Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Lutheranism

The Luther Rose, a common symbol of Lutheranism
**Lutheranism** is a denomination of Christianity that is named after Martin Luther, who led a protest against the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century. He was a German priest, theologian, and university professor in Wittenberg. He originally wanted to improve Catholic theology and practices, primarily by ending the Pope's indulgences and abuses of power.

Lutheranism came to be a separate church by Luther and his followers being excommunicated by the Pope. Luther’s ideas started a movement called the Protestant Reformation. Other Reformation leaders who separated from the Catholic Church agreed with Luther on some things but criticized him for keeping too much Catholic doctrine (see John Calvin and Ulrich Zwingli).

Law and Grace, by Lucas Cranach the Elder
Lutherans believe the Bible is the first authority and the only rule for Christian faith and teaching that cannot be wrong. Like other Christians, they believe that the Trinity exists, Jesus Christ is both God and man, all humans are sinful since Adam and Eve (see original sin), and humans are saved by Jesus' death on the Cross. Lutherans believe in the Five solas, and that the central idea to all of their beliefs is that humans are saved by grace alone through faith alone because of Jesus alone (see justification). The main points of Lutheran theology were summed up in 1530 by Philip Melanchthon in his Augsburg Confession.

Similarities with Catholicism include the liturgy and the doctrines of the Real Presence of the Eucharist, baptism, and original sin. Unlike in Catholicism, however, Lutheran pastors and bishops are allowed to marry, do not pray for intercession with the saints (including Mary), and reject the authority and the infallibility of the Pope and the Magisterium.

Major American denominations include the Evangelical Lutheran Church of America (ELCA), the Lutheran Church--Missouri Synod (LCMS), the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (WELS), and the North American Lutheran Conference (NALC).
# Steyning

Medieval houses in Steyning
**Steyning** is a town in West Sussex, England, UK. It is west of the smaller villages of Bramber and Upper Beeding. It is not far north from Lancing and Shoreham-by-Sea on the South Coast. Steyning has a high street with many shops, ranging from the Co-op to Sussex Produce. There is a primary school, secondary school and a sixth form. There is a bed and breakfast hotel called, Springwells.
# Cook Islands

Map of the Cook Islands
Where the Cook Islands are in the world
Flag of the Cook Islands
Coat of arms of the Cook Islands
The **Cook Islands** are a group of islands in the southern Pacific. They form an independent state, but have strong ties with New Zealand. The 15 small islands have a total land surface of 240 square kilometers. About 18.000 people live on the islands, most of them from tourism. The largest island, Rarotonga, also holds the territory's capital, Avarua.

The nation also has a distinctive Polynesian language known as Cook Island Maori, which is closely related to the Maori language of New Zealand and to the Tahitian language.

Foreign relations: Relations with the United States were started in 2023. Relations with China were started earlier.

History: The Rarotonga Treaty was signed in 1986; Cook Islands is (as of the 2020s) still in an area that is supposed to be without any nuclear weapons.

* A beach on Rarotonga
* A photo taken from Aituaki
# Carbine

A **carbine** is a lighter, shorter type of rifle. The smaller size and lighter weight of carbines makes them easier to handle. They are often issued to high-mobility troops such as special-ops soldiers and paratroopers. Also they can be used by mounted or other non-infantry personnel who do not need full-sized rifles.

The U.S. M4 carbine is a classic example. Continuous-fire versions may also be described as submachine guns
# Operating system

An **operating system** (**OS**) is a kind of computer program that helps a computer to interact with other machines or with people. An OS is not actually one single program but a group of small programs, like file managers, device drivers, and kernels. An OS can be small (like Damn Small Linux), or large (like Microsoft Windows). Some are meant for general use, like in a personal computer or a smartphone. Others are used for specific purposes. For example, an ATM would use a specialized kind of operating system.

An operating system has many jobs. It ensures that all the programs share access to the computer's processor, memory, screen, input devices, and other hardware. Today, most operating systems also include a visible interface so the user can easily interact with it. An operating system is also responsible for sending data to other computers or devices on a network.

Some examples of commonly used operating systems are: Android; macOS; Linux; Microsoft Windows.

## History

One of the first computers was ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), built by the United States during World War II. Making ENIAC do useful work was difficult. To program ENIAC, scientists had to move switches and cables around on the side of the computer. While this was an operating system of a kind, it is not really like modern operating systems.

