Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Maui

**Maui** is the second largest of the Hawaiian Islands, in the United States.
It has a population of just over 150,000 and is 727 square miles (1883 km²) in size. Maui is part of Maui County, Hawaii. The larger (or better known) towns include Kahului, Wailuku, Lahaina, Hana, and Wailea. Main industries are agriculture and tourism.

Maui was named for the demi-god Maui. In Hawaiian legend, he raised all the islands from the sea. Maui is also known as the "Valley Isle" for the large fertile isthmus (narrow land connection) between two volcanoes.

## Geography

Maui is a volcanic doublet: an island formed from two volcanic mountains that are joined. The older volcano, Mauna Kahalawai, is much older and has undergone significant erosion due to regular heavy rainfall. In common talk it is called the West Maui Mountain. The larger volcano, Haleakala, rises above 10,000 feet (3,050 m). The last eruption of Haleakala happened over 200 years ago, and this lava flow can be seen between Ahihi Bay and La Perouse Bay on the southeast shore.

## Places

Other places on Maui popular with visitors include:

* ʻĪao Valley
* Haleakala crater
* Road to Hāna
* Waiʻānapanapa

Golf courses on Maui include:

* Grand Waikapu Country Club
* Kaʻanapali Golf Course
* Kapalua Golf Club
* Makena Golf Club
* Maui Country Club
* Pukalani Country Club
* Sandalwood Country Club
* Silversword Golf Course
* Waiʻehu Municipal Golf Course
* Wailea Golf Club
# Indonesian language

| Indonesian |
| --- |
| *Bahasa Indonesia* (lit. Indonesian language) |
| Native to |  Indonesia  Malaysia  Timor-Leste  Papua New Guinea |
| Native speakers | ~300 million (2020) Over 140 million L2 speakers |
| Language family | Austronesian
* Malayo-Polynesian
	+ Malayo-Sumbawan
		- North and East Malayo-Sumbawan
			* Malayic
				+ Nuclear Malayic
					- Standard Malay-Indonesian
						* **Indonesian**
 |
| Writing system | Latin (Indonesian alphabet) |
| Official status |
| Official language in |  Indonesia

---

 ASEAN |
| Recognised minority language in |  East Timor (Used when trading with Indonesia)  United Nations (used in UN peacekeeping missions) |
| Regulated by | Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa |
| Language codes |
| ISO 639-1 | `id` |
| ISO 639-2 | `ind` |
| ISO 639-3 | `ind` |
| *Glottolog* | `indo1316` |

**Indonesian language** (*Bahasa Indonesia*) is the national and official language of Indonesia and is used in the entire country. It is a form of the Malay language. It is the language of official communication, taught in schools and used for broadcast in electronic and digital media. Being the top multilingual (especially trilingual) country in the world, most Indonesians also speak their own ethnic or native languages, with the most widely spoken being Javanese and Sundanese which consequently give huge influence into the Indonesian language itself.

With huge speakers throughout the country as well as by the diaspora who live abroad, Indonesian language is listed as one of the most spoken languages worldwide. Indonesian language also officially taught and used in schools, universities, and institutions worldwide, especially in Australia, Netherlands, Japan, South Korea, Timor Leste, Vietnam, Taiwan, United States of America, United Kingdom, etc.

Having a long-established historical ties with European countries since the colonialism era, some of Indonesian terms has absorbed into some European languages, mainly the Dutch and English. Indonesian language itself also has numerous loanwords which derived from the European languages, mainly from the Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish, and English. Indonesian language also has loanwords derived from Sanskrit, Chinese, and Arabic which diffused in Indonesian due to the trade and religious-based activities that had been done since ancient times within the Indonesian archipelago region.
# Singapore Standard Time

**Singapore Standard Time** (abbreviation: **SST**; 新加坡時間) or **Singapore Time** (abbreviation: **SIN**; 新加坡標準時間) is the time zone used in Singapore, 8 hours ahead of UTC (UTC+08:00).

## History

Singapore is situated 103° 51' 16" East of Greenwich and lies within the UTC+07:00 time zone. Before 31 May 1905, the local time was UTC+06:55:25 ahead of Greenwich Mean Time.

