 8 October 2023.

Hangzhou will be the third Chinese city to host the Asian Games, after Beijing 1990 and Guangzhou 2010.

## Bidding process

| City | Country | National Olympic Committee | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Hangzhou** | China | Chinese Olympic Committee | Winner |
| Chinese Olympic Committee officially launched the bid on August 18, 2015, after the winning of Beijing's 2022 Winter Olympics bid. The capital of Zhejiang, Hangzhou was the only city to take part in the selection. This will be the third time the sport competition has been awarded to China following Beijing in 1990 and Guangzhou in 2010. |

## Development and preparation

Hangzhou Sports Park Stadium
44 venues will be used during the Games. 30 venues are already existing in the city, 10 are under construction and another 4 venues are in the planning stage.

## Related pages

* Asian Games

## Other websites

* Official website Archived 2018-09-06 at the Wayback Machine
# IATA airport code

An **IATA airport code**, is a three-letter code that can be used to identify airports. This removes the need to write the name of the airport in full every time it is needed, instead an IATA code can be used.

An important use of these codes is on baggage tags. They will display the IATA code for the airport which the bags should be heading to, should they get lost.
# Calligraphy

The calligraphy lesson: 18th century Japan
Aristotle in Latin & Greek
**Calligraphy** is the art of writing. The word is from the Greek language and means "beautiful writing". In the west, this was an interest in decorating words on the page. Calligraphy in the Western world was always considered a minor art.

Pen used for Western calligraphy. It is dipped into ink to be able to write.
East Asian calligraphy was a "high art" form before the Tang Dynasty. It continues to have a high status among the arts. It is practiced today by many people including school children.

Calligraphy above entry to Mevlâna Museum, Turkey
Buddhist manuscript, Nepal, 1869