Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Gran Colombia

| Republic of Colombia*República de Colombia*  (Spanish) |
| --- |
| 1819–1831 |
|
Top: Flag (1819–1820) Bottom: Flag (1821–1830)

Emblem (1821–1831)

 |
| **Motto:Unión* (Spanish) |
| **Anthem:Marcha Libertadora* (Liberation March) Duration: 1 minute and 55 seconds.1:55 |
| Territory claimed by Gran Colombia (does not include Mosquito Coast) |
| Capital | Bogotá |
| Common languages | Spanish and Indigenous languages |
| Religion  | Roman Catholicism (official) |
| Demonym(s) | Gran Colombian Colombian |
| Government | Federal presidential republic |
| Presidents |   |
|  |
| • 1819–1830  | Simón Bolívar Estanislao Vergara y Sanz de Santamaría |
| • 1830, 1831  | Domingo Caycedo |
| • 1830, 1831  | Joaquín Mosquera |
| • 1830–1831  | Rafael Urdaneta |
|  |
| Vice Presidents |   |
|  |
| • 1819–1820  | Francisco Antonio Zea |
| • 1820–1821  | Juan Germán Roscio |
| • 1821  | Antonio Nariño y Álvarez |
| • 1821  | José María del Castillo |
| • 1821–1827  | Francisco de Paula Santander |
| • 1830–1831  | Domingo Caycedo |
|  |
| Legislature | Congress |
| • Upper Chamber | Senate |
| • Lower Chamber | Chamber of Representatives |
| History |   |
|  |
| • Established  | December 17, 1819 |
| • Constitution of Cúcuta  | August 30, 1821 |
| • Colombia – Peru War  | 1828–1829 |
| • Dissolution  | November 19, 1831 |
|  |
| Area |
| • Total | 3,064,800 km2 (1,183,300 sq mi) |
| Population |
|  |
| • 1825  | 2,583,799 |
|  |
| • Density | 0.84/km2 (2.2/sq mi) |
| Currency | Piastra, real |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| **Preceded by** | **Succeeded by** |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Viceroyalty of New Granada |
|  | Captaincy General of Venezuela |
|  | American Confederation of Venezuela |

 |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Republic of New Granada |  |
| State of Venezuela |  |
| Ecuador |  |
| British Guiana |  |

 |

 |

**Gran Colombia** was a Centralist country formed after New Granada declared independence in 1819, initially made up of New Granada and Venezuela. The rebels, led by Simon Bolivar, defeated the Spanish Empire, but then fought among themselves. In 1831, Venezuela and Ecuador, being the eastern and southern part of the country, declared independence from Gran Colombia due to political differences. After that, the remaining territory was of New Granada. Decades later, Panama also became independent from Colombia with help from the United States.

Now, modern **Gran Colombia** consists of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Guyana, Ecuador, Amazonas, and Roraima which all are great places!
# 1831

1831 in other calendars| Gregorian calendar | 1831 *MDCCCXXXI* |
| Ab urbe condita | 2584 |
| Armenian calendar | 1280 ԹՎ ՌՄՁ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6581 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1752–1753 |
| Bengali calendar | 1238 |
| Berber calendar | 2781 |
| British Regnal year | 1 Will. 4 – 2 Will. 4 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2375 |
| Burmese calendar | 1193 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7339–7340 |
| Chinese calendar | 庚寅年 (Metal Tiger) 4527 or 4467     *— to —* 辛卯年 (Metal Rabbit) 4528 or 4468 |
| Coptic calendar | 1547–1548 |
| Discordian calendar | 2997 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1823–1824 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5591–5592 |
| Hindu calendars |  |
|  - *Vikram Samvat* | 1887–1888 |
|  - *Shaka Samvat* | 1752–1753 |
|  - *Kali Yuga* | 4931–4932 |
| Holocene calendar | 11831 |
| Igbo calendar | 831–832 |
| Iranian calendar | 1209–1210 |
| Islamic calendar | 1246–1247 |
| Japanese calendar | Tenpō 2 (天保２年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1758–1759 |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 12 days |
| Korean calendar | 4164 |
| Minguo calendar | 81 before ROC 民前81年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 363 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2373–2374 |
| Tibetan calendar | ལྕགས་ཕོ་སྟག་ལོ་ (male Iron-Tiger) 1957 or 1576 or 804     *— to —* ལྕགས་མོ་ཡོས་ལོ་ (female Iron-Hare) 1958 or 1577 or 805 |

**1831** (MDCCCXXXI)
was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1831st year of the Common Era (CE) and *Anno Domini* (AD) designations, the 831st year of the 2nd millennium, the 31st year of the 19th century, and the 2nd year of the 1830s decade. As of the start of 1831, the Gregorian calendar was
12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

## Events

* June 13 – James Clerk Maxwell born in Edinburgh
* October 30 – In Southampton County, Virginia, escaped slave Nat Turner is captured and arrested for leading the bloodiest slave revolt in United States history.

