Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Xiangqi

Xiangqi board with pieces in their starting positions
**Xiangqi** is a board game from China. In English, it is also known as **Chinese chess**.

Though derived from the original Indian Chaturanga, Chinese chess is quite different from modern international chess. The board is different, there are different pieces, and they have different moves. The *general* and his *mandarin* may not leave the nine-pointed fortress; they have only limited movement. Clearly, this is more similar to the old Indo-Arabic game than to modern chess.

Xiangqi is a chess game for two people to play. Each player's *palaces* are located at the back row of their side with an X shaped. Each player has 16 pieces to move on the board. One player's set is red, and the other is black. The way to win is to checkmate or stalemate the other player's King. Each kind of piece has different ways to move. Xiangqi is one of the most popular chess games in China.p78

## Pieces

* General (King)
* Advisor (Guard)
* Elephant (Bishop)
* Horse (Knight)
* Chariot (Rook)
* Cannon
* Soldier (Pawn)

## Movement

* General: Moves one step vertically or horizontally and it only stays inside the palace.
* Advisor: Moves one step diagonally and it only stays inside the palace.
* Elephant: Moves exactly two steps diagonally and it cannot jump over a piece or cross the river.
* Horse: Moves like the knight in chess, but it cannot jump over a piece vertically or horizontally (diagonals are fine). It is known as blocking the horse leg.
* Chariot: Moves like the rook in chess and it cannot jump over a piece.
* Cannon: Moves the same as the Chariot but to capture, the cannon needs to jump over exactly one piece and then land on the other side.
* Soldier: Moves one step forward and after it crosses the river, the soldier can also move sideways.

## Points

* General: Infinite points
* Chariot: Nine points
* Cannon: 4.5 points in opening and four points in endgame, because the cannon in the endgame has less pieces to jump for capturing.
* Horse: Four points in opening and 4.5 points in endgame, because it can be more easily blocked (mostly in crowded positions) in the opening than in the endgame.
* Elephant: Two points in opening and 2.5 points in endgame, because the elephant in the opening can be blocked in the opening than the endgame.
* Advisor: Two points
* Soldier: One point before it crosses the river and two points after it crosses the river.

## Special rules

* Flying General: Generals cannot stand on the same column unless there is one piece between them.
* Stalemate: A stalemate in Xiangqi is not a draw, but a lost for the player that gets stalemated.

## Related pages

* History of chess
* Shogi
* Janggi
# Itzhak Perlman

| Itzhak Perlman יצחק פרלמן |
| --- |
|  |
| Background information |
| Born |  (1945-08-31) August 31, 1945 Tel Aviv, British Mandate of Palestine (now Tel Aviv, Israel) |
| Genres | Classical, jazz, klezmer, baroque |
| Occupation(s) | Conductor, pedagogue, violinist |
| Instruments | Violin |
| Years active | 1963–present |
| Website | itzhakperlman.com |

**Itzhak Perlman** (born August 31, 1945) is an Israeli-American violinist.

## Early life

Perlman was born in Tel Aviv which, three years later, became part of the state of Israel. When he was small he listened to the violin on the radio and decided he wanted to play it. He studied at the Academy of Music in Tel Aviv. Then he moved to the United States to study at the Juilliard School with Ivan Galamian and Dorothy DeLay. He made his first public performance at Carnegie Hall in 1963. In 1964 he won the Leventritt Competition. Soon afterward he began to tour widely. He also appeared on American television in shows including *Sesame Street*. He was invited to play at the White House.

Perlman had been ill with polio at the age of four. He got better, and managed to learn to walk again with the use of crutches. Today, he still walks with crutches and plays the violin sitting down.

## Career

In 1987, he joined the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra for their concerts in Warsaw and Budapest, as well as other Eastern bloc countries. He toured with the IPO in the spring of 1990 for their first-ever performance in the USSR, with concerts in Moscow and Leningrad, and toured with the IPO again in 1994, performing in China and India.

Perlman usually plays solos, but he also plays chamber music with other musicians, including Yo-Yo Ma, Jessye Norman and, especially, with Pinchas Zukerman.

Perlman usually plays classical music but sometimes he plays jazz. He made an album made with jazz pianist Oscar Peterson, and klezmer. Perlman has been a soloist for a number of movie scores, including the score of the 1993 film *Schindler's List* by John Williams.

