Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Spiny lobster

| Spiny lobsters |
| --- |
|  |
| *Panulirus interruptus* |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Crustacea |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Decapoda |
| Family: | **Palinuridae** Latreille, 1802 |
| Genera |
| *Jasus*
*Linuparus*
*Palinurus*
*Panulirus* |

**Spiny lobsters**, also known as **rock lobsters** are a family (**Palinuridae**) of about 45 species of crustaceans, in the Decapoda Reptantia. Spiny lobsters are also called *crayfish*, *sea crayfish* or *crawfish*.

Although they superficially resemble true lobsters in terms of overall shape, and that they also have a hard carapace and exoskeleton, the two groups are not closely related. Spiny lobsters can be easily distinguished from true lobsters by their very long, thick, spiny antennae, and by their complete lack of claws (*chelae*); true lobsters have much smaller antennae and claws on the first three pairs of legs, with the first being particularly enlarged. Like true lobsters, however, spiny lobsters are edible and are an economically significant food source; they are the biggest food export of the Bahamas .

Spiny lobsters are found in almost all warm seas, including the Caribbean and the Mediterranean Sea, but are particularly common in Australasia, where they are referred to commonly as crayfish or sea crayfish (*Jasus novaehollandiae* and *Jasus edwardsii*), and South Africa (*Jasus lalandii*). A new species, *Palinurus barbarae* was described in 2006.

The largest spiny lobster on record was over 1 m (3 ft) long and weighed over 11.8 kg (26 lb).

Spiny lobsters tend to live in crevices of rocks and coral reefs, only occasionally venturing out at night to seek snails, clams, crabs, sea urchins or carrion to eat. Sometimes, they migrate *en masse*, in long files of lobsters across the sea floor. Potential predators may be deterred from eating spiny lobsters by a loud screech made by the antennae of the spiny lobsters rubbing against a smooth part of the exoskeleton . Spiny lobsters usually exhibit social habit by being together. However recent studies indicate that healthy lobsters move away from infected ones and leaving the diseased lobsters to fend for itself .

The furry lobsters (*e.g.* *Palinurellus*) are sometimes separated into a family of their own, the Synaxidae, but are usually considered members of the Palinuridae. The slipper lobsters (Scyllaridae) are their next closest relatives, and these two or three families make up the Achelata. Genera of spiny lobsters include *Palinurus* and a number of anagrams thereof: *Panulirus*, *Linuparus*, *etc.* (Palinurus was also a helmsman in Virgil's Æneid.)

* *Panulirus vulgaris*
* *California spiny lobster*

## Related pages

* American lobster
# Ignacy Jan Paderewski

| Ignacy Jan Paderewski |
| --- |
| Paderewski circa 1935 |
|  |
| 3rd Prime Minister of Poland 2nd Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland |
| **In office** 18 January 1919 – 27 November 1919 |
| Preceded by | Jędrzej Moraczewski |
| Succeeded by | Leopold Skulski |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs |
| **In office** 16 January 1919 – 9 December 1919 |
| Preceded by | Leon Wasilewski |
| Succeeded by | Władysław Wróblewski |
| Chief of the National Council of Poland |
| **In office** 9 December 1939 – 29 June 1941 |
|  |
| Personal details |
| Born | (1860-11-06)6 November 1860 Kuryłówka, Podolia |
| Died | 29 June 1941(1941-06-29) (aged 80) New York City, U.S. |
| Profession | pianist, composer, politician |
| Signature |  |

