Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Octave

An **octave** is the distance between two musical notes that have the same letter name.

If a musician sings or plays a scale (‘do-re-mi-fa-sol-la-si-do’) the first and last ‘do’ are an octave apart. It is called an ‘octave’ because there are eight notes in a scale (‘octo’ is Latin for ‘eight’).

If a musician sings or plays the first two notes of the song “Somewhere over the rainbow” (i.e. the word ‘Somewhere’) these two notes are an octave apart.

Two notes that are an octave apart sound very similar, almost like the same note. The scientific reason for this is that the top note vibrates twice as fast. For example: if someone plays Middle C on a piano, a hammer hits the Middle C strings inside and makes them vibrate 256 times a second. The C an octave higher will vibrate 512 times a second.

Young children who learn the piano will not be able to stretch an octave with one hand, if their hands are too small. Most adults can stretch an octave easily (playing one note with the thumb, and the other with the little finger).

## Related pages

* Interval (music)

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Topics related to Music theory |
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| Chords and scales | Chord **·**  Scale (music) **·**  Major scale **·**  Minor scale **·**  Chromatic **·**  Circle of fifths **·**  Pentatonic scale **·**  Chord progression |
| Composition | Composition **·**  Counterpoint **·**  Harmonics (music) **·**  Polytonality **·**  Modulation (music) **·**  Rhythm **·**  Tonality **·**  Transposition (music) **·**  Whole-tone scale |
| Note groupings | Harmony **·**  Homophony **·**  Interval (music) **·**  Key (music) **·**  Key signature **·**  Musical mode **·**  Modes of limited transposition **·**  Octave **·**  Relative key **·**  Rhythm **·**  Semitone **·**  Time signature |

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# Tone

A **musical tone** is a repeating sound. Musical tones are different in duration, loudness, and timbre. The Musical notes have complex forms, such as short bursts, changes in pitch, and shifts in noise. A simple tone has a steady noise. A complex tone is a musical tone that is not steady. Simple tones are added together to make complex tones.

## Footnotes
# Chord

C major chord on a piano
A **chord** in music is when two or more notes are played together (some textbooks say that it is when *three* or more notes are played).

A chord which is built up of the 1st, 3rd and 5th notes of a scale is called a "tonic triad". If it is made from a major scale, it is a major chord. If it is made from a minor scale it is a minor chord. However, any combination of notes played simultaneously is considered a chord.

When only two notes are played together, it’s more often called “double stops” (referring to the different banks of pipes on a pipe organ, controlled by valves called “stops”).

Chords can be played on instruments such as piano, keyboard, organ, harp, guitar, harmonica, ukulele and xylophone. Chords with two notes can be played on string instruments by bowing on two strings together. By bowing on two strings and then quickly on the other two strings, a violinist can make it sound as if a four-part chord is being played. Some players of wind instruments are able to make chords by playing two or more harmonics together.

## Related pages

* Arpeggio
* Consonance and dissonance
* Harmony
* Interval (music)

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Topics related to Music theory |
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| Chords and scales | Chord **·**  Scale (music) **·**  Major scale **·**  Minor scale **·**  Chromatic **·**  Circle of fifths **·**  Pentatonic scale **·**  Chord progression |
| Composition | Composition **·**  Counterpoint **·**  Harmonics (music) **·**  Polytonality **·**  Modulation (music) **·**  Rhythm **·**  Tonality **·**  Transposition (music) **·**  Whole-tone scale |
| Note groupings | Harmony **·**  Homophony **·**  Interval (music) **·**  Key (music) **·**  Key signature **·**  Musical mode **·**  Modes of limited transposition **·**  Octave **·**  Relative key **·**  Rhythm **·**  Semitone **·**  Time signature |

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# Semitone

A musical keyboard. The black note between C and D is called either C sharp or D flat
A **semitone**
(British English) (also called a **half step** or a **half tone**) is the smallest musical interval used in Western music. It is the distance between two notes which are next to one another in pitch.

A **whole tone** means a distance of two semitones, i.e. the distance between two notes which are separated by one other note in pitch.

This is easy to see with a picture of a keyboard. The distance between two white notes that are side by side may be a whole tone (if there is a black note in between them) or a semitone (if there is no black note between).

