Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Persian Gulf

Persian Gulf from space, seen by satellite
The **Persian Gulf** is the name of a geographical place. Its location is in the Middle East. It is an extension of the Gulf of Oman. It is between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula.

During the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), the Persian Gulf came into news. Both sides attacked oil tankers of each other. Later, when Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1991, the new war got the name of "Gulf War" but major fighting happened on land.

The water in the Persian Gulf is rich in fishes; it has long beautiful coral reefs. Deep inside the water of the Persian Gulf, there are many pearl oysters. Due to this, the area attracts a lot of activities.

In Persian language, the term khalīj-e-Fars means the Persian Gulf. In October 2018, the World Intellectual Property Organization of the United Nations registered Persian Gulf as a place of origin, based on the Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration.

## Geography

The sea waters of the Persian Gulf covers an area of 233,000 km2. On the east, it connects with the Gulf of Oman by Strait of Hormuz. On the west, it connects a major river delta of Shatt al-Arab. In this river delta, waters of two big rivers of the area flow into: the waters of the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers.

The length of the Persian Gulf is 989 kilometers, and the shortest distance between two land points are 56 kilometers. The waters are generally not very deep. The maximum depth is only 175 meters. The average depth is only 50 meters.

There are many countries with borders touching the Persian Gulf. If taken in a clockwise direction, these countries are from the north: Iran, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar on a peninsula off the Saudi coast; Bahrain on an island; and Kuwait and Iraq in the northwest. Many small islands lie within the Persian Gulf.

## Petroleum

The area in and around the Persian Gulf has world’s largest crude oil. Industries relating to crude oil are the main industries in this area. Al-Safaniya, the world’s largest offshore oil field is in the Persian Gulf. Many countries with large crude oil are in this area. They are called Persian Gulf States, that is, the countries around the Persian Gulf. These countries are Iran, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. Iraq (with its small portion touching the Persian Gulf) is not called a Persian Gulf State.

## British control

For about 200 years, from 1763 until 1971, the United Kingdom kept some control over some of the Persian Gulf countries. These countries were the Trucial States and at various times Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, and Qatar. Upon independence most of the Trucial States made a new United Arab Emirates.

## Other websites

* Persian Gulf
# Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)

| Jammu and Kashmir
जम्मू और कश्मीर  (Hindi) जम्मू ते कश्मीरcode: kas promoted to code: ks   (Kashmiri) जम्मू अते कश्मीर  (Dogri) |
| --- |
| Union territory |
| The State of Jammu and Kashmir |
|
Lidder Valley, Akhnoor Fort |
| A map of Jammu and Kashmir |
| Administering Country | India |
| State | 16 March 1846 |
| Union territory | 31 October 2019 |
| Capital | Srinagar (May–October) Jammu (Nov–April) |
| Districts | 20 |
| Government |
|  • Body | Government of Jammu and Kashmir |
|  • Lieutenant Governor | Girish Chandra Murmu |
|  • Chief Minister | *Vacant* |
|  • Legislature | Unicameral (114 seats) |
|  • Parliamentary constituency | Rajya Sabha (4) Lok Sabha (5) |
|  • High Court | Jammu and Kashmir High Court |
| Area |
|  • Total | 42,241 km2 (16,309 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation (Nun Peak) | 7,135 m (23,409 ft) |
| Lowest elevation (Chenab River) | 247 m (810 ft) |
| Population (2011) |
|  • Total | 12,258,433 |
|  • Density | 290/km2 (750/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+05:30 (IST) |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-JK |
| Vehicle registration | JK |
| Official language | Punjabi, Kashmiri and Burushaski Hindi, Urdu, |
| Website | www.jk.gov.in |

**Jammu and Kashmir** is the northern union territory of India. The union territory of Jammu and Kashmir is separated by the Line of Control from the Pakistani-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan in the west and north respectively. It shares border with Himachal Pradesh and Punjab and to the west of Ladakh.

Under Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, which was passed by both houses of the Parliament of India in August 2019, Jammu and Kashmir (state) was divided in two union territories namely Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh.
# Non-binary gender

The non-binary pride flag.
A **non-binary gender** (also known as being **genderqueer**) is any gender that is not just man or woman. As the non-binary label falls under the transgender umbrella, many people who are non-binary also identify as transgender. Some non-binary people experience gender dysphoria. The idea that there are only two genders (man and woman) is called the gender binary. A non-binary gender is any gender that is not exclusively part of this gender binary.