**Ignacy Jan Paderewski**, GBE (Polish: [iɡˈnat͡sɨ ˈjan padɛˈrɛfskʲi]; 18 November [O.S. 6 November] 1860 – 29 June 1941) was a Polish pianist and composer, politician, and spokesman for Polish independence. He was the prime minister and foreign minister of Poland in 1919. He represented Poland at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919.
# Law and Justice

| Law and Justice Prawo i Sprawiedliwość |
| --- |
| Abbreviation | PiS |
| Chairman | Jarosław Kaczyński |
| Founders | Lech Kaczyński Jarosław Kaczyński |
| Founded | 13 June 2001 (2001-06-13) |
| Merger of | * Centre Agreement
* Right Alliance
 |
| Split from | Solidarity Electoral Action |
| Headquarters | ul. Nowogrodzka 84/86, 02-018 Warsaw |
| Youth wing | Law and Justice Youth Forum |
| Membership |  45,000 (2021 est.) |
| Ideology | * National conservatism
* Right-wing populism
* Christian right
* Euroscepticism
 |
| Political position | Right-wing to far-right |
| National affiliation | United Right |
| European affiliation | European Conservatives and Reformists Party |
| European Parliament group | European Conservatives and Reformists |
| Colours |   Blue   White   Red |
| Seats in the Sejm | 163 / 460 |
| Seats in the Senate | 34 / 100 |
| Seats in the European Parliament | 23 / 52 |
| Regional assemblies | 254 / 552 |
| Voivodes | 0 / 16 |
| Voivodeship Marshals | 6 / 16 |
| Website |
| www.pis.org.pl |
| * Politics of Poland
 |

**Law and Justice** ( **PiS**) is a right-wing populist, far-right and national-conservative political party in Poland. Its chairman is Jarosław Kaczyński.

It was founded in 2001 by Jarosław and Lech Kaczyński as a direct successor of the Centre Agreement after it split from the Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS). It won the 2005 parliamentary and presidential elections. Lech became the president of Poland. It headed a parliamentary coalition with the League of Polish Families and Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland between 2005 and the 2007 election. In 2007 it was second. It was the parliamentary opposition until 2015. It won the presidency in the 2015 election, and later won a majority of seats in the parliamentary election. They kept the positions following the 2019 and 2020 election, but lost their majority following the 2023 Polish parliamentary election. The President Andrzej Duda is a PiS nominee.

At the start it was a centrist Christian democratic party. Then it had more socially conservative views. It shifted to the right. Under Kaczyński's national-conservative and law and order agenda, it wanted economic interventionism. It has close relations with the Catholic Church, although in 2011, the Catholic-nationalist faction split off to form United Poland. During the 2010s, it also adopted right-wing populist positions. After regaining power, PiS gained popularity with transfer payments to families with children.

It is a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists, and on national-level, it heads the United Right coalition. In 2024 it had 163 seats in the Sejm and 34 in the Senate.
# Lublin Voivodeship

| Lublin Voivodeship
Województwo lubelskie |
| --- |
| Voivodeship |
| FlagCoat of arms |
| Motto: *Smakuj życie! (Taste life!)* |
| Location within Poland |
| Division into counties |
| Coordinates (Lublin): ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Country |  Poland |
| Capital | Lublin |
| Counties |
4 cities, 20 land counties \*
* Biała Podlaska
* Chełm
* Lublin
* Zamość
* Biała Podlaska County
* Biłgoraj County
* Chełm County
* Hrubieszów County
* Janów Lubelski County
* Kraśnik County
* Krasnystaw County
* Łęczna County
* Lubartów County
* Lublin County
* Łuków County
* Opole Lubelskie County
* Parczew County
* Puławy County
* Radzyń Podlaski County
* Ryki County
* Świdnik County
* Tomaszów Lubelski County
* Włodawa County
* Zamość County
 |
| Government |
|  • Voivode | Lech Sprawka (PiS) |
|  • Marshal | Jarosław Stawiarski (PiS) |
| Area |
|  • Total | 25,155 km2 (9,712 sq mi) |
| Population (31-12-2014) |
|  • Total | 2,147,746 |
|  • Density | 85/km2 (220/sq mi) |
|  • Urban | 1,014,548 |
|  • Rural | 1,160,703 |
| ISO 3166 code | PL-06 |
| Vehicle registration | L |
| HDI (2017) | 0.843 very high · 9th |
| Website |  |
| * further divided into 213 gminas
 |

**Lublin Voivodeship** is one of the 16 voivodeships of Poland. It can be found in the southeast Poland and in west Lesser Poland. The capital city is also named Lublin.