During World War II, when the Japanese occupied Singapore, UTC+09:00 was used, to follow Japan time, while UTC+07:20 and UTC+07:30 were used for daylight saving time. When Peninsular Malaysia moved its standard time 30 minutes ahead from UTC+07:30 to UTC+08:00 on 31 December 1981, Singapore shifted too.

The city state started using UTC+08:00 on 1 January 1982 and the country celebrated New Year's Day half an hour earlier.

## Other websites

* Why is Singapore in the "Wrong" Time Zone?
* Singapore Standard TimeArchived 2014-01-05 at the Wayback Machine
* National Metrology Centre Archived 2013-12-16 at the Wayback Machine
# László Cseh

László Cseh
**László Cseh** (pronounced [ˈlaːsloː ˈt͡ʃɛ]: born 3 December 1985, sometimes called **Louis Czech** in English-speaking countries) is a Hungarian competitive swimmer. He has won four silver Olympic medals and two bronze. He is a 33-time European Champion. His father, László Cseh Sr., also represented Hungary at the Olympics in swimming.
# Lavender MRT station

**Lavender MRT Station** (EW11) is an underground Mass Rapid Transit station on the East West Line in Kallang, Singapore. It is located underneath the junction of Kallang Road and Kallang Walk. This station is within the vicinity of Bendemeer and Jalan Besar stations on the Downtown Line. It is also near to ICA Building.

It was formerly known as E2 before 2001.

## Other websites

Official website
# Diwali

| Diwali / Dipavali /Deepavali |
| --- |
| Rangoli decorations, made using coloured powder, are popular during Diwali |
| Observed by | Hindus, Sikhs, Jains and Buddhists |
| Type | Indian, Cultural, Seasonal |
| Begins | Dhanteras, 2 days before Diwali |
| Ends | Bhai Dooj, 2 days after Diwali |
| Date | Kartik Amavasya (Varies per Hindu Lunisolar calendar) |
| Celebrations | Diya and lighting, home decoration, shopping, fireworks, puja (prayers), gifts, performing religious rituals, feast and sweets |
| Related to | Kali Puja, Diwali (Jainism), Bandi Chhor Divas |

**Diwali** (also: Deepawali) is one of India's biggest festivals. The word '**Deepawali**' means rows of lighted lamps. It is a Festival of Lights, and Hindus celebrate it with joy. It marks the beginning of a new year.

Diwali is one of the most important festivals in Hinduism. It comes on Amavasya in the month of Kartik.

Dipavali (IAST: Dīpāvalī), commonly known as Diwali (/dɪˈwɑːliː/), is the Hindu festival of lights, with variations celebrated in other Indian religions such as Jainism and Sikhism. It symbolises the spiritual victory of Dharma over Adharma, light over darkness, good over evil, and knowledge over ignorance. Diwali is celebrated during the Hindu lunisolar months of Ashvin (according to the amanta tradition) and Kārtika – between around mid-September and mid-November. The celebrations generally last five or six days.

Celebrations

During this festival, people light up their houses and shops with small cup-shaped oil lamps made of baked clay. They worship the Lord Ganesha and Goddess Lakshmi for welfare and prosperity. People clean and decorate their houses before the festival. They make colorful rangoli art on floors with rice and flowers.

Deepawali is celebrated in India and is a public holiday there. Shops, school, offices and temples are thoroughly cleaned, whitewashed and decorated with lights, flowers and oil lamps. Hindus believe that, on this day, Lakshmi enters houses which are neat and tidy. They leave the lights on in their homes to welcome Lakshmi with happiness.

At night, buildings are illuminated with earthen lamps, candles and lights.

On the day of Deepawali, people wear new clothes and exchange greetings, gifts and sweets with their loved ones. People buy sweets for their families and also send them as presents to their friends and relatives. Others prepare lots of sweets with their oil. People light diyas and burn crackers.

## Other websites

Diwali Holds A Special Place In The Hearts Of Millions, Transcending Boundaries Of Region, Culture, And Religion. Archived 2023-11-19 at the Wayback Machine

* The Ancient Origins of Diwali, India’s Biggest Holiday, Becky Little (2017)
# Singapore strategy

| Singapore strategy |
| --- |
| HMS *Repulse* leads her sister ship HMS *Renown* and other Royal Navy capital ships during manoeuvres in the 1920s |
| Era | 1919–1942 |
| Battlespace | Sea |

The British Empire in 1921. Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa were self-governing dominions.
The **Singapore strategy** was a strategy about defending the British Empire in the Asian Far East, mainly against the Empire of Japan. The strategy involved a number of different plans and stages, developed between 1919 and 1941. The basic idea was to base a fleet of ships in the Far East. This fleet could then be used to stop and defeat a Japanese force heading towards India or Australia. In 1919, Singapore was chosen because of its strategic location at the end of the Strait of Malacca.