To go from a C to a C sharp (or D flat) is a semitone.

To go from a C sharp (or D flat) to a D is a semitone.

To go from a C to a D is a tone.

An octave is divided into twelve semitones. These semitones are exactly equal in size.

Musical intervals are defined by a ratio of frequencies. An octave is a ratio of 2:1, so from 100 Hz to 200 Hz, and from 200 Hz to 400 Hz, are both octaves. A semitone is a ratio of the 12th root of 2 to 1, which is equal to 1.05946:1, so 1000 Hz and 1059.46 Hz are a semitone apart. A musical interval sounds better if the two notes have a small integer ratio. For this reason, it can be approximated by a ratio of 16:15 in just intonation.

## Related pages

* Scale (music)
* Interval (music)
* Circle of fifths
* Chromaticism

* Grout, Donald Jay, and Claude V. Palisca. *A History of Western Music, 6th ed*. New York: Norton, 2001. ISBN 0-393-97527-4.
* Hoppin, Richard H. *Medieval Music*. New York: W.W. Norton, 1978. ISBN 0-393-09090-6.

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Topics related to Music theory |
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| Chords and scales | Chord **·**  Scale (music) **·**  Major scale **·**  Minor scale **·**  Chromatic **·**  Circle of fifths **·**  Pentatonic scale **·**  Chord progression |
| Composition | Composition **·**  Counterpoint **·**  Harmonics (music) **·**  Polytonality **·**  Modulation (music) **·**  Rhythm **·**  Tonality **·**  Transposition (music) **·**  Whole-tone scale |
| Note groupings | Harmony **·**  Homophony **·**  Interval (music) **·**  Key (music) **·**  Key signature **·**  Musical mode **·**  Modes of limited transposition **·**  Octave **·**  Relative key **·**  Rhythm **·**  Semitone **·**  Time signature |

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# Enharmonic

In music, two notes, intervals, or key signatures are **enharmonic** if they sound the same but are written in different ways. For example, C-sharp and D-flat are enharmonic notes. C-sharp major and D-flat major start on enharmonic notes, so they are enharmonic key signatures, but they have different numbers of sharps and flats. An augmented fourth and a diminished fifth are enharmonic intervals, because they both cover 6 half steps.
# C major

**C major** is a major scale based on C, which is made up of the pitches C,D,E,F,G,A,B. Its key signature has no flats or sharps.

Its relative minor is A minor, and its parallel minor is C minor. A scale in both C major and A minor can be played on a piano or other keyboard instrument using only the white keys.

Most of the time key signatures were cancelled whenever the new key signature had fewer sharps or flats than the old key signature, in modern popular music, this is only done when C major or A minor replace another key.

## Scales and keys
# Dominant (music)

The **dominant** in music is the fifth note of a major or minor scale. In a C scale, the fifth and dominant note will be G. Chords built on this note are called dominant chords. In the key of C, the dominant chord will be G-B-D. Keys have the same relationship as notes, so the dominant key will be the key of the fifth note. So in C, the key of G is the dominant key. In musical theory, the dominant is written with the roman numeral "V".
# Music theory

**Theory of Music** is all about trying to understand how existing music works and how new music could or should be organized. Someone who makes a special study of music theory is a **music theorist**.

People who make their own music are composers. People who play or sing music are “performers”. It is important for composers and performers to understand what makes the music sound the way it does. The Ancients tried to explain how instruments are tuned. They understood the science of the good vibrations that the instruments make and explained how and why the octave scale is divided into twelve parts (in some cultures). Several famous theorists wrote books about music theory. Their ideas are interesting for us because they tell us what people thought about music at that time.

In the 18th century some composers wrote books on music theory. Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (son of the famous Johann Sebastian Bach) wrote a book called: “An Essay on the true art of playing the Keyboard”. Leopold Mozart (the father of the famous Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart) wrote a book called *The Art of Playing the Violin*. Both these books were extremely well known in their day. In spite of their titles the first halves of these two books are both about a branch of music theory called "performance practice": They tell us a lot about how music was played in those days, how some rhythms were played quite freely and how ornaments in the music were played.