It was created on January 1, 1999. Polesie National Park and Roztocze National Park are both in the voivodeship.
# French food

Basil salmon terrine
Blini-Davidoff: Buckwheat cakes with caviar and onions
Potatoes Lyonnaise
A pot-au-feu, the traditional French stew
**French food** has influenced the style of cooking throughout Europe, and its chefs work in restaurants throughout the world.

The roots of modern *haute cuisine* lie in chefs like La Varenne (1615–1678) and the notable chef of Napoleon, Marie-Antoine Carême (1784–1833). These chefs developed a lighter style of food compared to the food of the Middle Ages. They used fewer spices, and more herbs and creamy ingredients.

Typical ingredients like roux and fish stock, and techniques such as marinading, and dishes such as ragout, were invented. Carême was an expert pâtissier (pastry-maker), and this is still a mark of French cooking. He developed basic sauces, his 'mother sauces'; he had over a hundred sauces in his repertoire, based on the half-dozen mother sauces.

French cooking was introduced in the 20th century by Georges Auguste Escoffier (1846–1935). He was a genius at organisation. He worked out how to run large restaurants, as in a big hotel or a palace: how the staff should be organised; how the menu was prepared. He had methods for everything, and may have invented over 5,000 recipes. Escoffier managed the restaurants and cuisine at the Savoy Hotel and Carlton Hotel in London, the Hôtel Ritz Paris, and some of the greatest cruise ships of the day.

Escoffier's other main contribution was the publication of *Le Guide Culinaire* in 1903, which spread the understanding of French cookery. However, Escoffier left out much of the culinary character to be found in the regions of France.

Gastro-tourism and the *Guide Michelin* helped to acquaint people with the rich bourgeois and peasant cuisine of the French countryside in the 20th century. Gascon cuisine has also had great influence over the cuisine in the southwest of France. Many dishes that were once regional have proliferated in variations across the country. Cheese and wine are a major part of the cuisine, playing different roles regionally and nationally. In the north of France, people often prefer to use butter to cook. In the south, they prefer olive oil and garlic. In France, each region has its own special dish; choucroute in Alsace, quiche in Lorraine, cassoulet in the Languedoc-Roussillon, tapenade in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, tartiflette in Savoie, and bouillabaisse in Marseille, just to name a few.

In November 2010, **French gastronomy** was added by UNESCO to its lists of the world's 'intangible cultural heritage'.
# Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867

The **Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867** (German: *Ausgleich*, Hungarian: *Kiegyezés*) established the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. It was signed by Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria and a Hungarian delegation led by *Ferenc Deák*. The compromise followed a series of failed constitutional reforms of the Habsburg Empire.

The compromise was the result of the 1866 Battle of Königgrätz which was a part of the Austro-Prussian War. This war defined the next leading power of German-speaking Europe. Prussia was the victor, leaving Austria to look to the southeast for new power, resulting in the "compromise" treaty with Hungary.

This created a disjointed government between the two countries, in which they shared a finance ministry and foreign ministry but maintained separate prime ministers, parliament, and military. Three militaries existed between them and officers had to be trained to speak many languages such as German, Czech, Polish, and Hungarian.

The Hungarian nobles wanted and got the Emperor's coronation as King of Hungary. A separate parliament at Budapest was created. It could make laws for the lands of the Hungarian crown.
# Mohammed Magariaf

