Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Classical liberalism

**Classical liberalism** is a type of liberalism. It is a belief in economics and a political ideology. It is about civil and economic freedom.

Classical liberals believe in a small government, and believe that people will be ruled mostly by natural law. They believe that people have inalienable rights, which is to say rights that cannot be taken away. They also believe in a free market and property rights.

Notable people who developed classical liberalism during the 18th and 19th century are Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus and Thomas Jefferson. More recently, in the mid-20th century, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman were in favor. Many of the beliefs of classical liberalism are similar to those of libertarianism, in addition to some forms of conservatism.
# Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II

| F-35 Lightning II |
| --- |
|  |
| Role | Stealth multirole fighter |
| National origin | United States |
| Manufacturer | Lockheed Martin Aeronautics |
| First flight | 15 December 2006 |
| Introduction | 2016–2018 |
| Status | In production, in U.S. service as a aircraft |
| Produced | 2006–present |
| Number built | 148+ F35A  |
| Unit cost |
F-35A: US$122 million (flyaway cost, 2011) F-35B: US$150M (avg. cost, 2011) F-35C: US$139.5M (avg. cost, 2011) Note: Average costs excludes development cost F-35A weapons system unit cost is US$183.5M (FY 2011) |
| Developed from | Lockheed Martin X-35 |

The **Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II** is a family of single-seat, single-engine, fifth generation multirole Fighter aircraft. It can perform ground attack, reconnaissance, and air defense missions with stealth capability.

The F-35 was developed from the Joint Strike Fighter Program. The X-35 made by Lockheed Martin and the F-32 made by Boeing were the two prototypes aircraft that were evaluated in this program. Although both designs exceeded the required metrics the X-35 was seen as superior and was selected to be developed into this new fighter.

The development of the F-35 was very controversial. Many people felt like the US Air Force has been spending too much money on the F-35 project, and that the government should halt all development of the project.

However in 2011, the F-35 entered production and was formally accepted into the United States air force. It was also introduced at later times to the United States Navy, Marine Corps, and Air National Guard. An export model called the F35B was delivered to the Royal Air Force in 2012. Over 148 F35A are operational.

## Airframes

F-35A - Land Based, Stealth.

F-35B-STOVL (Short Takeoff Vertical Landing), Stealth, External Hardpoints (Optional)

F-35C - Carrier Based, Stealth, External Hardpoints (Optional)

## Software in Flight

“Joint Strike Fighter Air Vehicle C++ Coding Standards(JSF AV C++)” - “C++ CODING STANDARDS”FOR THE “JOINT STRIKE FIGHTER(F-35)”.
# Thomas Paine

| Thomas Paine |
| --- |
|  |
|  |
| Era | 18th-century philosophy |
| Region | Western Philosophy |
| School | Enlightenment, Radicalism, Classical liberalism, Republicanism |
| Main interests | Ethics, Politics |
|
Influences
* Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, John Locke, Religious Society of Friends, Montesquieu
 |
|
Influenced
* Thomas Jefferson, William Godwin, Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud, Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Edison, Moncure D. Conway, Bertrand Russell, Christopher Hitchens,Robert G. Ingersoll.
 |
|  |

**Thomas Paine** (29 January 1737 – 8 June 1809) was an English pamphleteer, revolutionary, inventor, and intellectual. Born in Norfolk, he lived and worked in Great Britain until he was 37, when he emigrated to the British North American colonies just before the American Revolution. A friend of Benjamin Franklin, his main contribution was the powerful, widely-read pamphlet *Common Sense* (1776), which promoted the idea of Colonial America's independence from Great Britain. He also wrote *The American Crisis* (1776–1783), a series of pamphlets supporting the revolution.

Paine went to France after the American Revolution to join the French Revolution. In prison there, he wrote *The Age of Reason*, a pamphlet that was critical of organized religion. Paine, along with other American founders such as Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, preferred to apply reason, instead of revelation, to religion. That was part of the greater Age of Enlightenment, a movement that had started around the 17th century.

Paine died at the age of 72 at 59 Grove Street in Greenwich Village, New York City, United States, on the morning of June 8, 1809.

## Other websites

* *The Age of Reason*
* ThomasPaine.org website
# Apple pie

Apple pie with lattice upper crust
An **apple pie** is a pie or tart filled with apples. Sometimes it has whipped cream or ice cream on top. It is a common type of pie. It is commonly associated with American culture, e.g. the expression 'As American as apple pie'.

## Other websites

* A Apple Pie, by Kate Greenaway, 1886. Woodblock printed children's book, based on a much earlier rhyme; from Project Gutenberg
* Apple Pie Archived 2010-03-01 at the Wayback Machine The largest apple pie recipes collection on the planet
# Dust Bowl

A farmer and his two sons during a dust storm (Cimarron County, Oklahoma, 1936)
The **"Dust Bowl"** is a phrase that is used to describe prairie regions of the United States and Canada in the 1930s. The Dust Bowl spread from Saskatchewan and Manitoba, in the north, all the way to Oklahoma and parts of Texas and New Mexico, in the south. In those areas, there were many serious dust storms and droughts, which caused major damage to the local economies, ecology, and agriculture.

The Dust Bowl was the worst artificial disaster in US history. Many dust storms happened for years. It was also suffered by many Canadians and probably by many Mexicans.

## Causes

The people who lived in the Dust Bowl area were mostly farmers. Many years of intensive farming without rain had left the soil dry. When strong winds blew, they covered cities, towns, and farms in dried, dusty soil and ruined the farmland.