The planners thought that a war with Japan would have three phases: while the garrison of Singapore defended the fortress, the fleet would make its way to Singapore, so that it could relieve or recapture Hong Kong. The fleet could also impose a blockade on the Japanese home islands, which would force the Japanese to accept terms. The planners did not think it was practical to invade Japan. The planners also thought that the Japanese would fight a naval battle. Japan consists of many islands. The planners therefore thought that economic pressure would be enough.

The Singapore strategy was the cornerstone of British Imperial defence policy in the Far East during the 1920s and 1930s. By 1937, according to Captain Stephen Roskill, "the concept of the 'Main Fleet to Singapore' had, perhaps through constant repetition, assumed something of the inviolability of Holy Writ". With the time, many problems became apparent. One of the problems was that implementing the strategy cost a lot of money. Other difficulties were of a political or practical nature. Because of all these problems, the strategy could not be implemented. During the 1930s, the strategy was constantly criticised in Britain and abroad. Australia used the strategy to spend as little money as possible on the defence of the country. The strategy ultimately led to the despatch of Force Z to Singapore and the sinking of the *Prince of Wales* and *Repulse* by Japanese air attack on 10 December 1941. The subsequent ignominious fall of Singapore was described by Winston Churchill as "the worst disaster and largest capitulation in British history". The Japanese Occupation of Singapore began.

* Churchill, Winston (1950). *The Hinge of Fate*. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-41058-4. OCLC 396148. Retrieved 15 April 2012. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
* McIntyre, W. David (1979). *The Rise and Fall of the Singapore Naval Base, 1919–1942*. Cambridge Commonwealth Series. London: MacMillan Press. ISBN 0-333-24867-8. OCLC 5860782.
# Spiritism

**Spiritism** is a doctrine promoted by the French professor Allan Kardec. His first two books were:

* *The Spirits' Book* — Defines the guidelines of the doctrine, covering points like God, Spirit, Universe, Man, Society, Culture, Morals and Religion.
* *The Mediums' Book* — Details the mechanics of the spiritual world, the processes involved in channeling spirits, techniques to be developed by mediums, etc.

Other characteristics ideas of his were:

* Promoting the dialog between the three classical forms of knowledge (science, philosophy and religion) for achieving a more complete comprehension of the reality;
* Submitting the fundamental points of the religious systems to a critical and empirical exam, for separating fantasy and reality. This way, men can avoid materialism and dogmatism at once, being critical and spiritual.
* Emphasizing human power and responsibility for acting, creating and changing the world around.

Although Kardec claimed it was distinct, spiritism is similar to spiritualism. Kardec's books were based on reporting séances in which he claimed to observe phenomena which he attributed to incorporeal intelligence (spirits). Arthur Conan Doyle included a chapter about Spiritism in his book *History of Spiritualism*. This said that Spiritism is Spiritualist (but not vice-versa). As a consequence, many Spiritualist works are widely accepted in Spiritism, particularly the works of scientists Sir William Crookes and Oliver Lodge.

## Other websites

* The Spirits' Book Archived 2018-04-17 at the Wayback Machine by Allan Kardec (PDF file)
* The Sator Formula engraved on a human skull Archived 2008-09-27 at the Wayback Machine

## Related pages

* Spirituality
# Getúlio Vargas

Vargas in 1930
**Getúlio Dornelles Vargas** (Portuguese: [ʒeˈtulju doɾˈnɛlis ˈvaɾɡɐs]; 19 April 1882 – 24 August 1954) was President of Brazil. He was the dictator from 1930 to 1945. His first 15-year long rule is known as the Vargas Era. Then he was elected President in 1951 and served until 1954. Vargas led Brazil for 18 years, the longest of any President. He was second in Brazilian history only to Emperor Pedro II among heads of state. He favored nationalism, industrialization, centralization, social welfare and populism. Vargas won the nickname "The Father of the Poor". He was a supporter of workers rights and was very much an anti-communist. He committed suicide by shooting himself with a gun, after he was forced by the Brazilian military to resign from the Presidency.