| Mohamed Magariaf |
| --- |
|  |
|  |
| President of the General National Congress of Libya |
| **In office** 9 August 2012 – 28 May 2013 |
| Prime Minister | Abdurrahim El-Keib Ali Zeidan |
| Deputy | Juma Ahmad Atigha |
| Preceded by | Mohammed Ali Salim (Acting) Mustafa Abdul Jalil (Chairperson of the National Transitional Council) |
| Succeeded by | Giuma Ahmed Atigha (Acting) Nouri Abusahmain |
| Member of the General National Congress for Ajdabiya |
| **Incumbent** |
| **Assumed office**  8 August 2012 |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Secretary General of the National Front for the Salvation of Libya |
| **In office** May 1982 – 5 August 2001 |
| Succeeded by | Ibrahim Abdulaziz Sahad |
| Ambassador of Libya to New Delhi |
| **In office** 1977 – 31 July 1980 |
|  |
| Personal details |
| Born | Mohamed Yousef el-Magariaf 1940 (age 85–86) Benghazi, Libya |
| Political party | National Front Party (2012–present) |
| Other political affiliations | National Front for the Salvation of Libya (1981–2012) |
| Alma mater | University of Benghazi |
| Website | Official website |

**Mohammed Yousef el-Magariaf** (also written as **Magariaf**, **Elmegaryaf** or **Almegaryaf**) or, as he writes on his official website, **Dr. Mohamed Yusuf Al Magariaf** (Arabic: محمد يوسف المقريف; born 1940), is a Libyan politician. He was the President of the General National Congress from its first meeting in August 2012 until his resignation in May 2013.
# Bus

Symbols that we use for buses
A **bus** is a large wheeled vehicle meant to carry many passengers along with the bus driver. It is larger than a car or van, but smaller than the average rail transport. They are most often used for public transport, but they are also in use for charters, and some are privately owned. Although the average bus carries between 30 and 100 passengers, some buses can carry up to 300 passengers. The most common type is the single-deck rigid bus, with double-decker and articulated buses carrying more passengers, and midibuses and minibuses carrying less passengers. Coaches are used for long-distance services. Many types of buses, such as public transport buses, charge a fare. Other types, such as school buses or shuttle buses within a college or university campus, are free. In many jurisdictions, bus drivers require a special large vehicle licence above and beyond a regular driving license. There are many types of bus around the world, Buses primarily replaced horse-drawn omnibuses and stagecoaches in cities during the early to mid-20th century. They offered a more flexible, lower-cost alternative to rail, allowing for flexible routing and avoiding expensive track maintenance, marking a transition from fixed-track urban transit to rubber-tired transport.

Buses are an important part of public transport in places all over the world. Many people who do not have cars, especially in developing countries, use buses to get around. Buses make it easy for them to get to where they want to go. Buses have many uses, including transport inside towns or cities, transport between towns and cities, transport to schools and tourism. Some privately owned buses are used in political campaigns or to transport musicians.

The name "bus" is shorthand for Latin language *omnibus*, "for everyone". The first omnibuses were horse-drawn coaches, and the name "omnibus" dates to 1823 in France, as a nickname for a service started by mill and spa owner Stanislas Baudry. Steam buses were used for a short time in the 1830s. The first motor-powered buses were made in 1895 in Germany, invented by Karl Benz.

There are many types of bus. For example: a single decker bus or a double decker bus.

A place where people wait for a local bus is called a *bus stop*. A building where people wait for a long-distance bus or where many buses meet is called a *bus station*.

## Types of buses

## Gallery

* A Wright Streetlite single-decker bus in the United Kingdom
* A Alexander Dennis Enviro500 MMC double-decker bus in Singapore
* A Freightliner M2 school bus
* The first ever internal combustion omnibus, made in 1895 (It went from Siegen to Netphen)
* A bus stop in Paris
* A Mercedes-Benz T2 motorhome

## Other websites

* Media related to Buses at Wikimedia Commons
# Khoisan languages

Khoisan lanuages in Africa are shown in yellow.
**Khoisan languages** is the name for a group of languages that are spoken in Southern Africa. All of these languages have click consonants, and they are not part of the Niger–Congo languages, the Nilo-Saharan languages, or the Afroasiatic languages. These languages are not in one common language family, there are at least three such families. There are also some language isolates on the territory where Khoisan languages can be found. It is not possible to construct or find a language that is the common ancestor of the other languages.