Gender identity is different from sexual or romantic orientation. Non-binary people have many sexual and romantic orientations, just as any other gender group.

Examples of non-binary genders include agender, bigender, and genderfluid.

## Pronouns and titles

Some non-binary people may use gender-neutral words to describe themselves. Many non-binary people prefer to be called the pronoun "they" instead of "she" or "he". Other pronouns like "xe" or "ey" may be used, these are known to be neopronouns. This also includes noun-self pronouns, such as "bunself," in which the pronoun is tied directly to an alternative expression of gender. This is most common with xenogenders, in which the gender is described by the closest approximation of gender the individual feels and/or is most accurate. While gender neutral pronouns have existed in many languages and cultures, specific neopronouns in English can be found as early as the 1920's in David Lindsay's "A Voyage to Arcturus" in which the neopronoun "ae" is used. However, as individuals, nonbinary may choose whatever pronouns suit them best.

The gender-neutral formal title that is generally used instead of "Mr." or "Ms." is "Mx.", which is pronounced like "mix" or "mux".

## Related pages

* Third gender
* Demigender
* Polygender
	+ Trigender
	+ Pangender
* Neutrois
* Maverique
* X-gender
* Discrimination against non-binary people
* Agender
# Mark Esper

| Mark Esper |
| --- |
|  |
|  |
| 27th United States Secretary of Defense |
| **In office** July 23, 2019 – November 9, 2020 |
| President | Donald Trump |
| Deputy | Richard V. Spencer (acting) David Norquist |
| Preceded by | James Mattis |
| Succeeded by | Lloyd Austin |
| **In office** Acting: June 24, 2019 – July 15, 2019 |
| President | Donald Trump |
| Deputy | David Norquist (acting) |
| Preceded by | Patrick M. Shanahan (acting) |
| Succeeded by | Richard V. Spencer (acting) |
| 23rd United States Secretary of the Army |
| **In office** November 20, 2017 – July 23, 2019 |
| President | Donald Trump |
| Deputy | Ryan McCarthy |
| Preceded by | Ryan McCarthy (acting) |
| Succeeded by | Ryan McCarthy |
|  |
| Personal details |
| Born | Mark Thomas Esper  (1964-04-26) April 26, 1964 Uniontown, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse(s) | Leah Lacy (1989–present) |
| Children | 3 |
| Education | United States Military Academy (BS) Harvard University (MPA) George Washington University (PhD) |
| Military service |
| Allegiance |  United States |
| Branch/service |  United States Army |
| Years of service | 1986–2007 |
| Rank |  Lieutenant Colonel |
| Unit |  101st Airborne Division  Virginia Army National Guard  D.C. Army National Guard  U.S. Army Reserve |
| Battles/wars | Gulf War |
| Awards |  Legion of Merit  Bronze Star  Combat Infantryman Badge  DoD Medal for Distinguished Public Service |
| \* McCarthy served in an acting capacity from June 24, 2019 – July 15, 2019, while Esper served as acting secretary of defense. |

**Mark Thomas Esper** (born April 26, 1964) is an American lobbyist and former government administrator for the United States Department of Defense. Esper was the 27th United States Secretary of Defense from July 2019 until November 2019. He was the 23rd United States Secretary of the Army from November 2017 until July 2019. He served as Vice President of government relations at Raytheon.

Esper studied at United States Military Academy, Harvard University and at George Washington University.

On July 19, 2017, it was announced that President Donald Trump had the intention of nominating Esper to become U.S. Secretary of the Army. He is Trump's third nominee for the position, following the withdrawals of Vincent Viola and Mark E. Green. He was confirmed by the Senate on November 15, 2017. He resigned on June 24, 2019 to become acting Defense Secretary.

President Donald Trump announced on June 18, 2019, that Esper would become acting Secretary of Defense. Three days later, Trump nominated Esper to serve the job full-time. On July 23, 2019, his nomination was confirmed by a vote of 90–8.