Perlman plays on a special Stradivarius violin called the *Soil Stradivarius*, made in 1714. He also plays on a Guarneri del Gesu made about 1743.

In recent years, Perlman has also begun to conduct, taking the post of principal guest conductor at the Detroit Symphony Orchestra.

Perlman has made many recordings and received many great honours.

Perlman performed at Barack Obama's presidential inauguration. He joined cellist Yo-Yo Ma, pianist Gabriela Montero and clarinetist Anthony McGill. Together they played "Air and Simple Gifts", a new arrangement by John Williams based on the Shaker hymn "'Tis A Gift To Be Simple."

## Personal life

Itzhak Perlman lives in New York City with his wife. They have five children.
# FIAPF

The **FIAPF** (International Federation of Film Producers Associations) is an organization started in 1933. It includes 36 groups from 30 countries that make movies and TV shows. Its main office is in Brussels, Belgium. FIAPF also helps manage and set rules for major international film festivals.
# Circuit (political division)

A **circuit** (道 ; Chinese: **dào**; Japanese: **dō**) was a historical political division of Tang China and Japan and Korea. In Korean, the same word (Hangul: 도; Hanja: 道; RR: **do**) is translated as "province".

## China

Emperor Taizong divided China into parts which were called "circuits".

The organization of government and geography in Tang China were merged into provinces (*dao* 道) which were ten natural regions. In part, Tang history is about the changing balance between the provinces and a strong central government.

## Japan

During the pre-modern era, Japan was divided into a central region and seven provincial regions or "circuits", including

* Hokurikudō (北陸道; literally, "North Land Circuit"), 7 provinces (*kuni*)
* Nankaidō (南海道; literally, "South Sea Circuit"), 6 provinces
* Saikaidō (西海道; literally, "West Sea Circuit"), 8 provinces
* San'indō (山陰道; literally, "Mountain-north Circuit"), 8 provinces
* San'yōdō (山陽道; literally, "Mountain-south Circuit"), 8 provinces
* Tōkaidō (東海道; literally, "East Sea Circuit"), 15 provinces
* Tōsandō (東山道; literally, "East Mountain Circuit"), 13 provinces

In the mid-19th century, the northern island of Ezo was settled, and renamed Hokkaidō (北海道; literally, "North Sea Circuit").

Hokkaido did not develop as a "circuit" in the traditional way. It became a prefecture. It had a name that was different from the other prefectures because of the suffix *-dō*.

## Korea

After the late-10th century, the province (*do*) was the main subdivision of Korea.

## Related pages

* Prefectures of Japan
* Provinces of Japan
# Modernization

**Modernization** is the transformation from a traditional, rural, agrarian society to a secular, urban, industrial society. Modernization is the industrial society where it is a continuous and open-ended process.
# Hōjō Masako

**Hōjō Masako** (1156 – August 16, 1225) was the eldest child of Hōjō Tokimasa by his wife Hōjō no Maki, the first shikken, or ruler, of the Kamakura shogunate. She was the sister of Hōjō Yoshitoki, and was married to Minamoto no Yoritomo, the first shogun of the Kamakura period. She was also the mother of Minamoto no Yoriie and Minamoto no Sanetomo, the second and third shoguns.
# Constitution

Detail from Hammurabi's stele shows him receiving the laws of Babylon from the seated sun deity.
The **constitution** of a country (or a state) is a special type of law document that tells how its government is supposed to work. Every country has its own constitution, it tells how the country's leaders are to be chosen and how long they get to stay in office, how new laws are made and old laws are to be changed or removed based on law, what kind of people are allowed to vote and what other rights they are guaranteed, and how the constitution can be changed.

Limits are put on the Government in how much power they have within the Constitution *(see Rule of Law )*. On the other hand, countries with repressive or corrupt governments frequently do not stick to their constitutions, or have bad constitutions without giving freedom to citizens and others. This can be known as dictatorship or simply "bending the rules". A Constitution is often a way of uniting within a Federation.

The UK's constitution is not written in one single document like many other countries' are. In fact, the UK's constitution is not completely written down at all. Some of it can be found in writing, starting with Magna Carta of 1215 and the Bill of Rights Act 1689 and including more modern Acts of Parliament. Other parts of it are considered common law and are made up of the decisions of judges over many hundreds of years in a system called legal or judicial precedence. Because of this, some people say that the United Kingdom has a *de facto* or "unwritten" constitution.