Video: Using an old UNIX system.
The first operating system that looked and felt like today's operating systems was UNIX, made in 1969 by Bell Labs. With UNIX, people could program computers by typing on a keyboard. Many of its features were taken from Multics, an older operating system made in 1964.

## Types

Operating systems come in many types. An OS might fit one or several of the types listed below, and the difference between the types isn't always clear.

### Single- and multitasking

A single-tasking system can only run one program at a time. A multitasking operating system can run more than one program at the same time. To multitask, the computer lets each program take a turn using the processor.

### Single- and multi-user

Single-user operating systems don't let people create their own "accounts" on the computer—there is only one user. A multi-user operating system lets multiple users interact with the system at the same time.

### Distributed

A distributed operating system takes a group of distinct computers, which might be all over the place, and makes them work together like one single computer.

### Embedded

Embedded operating systems are very small OSes used in embedded systems. They are designed to operate on small machines, like the electronic part of a microwave, and they only do a few particular things.

### Hobbyist

Hobbyist OS are made by individuals or small groups. There are many online communities like OS dev wiki to learn how to make an OS.

## Related pages

* BIOS
# Adobe Inc.

Adobe Inc.|  |
| Adobe World Headquarters in San Jose, California |
| Trade name | Adobe |
| Formerly | Adobe Systems Incorporated (1982–2018) |
| Company type | Public |
| Traded as | * NASDAQ: ADBE
* Nasdaq-100 component
* S&P 100 component
* S&P 500 component
 |
| Industry | Software |
| Founded | December 1982 (1982-12) Mountain View, California, U.S. |
| Founders | * John Warnock
* Charles Geschke
 |
| Headquarters | Adobe World Headquarters, San Jose, California, U.S. |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Key people | * Shantanu Narayen (chairman & CEO)
 |
| Products | * Photoshop
* Acrobat
* Illustrator
* PDF
* Lightroom
* Captivate
* ColdFusion
* XD
* Dreamweaver
* InDesign
* Spark
* Premiere Elements
* RoboHelp
* FrameMaker
* Creative Cloud
* (**Full list**)
 |
| Services | SaaS |
| Revenue |  Template:US dollar (2024) |
| Operating income |  Template:US dollar (2024) |
| Net income |  Template:US dollar (2024) |
| Total assets |  Template:US dollar (2024) |
| Total equity |  Template:US dollar (2024) |
| Number of employees | 40,135 (2025) |
| Website | adobe.com |
| **Footnotes / references** Financials as of November 29, 2024. |

**Adobe Inc.** is an American software company. Most of their products are used for creating, such as Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Dreamweaver and Adobe Photoshop. Adobe products on their website can be downloaded, and used for a limited trial period, and paid for unlimited use.

Adobe Premiere Pro, After Effects, Audition, Character Animator, and Prelude use **Adobe Media Encoder** to export files made using the software to a user's computer. Adobe Media Encoder can also be used to export files in software not made by Adobe.

As of 2023, Adobe has more than 29,000 employees worldwide.

## Products

* Adobe Acrobat – Acrobat can show .PDF files and can convert them to other formats.
* Adobe Animate – Allows the user to create animations.
* Adobe After Effects – A high quality video editing software.
* Adobe Atmosphere
* Adobe Audition – Sound recording and editing software.
* Adobe Creative Suite – Contains many different Adobe software.
* Adobe Character Animator – Motion capture software.
* Adobe Dreamweaver – Used to create websites.
* Adobe Illustrator – Graphic design and illustration software.
* Adobe Lightroom – Organizes, edits, and shares photos.
* Adobe Photoshop – Graphics and photo editing program and their most famous product. Users can create drawings and edit images.
* Adobe Prelude – Discontinued software that let users change metadata of images.
* Adobe Premiere Pro – Video editor.
* Adobe Reader – Can display .PDF files, used for documents. Adobe Reader can be downloaded and for free without limit.

## Other websites

* Official website

* Official website (United Kingdom)
# Banda

**Banda** can be any of the following:

## People

* Hastings Banda, former president of Malawi

## Places

* Banda District in Uttar Pradesh, India
* Banda, Ghana
* Banda, India, administrative headquarters of Banda District
* Banda Islands, a group of ten small volcanic islands in the Banda Sea
* Banda, Maharashtra, India
* Banda Sea, the sea of the South Moluccas in Indonesia, a part of the Pacific Ocean.