In 2014, sixty years after his death, the movie *Getúlio* which depicts the events that ended with his suicide, was made.
# Austronesian peoples

Area historically regarded as being inhabited by the original Austronesian peoples and later migrations.
**Austronesian peoples** is a term referring to people that live in Southeast Asia, Oceania and Madagascar, who are speakers of the Austronesian languages. They are thought to have originally come from the indigenous peoples of Taiwan.
# Gabriel Ramanantsoa

| His Excellency Gabriel Ramanantsoa |
| --- |
|  |
|  |
| President of Madagascar |
| **In office** 11 October 1972 – 5 February 1975 |
| Preceded by | Philibert Tsiranana |
| Succeeded by | Richard Ratsimandrava |
|  |
| Personal details |
| Born | (1906-04-13)13 April 1906 Antananarivo, Madagascar |
| Died | 9 May 1979(1979-05-09) (aged 73) Paris, France |

**Gabriel Ramanantsoa** (13 April 1906 Antananarivo - 9 May 1979 Paris) was an Malagasy politician. He was the President and Prime Minister of Madagascar from 1972 to 1975.

He died in Paris from a heart attack, aged 73.
# Abdelaziz Bouteflika

| Abdelaziz Bouteflika عبد العزيز بوتفليقة |
| --- |
| Bouteflika in October 2012 |
|  |
| President of Algeria |
| **In office** 27 April 1999 – 2 April 2019 |
| Prime Minister | Smail Hamdani Ahmed Benbitour Ali Benflis Ahmed Ouyahia Abdelaziz Belkhadem Ahmed Ouyahia Abdelmadjid Tebboune Noureddine Bedoui |
| Preceded by | Liamine Zéroual |
| Succeeded by | Abdelmadjid Tebboune |
|  |
| Personal details |
| Born | (1937-03-02)2 March 1937 Oujda, French Morocco |
| Died | 17 September 2021(2021-09-17) (aged 84) Zéralda, Algeria |
| Political party | National Liberation Front |
| Spouse(s) | Amal Triki |
| Profession | Civil servant |

**Abdelaziz Bouteflika** (2 March 1937 – 17 September 2021) was an Algerian politician. From 1999 to 2019, he was the ninth President of Algeria. He was President at the end of the bloody Algerian Civil War in 2002. He ended emergency rule in February 2011 during Arab Spring.

He was President of the United Nations General Assembly from 1974 until 1975.

Bouteflika resigned on 2 April 2019 after months of massive protests.

Bouteflika died on 17 September 2021 at his home in Zéralda, Algeria from cardiac arrest at the age of 84. He was in bad health ever since he had a stroke in 2013.
# Exchange rate

**Exchange rate**, also known as the **foreign exchange rate**, is how much one currency is worth compared to a different one.

It is the rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another. Exchanges rates can change for many different reasons. For example, inflation rates may differ for different countries. For much of the 20th century, the Bretton Woods system fixed exchange rates.
# Piracy

**Piracy** can mean different things; it can be a crime that is committed. A human on a ship at sea who steals from other ships is called a **pirate**. Pirates usually have small, fast boats. Pirates use such boats to attack other ships, which are usually large cargo ships.

The Jolly Roger flag is a well-known pirate symbol
For as long as ships have sailed the sea, there have been pirates. Ancient Egypt and the Romans, Medieval kings, and the British Empire dealt with pirates. Fighting pirates has sometimes been one of the most important roles of a navy.

Piracy still happens in the modern world. The Gulf of Aden (which is off the coast of Somalia) has especially high rates of pirate attacks, mostly by Somali pirates.

## Modern

Usually, modern pirates climb onto ships to get money. In the process, they may kill the crew or hold it for ransom. In a very few cases, they may also take over the ship and sell its cargo.

The cargo ships that travel the oceans are huge, but they usually have very few crew members working on them. Their size often makes the ships carry a lot of money in the safe. The money is used to pay the crew, to pay for the taxes to stay at a port, or to pass through a channel.