The United States in 1787 began a trend in the writing of constitutions. The United States Constitution is also the shortest that people are still using, and it has been changed (amended) many times over the years. It was made after the colonists won their independence from Britain. At first they had the Articles of Confederation but the Articles were replaced with today's Constitution.

The Indian constitution of 1950 is the longest ever written constitution in the world. It originally consisted of 395 Articles arranged under 22 Parts and 8 Schedules. As of 2021, it has 470 Articles, 12 schedules, and 25 Parts with 5 appendices and 98 amendments.

## Related pages

* Constitutional law
* Constitutionalism
* Constitutional convention
* Constitutional economics
* Democracy
* International law
* Jurisprudence
* Rule of law
* Social contract
* US Constitution
# Shop

A book shop.
A **shop** or **store** is a place where people can go to buy items that they need or want. People might go to a shop to buy food, clothes, furniture, jewelry, or many other things. There are loads of shops in the world people can buy their things from.

People might also go to a repair shop if something is broken, and they want the shop to fix it. For example, someone might bring a broken bicycle to a bicycle repair shop.

Shops can be anything from large supermarket chains to small businesses.
# Shinto shrine

Two women praying in front of a shrine
A torii is a gate that leads to a jinja. This one is in the sea near Itsukushima Shrine.
A **Shinto shrine** is a sacred place or site where people worship in the Shinto religion. Many Shinto shrines have buildings, gates, and natural areas such as forests and rivers around them. The usual Japanese word for a Shinto shrine is *jinja* (神社).

Etymology of Jinja from oracle bone characters
## Related pages

* Ichinomiya
* Japanese mythology
* Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines

## Other websites

* Shinto Rites & Procedures - How to perform Shinto rites.
* omiyasan.com in Japanese.
# Asahi Shinbun

The Asahi Shimbun|  |
| First issue on 25 January 1879 |
| Type | Daily newspaper *Company type: Private* |
| Format | Broadsheet |
| Owner(s) | Repurchased shares (25%) Murayama family (21.02%; 10% through the KOSETSU Museum of Art) Ueno family (total 14.22% by Shōichi Ueno's death in 2016) TV Asahi (11.88%) Toppan (7.31%) Asahi Broadcasting Group Holdcorp (2.31%) |
| Founder(s) | Murayama Ryōhei Ueno Riichi |
| Founded | 25 January 1879 |
| Political alignment | Centre-left Liberalism |
| Headquarters | Nakanoshima, Kita-ku, Osaka, Japan |
| Country | Japan |
| Circulation | * 5,160,355 (2020)
* 5,954,336 (2018)
* 6,572,195 (2016)
* 7,960,000 (2010)
 |
| Website | www.asahi.com (Japanese) www.asahi.com/ajw (English) |

Flag of the Asahi Shimbun Company
Asahi Shinbun (*Morning Sun Newspaper*) is a major newspaper in Japan. It is based in Osaka. It started in 1879. It is left-wing. It publishes a daily English-language edition online.

## Note

## Other websites

* English *Asahi Shinbun*
# Otaku

The Akihabara district in Tokyo is a popular gathering site for the *otaku* subculture.
**Otaku** is a Japanese slang word, deriving from the honorific "お宅" (otaku), meaning "your house". It has come to mean someone who obsessively exerts time, money, and energy into a hobby. Otaku have a deep, complex knowledge around a particular subject or area of study It is oftentimes (esp. in the West) used to refer to avid consumers of anime and manga. The term can also be compared with Hikikomori*.*

In Japan, *otaku* is generally regarded as an offensive word, due to the negative cultural perception of withdrawal from society. However, the otaku philosophy of living has gained traction among Japanese youth and adolescents, likely as a reaction to the established culture of intense work and academic studies. Under 30’s have developed a neo-otaku identity with more positive associations of being a geek or nerd. In the West, the word usually describes an anime or manga "fanatic". It is not typically seen as derogatory.
# Sake

Sake barrels
**Sake** (Japanese:酒; pronounced 'sa.kɛ' Listen) is a Japanese word for "alcoholic drink". In English, "sake" means one kind of alcoholic drink made from rice. In Japan, people call this drink nihonshu (日本酒 "Japanese alcohol") or *sake*. This article uses the word "sake" as it is used in English. In English, it is sometimes called rice wine. This term is misleading though: wine is the result of fermenting grape juice. Even though Sake has an alcohol content similar to wine, its production is more similar to that of beer.