## Other uses

* Banda languages, spoken by the Banda people
* Banda music, a traditional Mexican form of music
* Banda people, an ethnic group of the Central African Republic
# OCLC

OCLC, Inc.| Type | Nonprofit membership cooperative |
| Founded | 1967 (1967) |
| Headquarters | Dublin, Ohio,  United States |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Key people | Skip Prichard, President and CEO |
| Industry | Library services |
| Products | * WorldCat
* Amlib
* BIBLIOTHECAplus
* Capira
* CatExpress
* CONTENTdm
* Dewey Decimal Classification
* EZproxy
* FirstSearch
* LBS
* OLIB
* PiCarta
* Relais ILL & D2D
* SISIS-SunRise
* Syndeo
* Tipasa
* TouchPoint
* UnityUK
* VDX
* WebJunction
* Wise
* WorldShare
 |
| Revenue | $217.8 million |
| Members | 30,000+ libraries in 100+ countries |
| Website | oclc.org |

**OCLC**, Inc. is a library service and research organization. It helps people find more information and helps libraries work. It was started on July 6, 1967 as the not-for-profit Ohio College Library Center. Later its name changed to **Online Computer Library Center** as it grew. In 2017, its name changed to OCLC, Inc. 30,000+ libraries in 100+ countries are members of OCLC. The organization was started by Fred Kilgour. Its head office is in Dublin, Ohio, U.S.A. It makes WorldCat, a very big online catalog (a list of books and things like books).

## OCLC control numbers

OCLC gives a special number (called "OCN" for "OCLC Control Number") to every new record in WorldCat. A record is metadata about books and things like books. Every record has a different number. There are more than a billion numbers, and there are more every day. Old numbers are small and new numbers are big.

OCNs help find books and things like books that do not have ISBNs. Many books from before 1970 do not have ISBNs. OCNs are often used for books in Wikipedia and Wikidata.
# Liaoning

**Liaoning** is a northeastern province of the People's Republic of China. The capital city of Liaoning province is Shenyang. From 1931 to 1945 Japan ruled Liaoning as part of Manchukuo. It is the southernmost province of Manchuria (the three northeastern most provinces of China), which together, along with the "Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region", form the entire northeastern part of China.

Liaoning is bordered on the northeast by Jilin province, and has a coastline along the Yellow Sea to the southeast. Hebei province and Beijing lie to the southwest. The Yalu River marks the border with North Korea. Dalian is a major port city at the southern tip of the Liaodong Peninsula which juts about 100km south into the Yellow Sea.

## Other websites

* How to (say or) pronounce, Liaoning. Wikimedia.org
# Railway track

Railway tracks with a train in England.
A **railway track** or **railway line** is a set of two parallel rows of long pieces of steel. They are used by trains to transport people and things from one place to another. (In America, people say **railroad** as well as **railway**). Often, there is more than one set of tracks on the railway line. For example, trains go east on one track and west on the other one.

The rails are supported by cross pieces set at regular intervals (called **sleepers** or **ties**), which spread the high pressure load imposed by the train wheels into the ground. They also maintain the rails at a fixed distance apart (called the **gauge**). Ties are usually made from either wood or concrete. These often rest on **ballast**, which is a name for very small pieces of broken up rock that are packed together and keep the railway tracks in place. Tracks are often made better by ballast tampers.

The upper surfaces of the rails are inclined slightly towards each other, typically on a slope of 1/20, and the rims of the train wheels are angled in the same way ("coning"). This helps guide the vehicles of the train along the track. Each wheel also has a flange, which sticks out from one edge all the way around. This makes sure the train does not "derail" (come off the track) and helps guide the train on sharp curves.
# Qinghai

**Qinghai Province** is a large province in north-west China on the Tibetan Plateau.

## Related pages

* Political divisions of China

## Other websites

* Memorials from Qinghai
# 1956 Winter Olympics

VII Olympic Winter Games| Host city | Cortina d'Ampezzo, Veneto, Italy  |
| Nations | 32 |
| Athletes | 821 (687 men, 134 women) |
| Events | 24 in 4 sports (8 disciplines) |
| Opening | 26 January |
| Closing | 5 February |
| Opened by | President Giovanni Gronchi |
| Cauldron | Guido Caroli |
| Stadium | Stadio Olimpico Del Ghiaccio |
| Winter |
|

| ← Oslo 1952 | Squaw Valley 1960 → |
| --- | --- |

 |
| Summer |
|

| ← Helsinki 1952 | Melbourne 1956 → |
| --- | --- |

 |

The **1956 Winter Olympics**, officially known as the **VII Olympic Winter Games**, were held in 1956 in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. This was the first time the Soviet Union played in the Olympics. They immediately showed their strength by winning more medals than any other nation.