Today people who want to compose will study music theory, perhaps at college or university school of music. In a conservatory program, they study harmony and counterpoint as well as form; in other programs, they spend less time on the theories of the past. They will be taught “rules”. These rules are not laws, they simply mean: the way that most great composers wrote music in the past. These rules describe what composers of the past did, rather than telling composers of today what to do -- in fact, music composed today can have completely different rules than the music of the past.

Music theory is important for people who perform music because all these things help people to understand the music they are playing.

## Related pages

* Musicology

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Topics related to Music theory |
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| Chords and scales | Chord **·**  Scale (music) **·**  Major scale **·**  Minor scale **·**  Chromatic **·**  Circle of fifths **·**  Pentatonic scale **·**  Chord progression |
| Composition | Composition **·**  Counterpoint **·**  Harmonics (music) **·**  Polytonality **·**  Modulation (music) **·**  Rhythm **·**  Tonality **·**  Transposition (music) **·**  Whole-tone scale |
| Note groupings | Harmony **·**  Homophony **·**  Interval (music) **·**  Key (music) **·**  Key signature **·**  Musical mode **·**  Modes of limited transposition **·**  Octave **·**  Relative key **·**  Rhythm **·**  Semitone **·**  Time signature |

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# Harmony

**Harmony** means playing several notes together to make “chords”. The word comes from the Greek *harmonia* meaning "to join things up" . A tune by itself can sound nice, but it can be “harmonized” by adding an accompaniment of chords. Studying how to do this is called **harmonization**. Music students learn which chords sound nice after one another. These are called “chord progressions”. Many music theorists have written books about harmony.

Music which is made of a tune with harmony underneath is called “homophonic”. In a way it is the opposite of polyphonic which means that each part (each voice) is a tune in itself. However, even polyphony needs to make pleasant harmony. Harmony as we know it in European music had become fully developed by the Baroque period (17th century).

One can play a chord with three notes using the 1st, 3rd and 5th notes of the scale of whatever key the music is in. This gives a chord which sounds like the “home chord”. This means that at least three notes are needed for harmony. In most homophonic music there are four: for example a choir will normally divide into soprano, alto, tenor and bass, or a string quartet will divide into violin 1, violin 2, viola and cello.

Harmony which uses just the notes of the key (e.g. just using white notes for C major) is called “tonal harmony”.

Harmony which adds lots of extra sharps and flats is called “chromatic harmony”.

If music is not in any key at all, like in some music by Arnold Schoenberg, it is “atonal”. Harmony can be atonal.

## Related pages

* Harmonia

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Topics related to Music theory |
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| Chords and scales | Chord **·**  Scale (music) **·**  Major scale **·**  Minor scale **·**  Chromatic **·**  Circle of fifths **·**  Pentatonic scale **·**  Chord progression |
| Composition | Composition **·**  Counterpoint **·**  Harmonics (music) **·**  Polytonality **·**  Modulation (music) **·**  Rhythm **·**  Tonality **·**  Transposition (music) **·**  Whole-tone scale |
| Note groupings | Harmony **·**  Homophony **·**  Interval (music) **·**  Key (music) **·**  Key signature **·**  Musical mode **·**  Modes of limited transposition **·**  Octave **·**  Relative key **·**  Rhythm **·**  Semitone **·**  Time signature |

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# Tonic (music)

In music, the **tonic** note is the first note in a diatonic scale. It is the tonal centre, or the tone on which the music sounds finished. The triad, or chord, based on the tonic note, is the tonic chord. All other notes in a piece of music use the tonic note as a reference point. Musical scales are named after the tonic note. For example, the tonic of a scale of C, is the note C. The tonic is always numbered as one, or in traditional music theory as I (using Roman numerals).
# Subdominant

In music, the **subdominant** is the name of a special chord. It consists of three tones played together. These three tones are on the fourth step of the respective scale. Jean-Philippe Rameau was the first to use this term.
# Cats & Dogs

| Cats and Dogs |
| --- |
| Directed by | Lawrence Guterman |
| Written by | John Requa Stephen Xicozza |
| Produced by | Ed Jones Christopher de Faria Andrew Lazar Craig Perry Warren Zide |
| Starring | Jeff Goldblum Elizabeth Erratiz Alexander Pollock Tobey Maguire Alec Baldwin Jon Lovitz Sean Hayes |
| Cinematography | Julio Macat |
| Edited by | Rick W. Finney Michael A. Stevenson |
| Music by | John Debney |
| Production companies | Village Roadshow Pictures Zide/Perry Productions Rhythm and Hues Studios |
| Distributed by | Warner Bros. Pictures |
| Release date | * July 4, 2001 (2001-07-04)
 |
| Running time | 87 minutes |
| Countries | United States Australia |
| Language | English  |
| Budget | $60 million |
| Box office | $200,687,492 |