Births

November 19 - James A. Garfield, twentieth President of the United States (b. 1831)

Deaths

July 4 - James Monroe, 73, fifth President of the United States, tuberculosis (b. 1758)
# 1903

1903 in other calendars| Gregorian calendar | 1903 *MCMIII* |
| Ab urbe condita | 2656 |
| Armenian calendar | 1352 ԹՎ ՌՅԾԲ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6653 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 59–60 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1824–1825 |
| Bengali calendar | 1310 |
| Berber calendar | 2853 |
| British Regnal year | 2 Edw. 7 – 3 Edw. 7 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2447 |
| Burmese calendar | 1265 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7411–7412 |
| Chinese calendar | 壬寅年 (Water Tiger) 4599 or 4539     *— to —* 癸卯年 (Water Rabbit) 4600 or 4540 |
| Coptic calendar | 1619–1620 |
| Discordian calendar | 3069 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1895–1896 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5663–5664 |
| Hindu calendars |  |
|  - *Vikram Samvat* | 1959–1960 |
|  - *Shaka Samvat* | 1824–1825 |
|  - *Kali Yuga* | 5003–5004 |
| Holocene calendar | 11903 |
| Igbo calendar | 903–904 |
| Iranian calendar | 1281–1282 |
| Islamic calendar | 1320–1321 |
| Japanese calendar | Meiji 36 (明治３６年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1832–1833 |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4236 |
| Minguo calendar | 9 before ROC 民前9年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 435 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2445–2446 |
| Tibetan calendar | ཆུ་ཕོ་སྟག་ལོ་ (male Water-Tiger) 2029 or 1648 or 876     *— to —* ཆུ་མོ་ཡོས་ལོ་ (female Water-Hare) 2030 or 1649 or 877 |

**1903** (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday in the Julian calendar.

## Aer, music, theatre, literature

* Edwin S. Porter's *The Great Train Robbery* is released.

## Events

* July 1–19 – The first Tour de France is held. Maurice Garin wins it.
* December 17 – Orville Wright of the Wright brothers flies an airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
* Abeerden Football Club founded in Scotland.

## Births

### January

### February

Tunku Abdul Rahman
* February 8 – Tunku Abdul Rahman, Prime Minister of Malaysia (d. 1990)

### March

Adolf Butenandt
* March 24 – Adolf Butenandt, German chemist (d. 1995)

### April

### May

Bing Crosby
* May 3 – Bing Crosby, American singer and actor (d. 1977)

### June

George Orwell
* June 21 – Al Hirschfeld, American caricaturist (d. 2003)
* June 25 – George Orwell, English writer (d. 1950)

### July

* July 2 – Alec Douglas-Home, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1995)

### August

### September

### October

### November

### December

## Deaths

* May 8 – Paul Gauguin, French painter
# Panama Canal

Map of Panama Canal
The **Panama Canal** is a waterway (a canal) in the country of Panama in Central America, that connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. Because of the way Panama twists, the entrance to the Pacific Ocean is farther east than the entrance to the Atlantic Ocean. This is the opposite of what one would expect.

The Panama Canal is 77 km (48 miles) long and cuts across the Isthmus of Panama. At each end it uses three pairs of *locks* for lifting and lowering ships on different water levels. This saves ships 15,000 km (10,000 miles) compared to going around South America. Each year, about 14,000 ships come through the canal. By 2002, around 800,000 ships came through.

The old locks are 110 ft (33.53 m) wide by 1,050 ft (320 m) long and 41.2 feet (12.6 m) deep, with a usable length of 1,000 ft (305 m). The biggest ships that can go through the Panama Canal are called Panamax.

New locks opened in 2016 to allow ships more than twice as big, called New Panamax. They are 55 m (180 ft) wide by 427 m (1,400 ft) long, and 18.3 m (60.0 ft) deep. New channels connect to the new locks.

Ferdinand de Lesseps tried building a Panama Canal in 1880, but could not finish it. The project was started again in 1904 by the United States, under the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt, who spent ten years and 375 million dollars building it. The Panama Canal was finally finished in 1914, at the cost of approximately 25,000 lives. Most deaths were from disease, and before United States construction of the canal began. The US government owned and operated the canal until 1999 when the Panamanian government started controlling it.

## Other websites

* Live webcam images of the Panama Canal
* Panama Canal – Britannica