## Participating nations

A total of 32 nations sent athletes to Cortina d'Ampezzo. Bolivia, Iran, and the Soviet Union competed at the Winter Games for the first time. Korea, Liechtenstein, and Turkey returned after having missed the 1952 Winter Olympics. Argentina, Denmark, New Zealand, and Portugal did not compete at these Games, after participating in 1952.

Athletes from West Germany (FRG) and East Germany (GDR) competed together as the United Team of Germany at these Games, an arrangement that would continue for the next two Olympiads.

## Other websites

* IOC page on the 1956 Winter Olympics
# Natural Resources Conservation Service

Natural Resources Conservation Service|  |
| Agency overview |
| Formed | September 13, 1933 |
| Preceding agency | * Soil Conservation Service, Soil Erosion Service
 |
| Headquarters | Washington, D.C. |
| Employees | Approx 11,500 - 12,000 |
| Agency executives | * Terry Cosby, Chief
* Louis Aspey, Associate Chief
 |
| Parent agency | Department of Agriculture |
| Website | www.nrcs.usda.gov |

**Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)** is an agency of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) that provides subject help to farmers and private property owners and managers. The NCRS employs over 11,500 professionals.

## Other websites

* Official website
* TheUSDANRCS YouTube channel
# Mango

| Mangifera indica |
| --- |
|  |
| Unripe mango fruits |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Phylum: | Magnoliophyta |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Anacardiaceae |
| Genus: | Mangifera L. |

A **mango** is a type of fruit. The mango tree is native to South Asia, from where it has been taken to become one of the most widely cultivated fruits in the tropics. It is harvested in the month of March (summer season) until the mid of June.

India has the major export market of mangoes. It is also their national fruit. Ripe mangoes are very sweet in taste but they are bitterly sour before they ripen. There are many different types of mangoes found in India such as Langra, Dusshera, Chausa, Tota, and Safadi. Alphonso mangoes can be found in various parts of western India.

These mangoes are also indigenous to the southern part of Nigeria, Akwa Ibom. Described by these southerners (the Ibibios) as Grade 1 mangoes.

## Benefits of Mango

* High in nutrients
* Low-calorie intake
* Mango may aid in the prevention of diabetes
* Mango contains immune-boosting nutrients
* Helps to maintain heart health
* Mango may support your eye health
* It reduces the risk of certain cancers
* Mango may improve digestion
* A versatile and easy-to-use food

Mango also has a variety of other health advantages. You may learn more about these advantages here Archived 2022-07-08 at the Wayback Machine.

## Mango trees

A mango tree
The tree is mainly known for its fruit rather than for its wood. However, mango trees can be converted to lumber once their fruit bearing lifespan had finished. The wood is susceptible to damage from fungi and insects. The wood is used for musical instruments such as Ukeleles, plywood and low-cost furniture. The wood is also known to produce phenolic substances that can cause dermatitis.
# Canal

An American warship in the Suez Canal.Some canals require blasting via the rock.A **canal** is a waterway made by humans. For many centuries, canals have been built as a way of transporting heavy goods in barges or boats. Canals often connect lakes, rivers, or oceans. The Panama Canal is a famous canal that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. Many canals are reinforced with clay or concrete on the sides and have locks. Other canals are used for irrigation or hydropower.

## Related pages

* Merriam webster dictionary
# 2008 Summer Olympics

Games of the XXIX Olympiad| Host city | Beijing, China |
| Motto | *One World, One Dream* (Chinese: 同一个世界 同一个梦想) |
| Nations | 204 |
| Athletes | 10,942 (4,637 women & 6,305 men) |
| Events | 302 in 28 sports (41 disciplines) |
| Opening | 8 August |
| Closing | 24 August |
| Opened by | President Hu Jintao |
| Cauldron | Li Ning |
| Stadium | Beijing National Stadium |
| Summer |
|

| ← Athens 2004 | London 2012 → |
| --- | --- |

 |
| Winter |
|

| ← Turin 2006 | Vancouver 2010 → |
| --- | --- |

 |

The **2008 Summer Olympics**, officially known as the **Games of the XXIX Olympiad**, were celebrated in Beijing, People's Republic of China from August 8 to August 24. The opening ceremony began at 08:08:08 pm CST (12:08:08 UTC) at the Beijing National Stadium in Beijing, People's Republic of China. During the games, 10,500 athletes competed in 302 events in 28 sports.