Cats & Dogs is a 2001 family action comedy movie of Talking Aninals with CGI Moving Mouths. It had a sequel called *Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore* (2010). The film was filmed in Montreal, Quebec, Canada on June to November 2000.

## Cast

* Jeff Goldblum as Professor Charles Brody
* Elizabeth Erratiz as Carolyn Brody
* Alexander Pollock as Scotty Brody
* Miriam Margolyes as Sophie the Maid
* Myron Natwick as Mr. Mason

### Voice cast

* Tobey Maguire as Lou: a Beagle, who lives with the Brody family.
* Alec Baldwin as Butch: Anatolian Shepherd, an experienced field agent, and Lou's mentor.
* Sean Hayes as Mr. Tinkles: a Persian cat, he is the leader of the cat agents, who seeks to defeat all dogs and rule the world.
* Susan Sarandon as Ivy: a Saluki, "domestically challenged" former-dog agent who has a history with Butch. Lou meets Ivy when he trains to be an agent.
* Charlton Heston as The Mastiff: an English Mastiff, and the leader of the dog agents.
* Jon Lovitz as Calico: an Exotic Shorthair cat, and Mr. Tinkles' second-in-command.
* Joe Pantoliano as Peek, a Chinese Crested Dog agent.
* Michael Clarke Duncan as Sam, an Old English Sheepdog agent.
* Rob Paulsen as Ninja Cat #1
* Corey Burton as Ninja Cat #2
* Stephen Xicozza as Dimitri Kennelkoff / The Russian: a Russian Red cat agent, who is sent to detonate an explosive at Professor Brody's lab.
* Paul Pape as Wolf Blitzer, a wolf and news reporter for Canine News Network. He is a parody of the CNN news reporter of the same name.
* Victor Wilson as Doberman Drill Sergeant
* Charles Howerton as the German Shepherd at Dog Headquarters
* Richard Steven Horvitz as the Puppy at Barn
* Salome Jens as the Collie at HQ

### Puppeteers

* Adam Behr
* Kevin Carlson
* Alejandro Diaz
* Randi Kaplan
* John Kennedy
* Luke Khanlian
* Bruce Lanoil
* Drew Massey
* Gordon Robertson
* Michelan Sisti
* Allan Trautman
* Emmanuel Reynolds

## Other websites

* *Cats & Dogs* on IMDb
* *Cats & Dogs* at AllMovie
* *Cats & Dogs* at Box Office Mojo
* *Cats & Dogs* at Rotten Tomatoes
* *Cats & Dogs* at Metacritic
# Caribbean Sea

Caribbean Sea
The **Caribbean Sea** is a tropical sea in the center of the Caribbean area. The body of water is part of the Atlantic Ocean. The sea is southeast of the Gulf of Mexico. This entire sea covers an area of 2,750,000 square kilometres (1,060,000 sq mi). It is bordered by Cuba, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico in the north, Central America in the west and South America in the south.

This sea is also as deep as the oceans. Its deepest point is believed to be even lower than 25,220 ft (7,686 m). That makes this point one of the lowest points on the surface of the earth, and the Caribbean Sea one of the deepest seas in the world.

The Caribbean Sea has many islands, which are popular among North American tourists because of their tropical climate. The Caribbean Sea is famous around the world as a tourist destination.

## History

Christopher Columbus came across a group of islands in the Caribbean region. When he did so, he thought he had reached another part of the world. Because of this, he named the islands the ‘West Indies’. However, later it was realized that he found an entire region. It still had its natural resources. The name ‘Caribbean’ was later given to it by the Amerindian tribe, the Caribs. That is how it got its name: the Caribbean Sea.

## Other websites

 Media related to Caribbean Sea at Wikimedia Commons
# 16th century

The **16th century** was the century from 1501 to 1600. In this century, many Europeans visited or moved to the newly-found Americas and some also searched for new routes to Asia. There was much change in Europe at the time, such as the Protestant Reformation and the Renaissance.