## Ingredients

Sake is a fermented drink. Most sake is made from rice, water, kōji, and yeast. Sometimes a small amount of lactic acid is used in brewing. Water or small amounts of pure alcohol can be added at the end of production. Sake can have from 12 to 22% alcohol, but is usually around 15 or 16%. Lower quality mass-produced sake can have added sugar or flavorings.

## Serving sake

A typical tokkuri and chokkoSake is usually sold in bottles that are either 720ml or 1.8L. Drinkers or servers in a restaurant may pour it into small cups called *chokko* directly from the bottle. Sake is also served in smaller bottles called *tokkuri*. A typical serving in a bar or restaurant is 180ml. People may share that amount. When drinking together in Japan, it is considered polite to pour drinks for other people rather than for yourself.

## Amazake

Amazake is sweet, low or non-alcoholic sake. Archived 2013-03-25 at the Wayback Machine

## Related pages

* Awamori
* Doburoku
* rice wine
* Shōchū
# Chinese University of Hong Kong

The Chinese University
of Hong Kong| 香港中文大學 |
| Motto | 博文約禮 (Classical Chinese) |
| Motto in English | Through learning and temperance to virtue |
| Type | Public |
| Established | 17 October 1963 (1963-10-17) |
| Chairman | Norman Leung |
| Chancellor | John Lee *(as Chief Executive of Hong Kong)* |
| Vice-Chancellor | Rocky Tuan |
| Provost | Alan K. L. Chan |
| Pro-Vice-Chancellors | Poon Wai-yin, Chan Wai-yee, Sham Mai-har, Anthony T.C. Chan, Nick Rawlins |
| Location | Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong |
| Language | English |
| Colours |   Purple & gold |
| Affiliations | ASAIHL, ACU, IAU, WUN, ACUCA, Washington University in St. Louis McDonnell International Scholars Academy |
| Mascot | Chinese phoenix |
| Website | cuhk.edu.hk |
|  |
| **Lua error in Module:Infobox\_multi-lingual\_name at line 132: attempt to call field '\_transl' (a nil value).** |
|  |
|  |

**The Chinese University of Hong Kong** (**CUHK**) is a state owned university in Shatin, Hong Kong, established in 1963.

It is one of the oldest universities in Hong Kong, the second oldest after the University of Hong Kong. The motto of the university is "博文約禮", which in Chinese means "to expand the intellectual horizon and keep within the bounds of decency." Teaching at the university is carried out in Chinese and English. According to the QS ranking of the best universities in the world, in 2016 the University ranks 44th in the world and 3rd in Hong Kong.
# Niigata Prefecture

| Niigata Prefecture
新潟県 |
| --- |
| Prefecture |
| FlagSeal |
| **Niigata Prefecture** in Japan |
| Country |  Japan |
| Region | Chūbu |
| Capital | Niigata |
| Subdivisions | Collapse
List
* Districts: 9
* Municipalities: 30
 |
| Government |
|  • Governor | Hideyo Hanazumi |
| Area |
|  • Total | 12,584 km2 (4,859 sq mi) |
| Population (October 1, 2020) |
|  • Total | 2,201,272 |
|  • Density | 174.9/km2 (453/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+09:00 (JST) |
| Postal code | 950-8570 |
| Area code | 15000-2 |
| ISO 3166 code | JP-15 |
| Website | Official website |

**Niigata Prefecture** (新潟県, *Niigata-ken*) is a prefecture in the Chūbu region of Japan on the island of Honshū. The capital city is Niigata.

## History

Until after the Meiji Restoration, the area that is now Niigata Prefecture was divided into Echigo Province and Sado Province.

## Geography

Niigata is next to Yamagata Prefecture, Toyama Prefecture, Nagano Prefecture, Gunma Prefecture and Fukushima prefecture.

Niigata is the fifth largest prefecture in Japan by area.

In winter, it snows a lot in Niigata, and winter sports are popular.

### National Parks

National Parks are established in about 25% of the total land area of the prefecture. including

* Bandai-Asahi National Park

## Shrines and Temples

*Yahiko-jinja*, *Kota-jinja*, *Amatsu-jinja* and *Watatsu-jinja* are the chief Shinto shrines (*ichinomiya*) in the prefecture.