The San, Khoekhoe, Damara, Nama, as well as the Hadza and Sandawe are all speakers of Khoisan languages.

Many of these languages only have very few speakers, or they have become extinct. Many are only spoken, and not written. The only widespread Khoisan language is Khoekhoe (also known as Khoekhoegowab, Nàmá or Damara) of Namibia, Botswana and South Africa, with a quarter of a million speakers; Sandawe in Tanzania is second in number with some 40–80,000, some monolingual; and the ǃKung language of the northern Kalahari spoken by some 16,000 or so people. Language use is quite strong among the 20,000 speakers of Naro, in Botswana and in eastern Namibia, half of whom speak it as a second language.
# Mpumalanga

| Mpumalanga *iMpumalanga* (in Swazi and Zulu) *IMpumalanga* (in Southern Ndebele) |
| --- |
| Province of South Africa |
| Flag |
| Motto: *Omnia labor vincit* (Labour will conquer all) |
| Location of Mpumalanga in South Africa |
| Country | South Africa |
| Established | 27 April 1994 |
| Capital | Mbombela (Nelspruit) |
| Districts | Collapse
List
* Gert Sibande
* Nkangala
* Ehlanzeni
 |
| Government |
|  • Type | Parliamentary system |
|  • Premier | Refilwe Mtsweni-Tsipane (ANC) |
|  • Legislature | Mpumalanga Provincial Legislature |
| Area |
|  • Total | 76,495 km2 (29,535 sq mi) |
|  • Rank | 8th in South Africa |
| Highest elevation | 2,331 m (7,648 ft) |
| Population (2011) |
|  • Total | 4,039,939 |
|  • Estimate (2018) | 4,523,900 |
|  • Rank | 6th in South Africa |
|  • Density | 53/km2 (140/sq mi) |
|   • Rank | 3rd in South Africa |
| Population groups |
|  • Black African | 90.7% |
|  • White | 7.5% |
|  • Coloured | 0.9% |
|  • Indian or Asian | 0.7% |
| Languages |
|  • Swazi | 27.7% |
|  • Zulu | 24.1% |
|  • Tsonga | 10.4% |
|  • Southern Ndebele | 10.1% |
|  • Northern Sotho | 9.3% |
|  • Afrikaans | 7.2% |
|  • Southern Sotho | 3.5% |
|  • English | 3.1% |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (SAST) |
| ISO 3166 code | ZA-MP |
| Website | www.mpumalanga.gov.za |

**Mpumalanga** is a province in South Africa. It is one of South Africa's 9 provinces. The name of the province means 'where the sun rises'.
# Shoe

A pair of children's shoes
A **shoe** is a type of footwear. It is an item of clothing. You can wear them outside. Shoes come in pairs, with one shoe for each foot. People usually wear shoes in public. They are worn for hygiene, style, and comfort. While there are some shoes that don't need socks to wear, shoes are usually worn with socks.

Shoes are a type of foot protection. For example, many shoes can protect a person's foot from sand; others do not.

## Types of shoes

There are many different types of shoes. Athletic shoes, for example, are lightweight to make running, walking or jogging easier. The sole of the shoe is also softer. Slippers are a kind of indoor shoe. They often serve to keep feet warm. Tall shoes are boots. Rubber boots are used in wet places.

Shoes are also worn for fashion. Shoes with a high heel are called high heels. Shoes for formal wear are made of leather. They are worn for business and ceremonial functions.