## Famous pirates

### Real pirates

* Edward Teach (a.k.a. Blackbeard)
* Francis Drake
* Jack Rackham (a.k.a Calico Jack)
* Henry Every (a.k.a Long Ben)
* Anne Bonny
* Wijerd Jelckama
* Pier Gerlofs Donia
* Captain Kidd
* Amaro Pargo
* Jean Lafitte

### Pirates in fiction

* Jack Sparrow. He is in the film series Pirates of the Caribbean.

## Related pages

* Pirate code
* Piracy in the Caribbean
* Organized crime
* Robbery

## More reading

* Deary, Terry (2008). *Pirates (Horrible Histories Handbooks)*. Scholastic. ISBN 9780439955782.
* Iggulden, Hal; Iggulden, Conn (2007). "The Golden Age of Piracy". *The Dangerous Book for Boys*. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 146–147. ISBN 9780061243585.
* Platt, Richard (2002). *Eyewitness Pirate*. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 9780751347494.
# Beirut

| Beirut
بيروت |
| --- |
| Municipality |
| Beirut Skyline |
| FlagSeal |
| Beirut |
| Coordinates: ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Country |  Lebanon |
| Governorate | Beirut |
| Government |
|  • Mayor | Jamal Itani |
| Area |
|  • Total | 19.60 km2 (7.57 sq mi) |
| Population (December 31, 2017) |
|  • Total | 433,249 |
|  • Density | 22,105/km2 (57,250/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+02:00 (EET) |
| Website | Official website |

**Beirut** is the capital of Lebanon. It is one of the richest and oldest continuously inhabited cities of the world. It is on a hilly promontory on the eastern Mediterranean surrounded to the east by the snow-capped mountains of Lebanon. It was a cultural center of the Arab World, a major international financial, banking and media center and was called the Switzerland of the Middle East. It was called the Paris of the Middle East.

## Gallery

* Sunset in Beirut, Lebanon
* View from bickfaya, Beirut, Lebanon
* Beirut Downtown, Lebanon

* Linda Jones Hall, *Roman Berytus: Beirut in Late Antiquity,* 2004.
* Samir Kassir, *Histoire de Beyrouth,* Fayard 2003.
* Richard Talbert, Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, (ISBN 0-691-03169-X), p. 69.

## Other websites

 Media related to Beirut at Wikimedia Commons

 Beirut travel guide from Wikivoyage

* Official website of Beirut Archived 2011-02-26 at the Wayback Machine
* Downtown Beirut Archived 2018-01-05 at the Wayback Machine
* Discover Lebanon - Beirut photos and images, virtual tour, Allenby street, parliament, museum
# Cacao tree

| Cacao |
| --- |
|  |
| Cacao tree with fruit pods |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida |
| Order: | Malvales |
| Family: | Malvaceae |
| Genus: | *Theobroma* |
| Species: | T. cacao |
| Binomial name |
| Theobroma cacao L. |

The **cacao tree** is a small tree originally grown in tropical South America. It only grows to 4 to 8 meters in height. Its seeds are called cocoa and are used to produce cocoa butter, chocolate drinks, and chocolate. Now the trees are grown in plantations in many tropical countries.

## Cultivation

Cacao is planted on over 70000 square kilometres worldwide with 40% of production coming from Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, and Indonesia. Each country produces about 15%, with smaller amounts coming from Brazil, Nigeria, and Cameroon.

A tree begins to bear fruit when it is 4 or 5 years old. In one year, when mature, it may have 6,000 flowers, but only about 20 pods. About 300-600 seeds (10 pods) are required to produce around 1 kg of cocoa paste.

Cocoa beans in a cacao pod
There are three main cultivar groups of cacao beans used to make cocoa and chocolate. The most prized, rare, and expensive is the Criollo Group, the cocoa bean used by the Maya. Only 10% of chocolate is made from the Criollo, which is less bitter and more aromatic than any other bean. The cacao bean in 80% of chocolate is made using beans of the Forastero Group. Forastero trees are significantly hardier than Criollo trees, resulting in cheaper cacao beans. Trinitario, a hybrid of Criollo and Forastero, is used in about 10% of chocolate. For details of processing, see cocoa.

Cacao beans were commonly used as currency in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. In some areas, such as Yucatán, they were still used in place of small coins as late as the 1840s.

## Other websites

* The food of the Gods - the nature, growth, cultivation, manufacture and history of Cocoa, by Brandon Head, from Project Gutenberg