On November 5, 2020, shortly after the 2020 presidential election, it was reported that Esper had prepared a letter of resignation from his position as Secretary of Defense. He was fired by President Trump four days later on November 9.
# Government of India

| Government of India |
| --- |
| भारत सरकार |
| Federal government |
| Government of India's Logo with wordmark crested with the emblem of India on the left. |
| Overview |
| Established | Current form: 26 January 1950 (1950-01-26) (see: Constitution of India) |
| State | Republic of India |
| Leader | President of India
(Droupadi Murmu ) (de jure) Prime Minister of India (Narendra Modi) (de facto) |
| Main organ | Union Council of Ministers |
| Ministries | 54 ministries and 94 subordinate departments |
| Responsible to | Lok Sabha |
| Annual budget | ₹45.03 trillion (US$590 billion) |
| Headquarters | Secretariat Building, New Delhi |

The **Government of India** (*Bhārata Sarakāra*, legally the **Union Government**, the **Union of India** or the **Central Government**) is the main authority that runs the country. It is based in New Delhi, the capital of India. The president of India (currently Droupadi Murmu since July 25, 2022) is the official head and has the power to appoint the prime minister and other ministers after elections. The current government was formed by a group called the National Democratic Alliance in 2014. The prime minister and other ministers are also members of parliament and part of the top decision-making group called the Union Council of Ministers, which includes the Indian cabinet.

The Government of India has its main office at Parliament House in New Delhi. It is made up of three main branches: the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. Each branch has its own role in running the country. The legislature is responsible for making laws, the executive carries out those laws, and the judiciary interprets and applies the laws.

According to the Constitution of India, the power to make laws is given to the Parliament, which has two houses. The executive power is held by the President and the Union Council of Ministers, which includes the prime minister and other ministers. The judicial power is held by the Supreme Court of India. The President is the official head of the country and plays a key role in all three branches.

India’s government system is based on the British Westminster model. It also has a federal structure, which means that power is shared between the central government and the individual states.
# Evaporation

A simple picture explaining the evaporation of water, though in real life you can not see the water, but only steam
Evaporation ponds in Camargue (Southern France): If all the water in salt water evaporates, the salt remains.
**Evaporation** is when a liquid becomes a gas without forming bubbles inside the liquid volume. If bubbles are formed we are talking instead about "boiling".

For example, water left in a bowl will slowly disappear. The water evaporates into water vapor, the gas phase of water. The water vapor mixes with the air.

The opposite of evaporation is condensation.

When the molecules in a liquid are heated, they move faster. This makes them full of energy and so the particles collide with each other, and eventually they become so far apart that they become a gas.

## Differences between evaporation and boiling

During evaporation only the molecules near the liquid surface are changing from liquid to vapor. During boiling the molecules inside the volume of the liquid are also changing to vapor. For this reason during evaporation no bubbles are formed, instead they are formed during boiling.

Evaporation can happen at any temperature, while boiling happens only at a specified temperature called the "boiling point". Evaporation happens slowly, but boiling happens quickly.

## Rate of evaporation

Some liquids evaporate more quickly than others. There are many factors that affect the evaporation rate.

The rate of evaporation depends on the liquid's exposed surface area (faster when increased), the humidity of surroundings (slower when increased), the presence of wind (faster when increased) and the temperature (faster when increased).

Liquid with high boiling points (those that boil at very high temperatures) tend to evaporate more slowly than those with lower boiling temperatures.

Evaporation is a very essential part of the water cycle.

## Related pages

* Boiling
# Habitat

A Canadian moose in its natural habitat
A **habitat** is the area in which an organism lives. It is a summary term for all the resources, physical and living which are present in an area. It is the natural environment in which an organism lives, and the physical environment which surrounds a population.

## Animal habitats

Most animals live in one type of environment because they are best suited to it. We say they are 'adapted to this environment'. For example, animals such as frogs, newts, and ducks have webbed feet to help them swim in the water. There are many different types of habitats and many kinds of adaptations to each habitat.

If the habitat changes, it may no longer be suitable for the animals and plants that live there. Climate change is making some habitats warmer, and so many animal species are moving to cooler areas. However some species are not able to move and the populations are getting smaller. Scientists think that 10% of species may become extinct because of these changes. Other habitats have been cleared to make them into farm land. In Australia for example, 80% of the eucalypt forests have been cleared for farming over the last 210 years. This is threatening the survival of forest animals such as the koala.