## Related pages

* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan
* Albirex Niigata

## Other websites

 Media related to Niigata prefecture at Wikimedia Commons

* Niigata Prefecture website Archived 2015-09-08 at the Wayback Machine
# Bunji (era)

**Bunji** (文治) was a Japanese era name (年号,, **nengō*,*; lit. "year name") after *Genryaku* and before *Kenkyū.* This period started in August 1185 and ended in April 1190. The reigning emperor was Go-Toba*-tennō* (後鳥羽天皇).

## Events of the *Bunji* era

* **22 December 1185** (*Bunji 1, 29th day of the 11th month*): The court formally approves the shogonate government at Kamakura in the Kantō region.
* **1186** (*Bunji 2, 4th month*): Go-Shirakawa visits the widow of Emperor Takakura (Kenrei-mon In) at her humble retreat in Ohara.

## Related pages

* Kamakura period

## Other websites

* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

| Bunji | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1185 | 1186 | 1187 | 1188 | 1189 | 1190 |

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Preceded by: *Genryaku* | Era or *nengō*: **Bunji** | Succeeded by: *Kenkyū* |
# Siberian crane

| Siberian crane |
| --- |
|  |
| Siberian crane |
| Conservation status |
|  Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Gruiformes |
| Family: | Gruidae |
| Genus: | *Grus* |
| Binomial name |
| Grus leucogeranus |
|  |
| Route used by Siberian cranes in migration |

The **Siberian crane** (*Grus leucogeranus*) or **Siberian white crane** or **snow crane**, is a critically endangered crane. They occur in three groups: the eastern group, which migrates from eastern Siberia to China, the central group, which migrates from western Siberia to India, and the western group, which migrate from western Russia to Iran

## Description

Adult Siberian cranes are 140 cm (5 ft) tall and weight 6 kg (13 lbs). Their plumage is pure white, except for some wing feathers, which are black. The front of the face does not have any feathers and is reddish in color.

## Populations

The eastern group is abiut 3000-4000 cranes, over 95% of the total population. In 2008, 3750 individuals were counted at Poyang Lake in China, one of the breeding sites. This group of cranes breeds in the Yakutia region of northeastern Siberia and spends the winter in the Yangtze River valley. However, cranes sometimes are found in areas like Mongolia, Japan, and Korea, although they do not breed there.

The central group is believed to breed in western Siberia, especially along the Ob River. These cranes spend the winter in India. Although no one has actually tracked a crane on its migration route, researchers believe the cranes in Siberia fly over Kazakhstan and Afghanistan to reach India's Keoladeo National Park. They believe this because cranes were seen in Kazakhstan and may have even nested there, and several cranes are known to stop in Afghanistan's lakes during their migration. However, cranes of the central group were last seen in 2002, and there were only four cranes. Therefore, this group may be extinct.
# Assassination of Ali Khamenei

Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, sixteen days before he was killed.
On 28 February 2026, the second Supreme Leader of Iran, Ali Khamenei, was killed by a U.S.–Israeli military operation. He ruled Iran for over 40 years and had been known as a strong anti-American and anti-Israeli politician. He said things like "Death to America" and "Death to Israel". Before the assassination, he had been targeted during the 12-day Iran–Israel war.

The assassination were planned by the U.S. and Israeli Air Forces using airstrike planes. It was done in Tehran where Khamenei was there, the assassination plan was a part of a regime change. After Khamenei died, US President Donald Trump told Iran to not attack the US military or Israel, which they did.
Following Khamenei's assassination, his son, Mojtaba, takes the position as the third Supreme Leader of the nation. He is elected by the Interim Leadership Council and is officially the Iranian Supreme Leader on 8 March 2026.
# Armed forces

a Macedonian phalanx
The **armed forces** are the backbone of defending the security of their countries on land, sea, and air. They are organised, armed, and trained to achieve the goals set by the state that they fight for.

## Divisions

Many countries in the present day separate their armed forces that fight on land, at sea, in the air, and policing the border. These groups are usually called:

* Army
* Navy
* Air force
* Paramilitary

## Related pages

* Military
# Khuzestan province

**Khuzestan province** is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the southwest of the country and borders on Iraq and the Persian Gulf. The capital city is Ahvaz. It was the location of the ancient city of Susa in the Persian Empire. The province is majority Arab with a significant minority of ethnic Lurs and Persians.