The Olympic games were awarded to Beijing after a vote of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) on July 13 2001. The official logo of the games, titled "Dancing Beijing," features a stylised calligraphic character *jīng* (京, meaning *capital*), meaning the host city. The mascots of Beijing 2008 are the five Fuwa, each representing both a colour of the Olympic rings and a symbol of Chinese culture. The Olympic slogan, *One World, One Dream*, calls upon the world to unite in the Olympic spirit. Several new NOCs were also recognised by the IOC.

The Chinese government used the games to promote China as an important and powerful country, and spent a lot of money on building new facilities and transportation systems for the games. The events were held in 37 venues, including 12 newly built buildings. In 2007, former IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch said that he thinks that the Beijing games will be "the best in Olympic history". Although there was some controversy about having the games in China, the IOC's former president Jacques Rogge said that the IOC has "absolutely no regrets" in choosing Beijing to host the 2008 games.

## Medal table

At the end of the Olympics, China won the total gold medal count, while the United States led the grand total medal count.

Here is the top of the medal table at the end of the games.

Medal numbers shown in **bold** are the highest in their section. China, the host nation is highlighted in lavender.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 |  China (CHN) | **51** | 21 | 28 | 100 |
| 2 |  United States (USA) | 36 | **38** | **36** | **110** |
| 3 |  Russia (RUS) | 23 | 21 | 28 | 72 |
| 4 |  Great Britain (GBR) | 19 | 13 | 15 | 47 |
| 5 |  Germany (GER) | 16 | 10 | 15 | 41 |
| 6 |  Australia (AUS) | 14 | 15 | 17 | 46 |
| 7 |  South Korea (KOR) | 13 | 10 | 8 | 31 |
| 8 |  Japan (JPN) | 9 | 6 | 10 | 25 |
| 9 |  Italy (ITA) | 8 | 10 | 10 | 28 |
| 10 |  France (FRA) | 7 | 16 | 17 | 40 |
# Scottish people

Scots|

|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Kenneth MacAlpin | Macbeth | St. Margaret | Duns Scotus | William Wallace | Robert the Bruce |
| Mary, Queen of Scots | James VI and I | David Hume | Adam Smith | James Hutton | Joseph Black |
| James Watt | Robert Burns | David Livingstone | James Clerk Maxwell | Andrew Carnegie | Alexander Graham Bell |
| William Ramsay | James Frazer | Alexander Fleming | Henrietta Watson | Mairi Chisholm | Deborah Kerr |
| Alasdair MacIntyre | Sean Connery | Alex Ferguson | Annie Lennox | Ewan McGregor | Andy Murray |

 |
| Total population |
| **c. 28–40 million** worldwideA |
| Regions with significant populations |
|  Scotland   4,446,000 (2011) (Scottish descent only) |
|  United StatesB | 6,006,955 Scottish 5,393,554 Scotch-Irish |
|  CanadaC | 4,719,850 |
|  Australia | 1,792,600 |
|  EnglandD | 795,000 |
| Northern IrelandE | 760,620 |
|  Argentina | 100,000 |
|  Chile | 80,000 |
|  France | 45,000 |
|  Poland | 15,000 |
|  New ZealandF | 12,792 |
|  Isle of Man | 2,403 |
|  Hong KongG | 1,459 |
| Languages |
| English (Scottish English) Scottish Gaelic • Scots |
| Religion |
| Presbyterianism, Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, Episcopalianism; other minority groups; agnostics, deists and atheists. |
|

---

A These figures are estimates based on official  census data of populations and official surveys of  identity. B Scottish Americans and Scotch-Irish Americans. C Scottish Canadians. D Scottish born people in England only E Ulster-Scots F  missing G Number of people born in Scotland. |

**Scottish people** or **Scots** are people native to Scotland or who are descended from a native of Scotland. They almost all speak Scottish English, but some of those living in the Lowlands and the islands may speak the Scots (a Anglic language) as well.

Robert Burns is the national poet of Scotland.
# Washington Parish, Louisiana

**Washington Parish** (French: *Paroisse de Washington*) is a parish in the southeast corner of the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 45,463. Its parish seat is Franklinton. The parish was founded in 1819.