## Plant habitats

Just as animals adapt to the places they live, so do plants. Plants are adapted to a wide variety of habitats. As a result, each plant has certain characteristics. Some are adapted to living on land while others live in water. Plants that grow on land usually have stiff stems to hold them upright, while water plants tend to have less rigid stems because the water supports them.

Plants that live in dry climates like the desert have few or no leaves. Many, such as cacti, store water when rain occurs. Their adaptations save water. Plants that grow in shaded areas have large leaves to capture as much sunlight as possible, or they climb towards the light.

## Related pages

* Biome
* Ecological niche
* Range (biology)
* Wildlife
# Hakka people

Indonesia Hakka Museum
**Hakka people** (Hakka language: *Hak-kâ*; Mandarin Chinese: *Kèjiā*) are a subgroup of the Han Chinese people. They live mainly in the provinces of Guangdong, Jiangxi and Fujian in China and speak the Hakka language. The Hakkas have had an important influence on Chinese and overseas Chinese history: in particular, they have been a source of revolutionary, political and military leaders. Hakka people is a group of people that always move from place to place.

* *The secret history of the Hakkas: the Chinese revolution as a Hakka enterprise* by Mary S. Erbaugh, The China Quarterly, No. 132, December 1992, pp. 937-968.

## Other websites

* Hakka
# Sucrose

| Sucrose |
| --- |
|   |
| General |
| Systematic name | Sucrose |
| Other names | Sugar, Saccharose |
| atomic formula | C12H22O11 |
| SMILES | OC1C(OC(CO)C(O)C1O) OC2(CO)OC(CO)C(O)C2O |
| Molar mass | 342.29648 g/mol |
| Appearance | white solid |
| CAS number | [57-50-01] |
| Chemical Properties |
| Density and phase | 1.587 g/cm³, solid |
| Solubility in water | 211.5 g/100 ml (25°C) |
| Melting point | 186°C (459.15 K) |
| Boiling point | decomposition |
| Chiral rotation [α]D | +66.47° |
| Refractive index | 1.5376 |
| Structure |
| Molecular shape | ? |
| Crystal structure | monoclinic hemihedral |
| Dipole moment | ? D |
| Hazards |
| MSDS | External MSDS |
| Main hazards | Combustible |
| NFPA 704 |

1
1
0
  |
| Flash point | N/A |
| R/S statement | R: ? S: ? |
| RTECS number | WN6500000 |
| Supplementary data page |
| Structure and properties | *n*, εr, etc. |
| Thermodynamic data | Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas |
| Spectral data | UV, IR, NMR, MS |
| Related compounds |
| Other anions | ? |
| Other cations | ? |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25°C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references |

| Solubility of Pure Sucrose |
| --- |
| Temperature(C) | g sucrose/g water |
| 50 | 2.59 |
| 55 | 2.73 |
| 60 | 2.89 |
| 65 | 3.06 |
| 70 | 3.25 |
| 75 | 3.46 |
| 80 | 3.69 |
| 85 | 3.94 |
| 90 | 4.20 |

**Sucrose** (common name: **table sugar**, also called **saccharose**) is a disaccharide (glucose + fructose) with the molecular formula C12H22O11. Its systematic name is α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-fructofuranose. It is best known for its role in human nutrition and is formed by plants but not by higher organisms.

## Physical and chemical properties

Pure sucrose is most often prepared as a fine, white, odorless crystalline powder with a pleasing, sweet taste.

Yudkin, J.; Edelman, J. and Hough, L. (1973). *Sugar - Chemical, Biological and Nutritional Aspects of Sucrose*. The Butterworth Group. ISBN 0-408-70172-2.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

## Other websites

* Computational Chemistry Wiki Archived 2006-05-27 at the Wayback Machine
* Nomenclature of Carbohydrates
* 3d Images of Sucrose Archived 2008-12-17 at the Wayback Machine
# Carrier battle group

The USS *Abraham Lincoln* carrier battle group during the 2000 RIMPAC exercise
A **carrier battle group** (**CVBG**) is a naval fleet that includes an aircraft carrier and a group of other ships that work together to help the carrier complete its mission. The *CV* in *CVBG* is the United States Navy classification code for an aircraft carrier.