The world map by the Italian Amerigo Vespucci and Belgian Gerardus Mercator (1587)
## Decades and years

Note: years before or after the 16th century are in *italics*.

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| **1500s** | *1500* | 1501 | 1502 | 1503 | 1504 | 1505 | 1506 | 1507 | 1508 | 1509 |
| **1510s** | 1510 | 1511 | 1512 | 1513 | 1514 | 1515 | 1516 | 1517 | 1518 | 1519 |
| **1520s** | 1520 | 1521 | 1522 | 1523 | 1524 | 1525 | 1526 | 1527 | 1528 | 1529 |
| **1530s** | 1530 | 1531 | 1532 | 1533 | 1534 | 1535 | 1536 | 1537 | 1538 | 1539 |
| **1540s** | 1540 | 1541 | 1542 | 1543 | 1544 | 1545 | 1546 | 1547 | 1548 | 1549 |
| **1550s** | 1550 | 1551 | 1552 | 1553 | 1554 | 1555 | 1556 | 1557 | 1558 | 1559 |
| **1560s** | 1560 | 1561 | 1562 | 1563 | 1564 | 1565 | 1566 | 1567 | 1568 | 1569 |
| **1570s** | 1570 | 1571 | 1572 | 1573 | 1574 | 1575 | 1576 | 1577 | 1578 | 1579 |
| **1580s** | 1580 | 1581 | 1582 | 1583 | 1584 | 1585 | 1586 | 1587 | 1588 | 1589 |
| **1590s** | 1590 | 1591 | 1592 | 1593 | 1594 | 1595 | 1596 | 1597 | 1598 | 1599 |
| **1600s** | 1600 | *1601* | *1602* | *1603* | *1604* | *1605* | *1606* | *1607* | *1608* | *1609* |
# 1821

1821 in other calendars| Gregorian calendar | 1821 *MDCCCXXI* |
| Ab urbe condita | 2574 |
| Armenian calendar | 1270 ԹՎ ՌՄՀ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6571 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1742–1743 |
| Bengali calendar | 1228 |
| Berber calendar | 2771 |
| British Regnal year | 1 Geo. 4 – 2 Geo. 4 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2365 |
| Burmese calendar | 1183 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7329–7330 |
| Chinese calendar | 庚辰年 (Metal Dragon) 4517 or 4457     *— to —* 辛巳年 (Metal Snake) 4518 or 4458 |
| Coptic calendar | 1537–1538 |
| Discordian calendar | 2987 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1813–1814 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5581–5582 |
| Hindu calendars |  |
|  - *Vikram Samvat* | 1877–1878 |
|  - *Shaka Samvat* | 1742–1743 |
|  - *Kali Yuga* | 4921–4922 |
| Holocene calendar | 11821 |
| Igbo calendar | 821–822 |
| Iranian calendar | 1199–1200 |
| Islamic calendar | 1236–1237 |
| Japanese calendar | Bunsei 4 (文政４年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1748–1749 |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 12 days |
| Korean calendar | 4154 |
| Minguo calendar | 91 before ROC 民前91年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 353 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2363–2364 |
| Tibetan calendar | ལྕགས་ཕོ་འབྲུག་ལོ་ (male Iron-Dragon) 1947 or 1566 or 794     *— to —* ལྕགས་མོ་སྦྲུལ་ལོ་ (female Iron-Snake) 1948 or 1567 or 795 |

**1821** (MDCCCXXI)
was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1821st year of the Common Era (CE) and *Anno Domini* (AD) designations, the 821st year of the 2nd millennium, the 21st year of the 19th century, and the 2nd year of the 1820s decade. As of the start of 1821, the Gregorian calendar was
12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

## Deaths

* January 4 – Elizabeth Ann Seton, American saint (b. 1774)
* February 23 – John Keats, British poet (b. 1795)
* March 13 – John Hunter, second Governor of New South Wales (b. 1737)
* May 5 – Napoleon I of France (b. 1769)
* May 19 – Camille Jordan, French politician (b. 1771)
* September 10 – Johann Dominicus Fiorillo, German painter and art historian