## Other websites

* Media related to Shoes at Wikimedia Commons
# Nadine Gordimer

| Nadine Gordimer |
| --- |
| Gordimer at the Göteborg Book Fair, 2010 |
| Born | (1923-11-20)20 November 1923 Springs, Transvaal, Union of South Africa |
| Died | 13 July 2014(2014-07-13) (aged 90) Johannesburg, South Africa |
| Occupation | Writer |
| Language | English |
| Nationality | South African |
| Period | Apartheid-era South Africa |
| Genre | Novels, plays |
| Notable works | *The Conservationist*, *Burger's Daughter*, *July's People* |
| Notable awards | Booker Prize 1974 Nobel Prize in Literature 1991  |
| Spouse | Gerald Gavron (1949–?; divorced; 1 child) Reinhold Cassirer (1954–2001; his death; 1 child) |

**Nadine Gordimer** (20 November 1923 – 13 July 2014) was a South African writer, political activist and recipient of the 1991 Nobel Prize in Literature. She was known as a woman "who through her magnificent epic writing has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of very great benefit to humanity". She was of Jewish descent.

Gordimer's writing helped abolishing apartheid in South Africa. She was active in the anti-apartheid movement, joining the African National Congress during the days when the organization was banned. Later on she was also active in HIV/AIDS causes.

Gordimer was one of 20 Nobel Laureates who signed the "Stockholm memorandum" at the 3rd Nobel Laureate Symposium on Global Sustainability in Stockholm, Sweden on 18 May 2011.
Gordimer was born near Springs, a small town outside of Johannesburg on 20 November 1923.

Gordimer died on 13 July 2014 at the age of 90.

* Ronald Suresh Roberts, *No Cold Kitchen: A Biography of Nadine Gordimer* (2005)
* No Cold Kitchen: A Biography of Nadine Gordimer by Ronald Suresh Roberts (STE)

## Other websites

 Media related to Nadine Gordimer at Wikimedia Commons

* Index of *New York Times* articles on Gordimer
* Guide to the Gordimer manuscripts, 1934–1991 Archived 2021-02-03 at the Wayback Machine (Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana)
* Nadine Gordimer Collection Archived 2013-01-12 at the Wayback Machine at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin
# Balochistan (region)

The region inhabited by the Baloch people is shown in pink and is known as Balochistan
**Balochistan** or **Baluchistan** is an arid region on the Iranian plateau. The plateau is in Southwest Asia and South-central Asia, between Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan. The area is named after the Baloch people who inhabit the region. The native languages are Balochi, Pashto, Brahui, Sindhi, Hazaragi and Persian are spoken in the region. The southern part of Balochistan is known as Makran.

## Topography

Baluchistan's landscape is made of barren, rugged mountains and fertile land. During the summer, some regions of Baluchistan are the hottest. Most of the land is barren, particularly the Iranian and Afghan side of the region. Relatively few people live there. In the south (Makran) is the desert through which Alexander the Great passed with great difficulty.

## Other websites

* Persia (Iran), Afghanistan and Baluchistan Archived 2019-11-02 at the Wayback Machine is an old map, written in English, from 1897 of Baluchistan and two other areas.
* Afghanistan, Beloochistan, etc. Archived 2020-08-01 at the Wayback Machine is another old map, published by the Methodist church, in 1893
# Botulinum toxin

**Botulinum toxin**, or **botulinum neurotoxin** (commonly called **botox**), is a very powerful neurotoxic protein created by the bacterium *Clostridium botulinum*. It stops the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from axon endings at the neuromuscular junction.

The neurotoxin creates flaccid paralysis. The toxin causes the disease botulism. The toxin is also used widely for medical and cosmetic reasons.
# Shandong Peninsula

The **Shandong Peninsula** (Chinese: 山东半岛) is a peninsula in eastern China, the largest in the country. It is named for Shandong Province in which the peninsula lies. The Shandong Peninsula borders the Bohai Sea to the north and the Yellow Sea to the east and south. Large cities on the Shandong Peninsula include Qingdao, Yantai and Weifang.
# Yangzhou

**Yangzhou** (Chinese: 扬州市) is a prefecture-level city in central Jiangsu Province, China. It sits on the north bank of the Yangtze. In 2010, 4,459,760 people lived there. Yangzhou was very wealthy in the history. For a long time, it was famous for its great businessperson's families, poets, artists, and scholars.

Five Pavilion Bridge at the Slender West Lake
## Other websites