The first naval fleets built around carriers were seen at the beginning of World War II. The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) was the first to put many carriers into one task force. This task force was used in the attack on Pearl Harbor. It was the IJN's main carrier battle group until four of its carriers were sunk at the Battle of Midway. The United States Navy deployed its carriers in separate formations. Each carrier was put with its own cruiser and destroyer escorts. These single-carrier fleets would often work together for certain assignments. The most notable examples of this are the Battle of the Coral Sea and Midway. By 1943, there was a large number of fleet and smaller carriers became available. This led to them using larger formations of three or four carriers. These groups became the Fast Carrier Task Force. They are the primary battle unit of the U.S. Third and Fifth Fleets.

With the construction of the large "supercarriers" of the Cold War era, the use of each carrier in a single formation was brought back. During this time, the main role of the CVBG in battle with the Soviet Union would have been to protect Atlantic supply routes between the United States and its NATO allies in Europe. The Soviet Union had no large carriers of its own. Aircraft carriers fighting each other would have been unlikely. A main mission of the Soviet Navy's attack submarines was to track every allied battle group. If war started, their mission was to sink the carriers. Knowing this, the CVBG put much of its resources in its own anti-submarine warfare mission.
# Government of China

The **Government of the People's Republic of China** is an authoritarian one-party political system in the People's Republic of China under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). It consists of legislative, executive, military and supervisory branches. The head of government is premier, while the *de facto* top leader of government is CCP general secretary.
# Chen Chien-jen

| His Excellency Chen Chien-jen OS KSG KHS |
| --- |
| 陳建仁 |
| Official portrait, 2024 |
|  |
| 31st Premier of Taiwan |
| **In office** 31 January 2023 – 20 May 2024 |
| President | Tsai Ing-wen |
| Vice Premier | Cheng Wen-tsan |
| Preceded by | Su Tseng-chang |
| Succeeded by | Cho Jung-tai |
| 11th Vice President of Taiwan |
| **In office** 20 May 2016 – 20 May 2020 |
| President | Tsai Ing-wen |
| Preceded by | Wu Den-yih |
| Succeeded by | Lai Ching-te |
| Vice Chairman of National Security Council |
| **In office** 20 May 2016 – 20 May 2020 |
| Chairwoman | Tsai Ing-wen |
| Preceded by | Wu Den-yih |
| Succeeded by | Lai Ching-te |
| Vice President of Academia Sinica |
| **In office** 18 October 2011 – 16 November 2015 |
| AS President | Chi-Huey Wong |
| Preceded by | Andrew H. J. Wang |
| Succeeded by | Andrew H. J. Wang |
| Minister of the National Science Council |
| **In office** 25 January 2006 – 19 May 2008 |
| Premier | Su Tseng-chang Chang Chun-hsiung |
| Deputy | Wu Tsung-tsong Yang Hung-duen |
| Preceded by | Maw-Kuen Wu |
| Succeeded by | Lee Lou-chuang |
| Minister of Health |
| **In office** 18 May 2003 – 1 February 2005 |
| Premier | Yu Shyi-kun |
| Preceded by | Twu Shiing-jer |
| Succeeded by | Wang Hsiu-hong (acting) Hou Sheng-mao |
|  |
| Personal details |
| Born |  (1951-06-06) 6 June 1951 Cishan, Kaohsiung County, Taiwan (now Kaohsiung) |
| Political party | Democratic Progressive Party (since 2022) |
| Spouse(s) | Lo Feng-ping (羅鳳蘋) |
| Alma mater | National Taiwan University Johns Hopkins University |
| Profession | Epidemiologist |
| Awards | Order of Dr. Sun Yat-sen |

|  |
| --- |
| **Lua error in Module:Infobox\_multi-lingual\_name at line 132: attempt to call field '\_transl' (a nil value).** |

**Chen Chien-jen** OS KSG KHS (Chinese: 陳建仁; Wade–Giles: *Chen2 Chien4-jen2*, born 6 June 1951) is a Taiwanese epidemiologist and politician. He was the premier of the Republic of China (Taiwan) from 2023 until 2024. He was the Vice President of Taiwan from 2016 to 2020.