## Effects

One famous storm on April 14, 1935, called "Black Sunday," was so strong that it covered dozens of cities in black clouds of dust and made it impossible to see the sky or even a few feet ahead. The writer Timothy Egan stated that the Black Sunday storm "carried away twice as much dirt as was dug out of the earth to create the Panama Canal."

The Dust Bowl is still considered one of the worst environmental disasters in US history. Many thousands of people died from breathing in the dust or from starvation. Many of those who survived lost everything they had and left the Dust Bowl to look for work in other parts of the country; they were called "Dust Bowl refugees."

In the days of the bison, grass was anchored into the ground, and its leaves were eaten. With farming, the plants were dug up wholescale.

The seriousness of the disaster later led to greater use of crop rotation, reforesting and other techniques to preserve the quality and quantity of topsoil in American and Canadian farms. Many songs, books, and works of art were created to tell stories of the people affected by the dust storms. Some of the most famous works are the novels *The Grapes of Wrath* and *Of Mice and Men* by John Steinbeck; the songs of the folk music singer Woody Guthrie; and the photography of Dorothea Lange, who took pictures of many Dust Bowl refugees and their families.

## Photo gallery

* Hover over each photo to view its label. Click on the picture to make it bigger:
* Dust starting to bury a barn in Kansas
* An Oklahoma dust storm (1935)
* A Texas dust storm covers homes (1935)
* Vehicles and machines buried in dust (South Dakota, 1936)
* Famous picture of Dust Bowl refugees (1936)
# United States Electoral College

Map of the Electoral College for the 2024 presidential election, showing the amount of votes from each state and federal district
The **United States Electoral College** is a name used to describe the official 538 presidential electors who come together every four years during the presidential election to give their official votes for President and Vice President of the United States.

The number of electors each state has is determined by the number of representatives a state has, plus its two senators. No state can have fewer than three electors. There are 435 representatives in total and 100 senators. The 23rd Amendment to the Constitution awarded Washington, D.C. three electors. Combined, there is a total of 538 electors.

Electors usually vote for the winner of the popular vote in their state. In some states, they vote depending on the popular vote in each congressional district. The Constitution leaves states to decide how electors will vote. Faithless electors are electors that vote against the popular vote, although there is a fine for this in some states.

The Electoral College was created as the Founding Fathers were afraid the popular vote would be easily swayed. Because congressional representatives is determined by population, electors are assigned based on representatives. More populous states have more electors. Because most states have a winner-take-all system, where the winner of the popular vote in a state gains all of the electors, several presidents have lost the popular vote and won the electoral vote. A candidate needs to win a majority of electors, or 270, to become the president-elect.

The Electoral College plays a very important role in today's elections. It is the subject of controversy as some people approve of the system, but for various reasons, some don't. The people who approve of the system often argue and say that it gives smaller states more power, and that this a good thing, because if it were done by population, someone could win a majority of the votes in certain states but not win the majority of states. The Electoral College favors those who win more states, big and small. Even though it can be won with 11 states, often certain states stay Democratic or Republican ensuring it likely won't happen this way. Those who are against it bring up the latter argument that it can be won with 11 states and often the candidate who wins does not win the popular vote. Third parties can change the outcome of an election, and it is often debated whether they play a role.

## Other websites

* U.S. Electoral College FAQ (www.archives.gov)
* Historical Documents on the Electoral College
* U. S. Electoral College -Citizendium
# Amtrak

Amtrak Station and A Train in Raleigh, North Carolina

**Amtrak(AMTK, AMTZ)** is a passenger train company in the United States. It uses many different types of trains to carry people between more than 500 cities. The United States Government owns and created this company. Originally started on May 1st, 1971 as the **National Railroad Passenger Corporation (NRPC),** any railroad operating intercity passenger service could contract with the NRPC, and join it.

When Amtrak was first formed, they received no railroad tracks, nor any right-of-way as of its formation. All railroad services were continuations of previous services.

Penn Central employee publication announcing the formation of the NRPC
# Ferris wheel

Willenborgs Oktoberfest Ferris wheel
**Ferris wheels** (sometimes called **big wheels** in the United Kingdom), are large, round, revolving structures with gondolas where people sit. They are popular at amusement parks and fairs. They are named after George Washington Gale Ferris, Jr., who made the first modern wheel for the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. When he built it, it was 264 feet tall. They called it the "Chicago Wheel" after Chicago, Illinois where it was on display.

## Gallery

A Ferris wheel on the boardwalk in Ocean City, New Jersey, USA Ferris Wheel at a Fair in Maharashtra, IndiaAin Dubai, the tallest Ferris wheel in the worldA small Ferris wheel in Vientiane, Laos
# New York Jets

| New York Jets |
| --- |
|  *Current season* |
| **Established August 14, 1959 (August 14, 1959)First season**: 1960 **Play** in MetLife Stadium East Rutherford, New Jersey **Headquartered** in the Atlantic Health Jets Training Center Florham Park, New Jersey |
|  |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| New York Jets logo | New York Jets wordmark |
| **Logo** | **Wordmark** |

 |
| League/conference affiliations |
|
American Football League (1960–1969)
* Eastern Division (1960–1969)

**National Football League (1970–present)American Football Conference (1970–present)**
	+ **AFC East (1970–present)**
 |
| **Current uniform** |
|  |
| Team colors | Gotham green, spotlight white, stealth black       |
| Personnel |
| Owner(s) | Woody Johnson and Christopher Johnson |
| Chairman | Woody Johnson |
| CEO | Woody Johnson |
| President | Hymie Elhai |
| General manager | Darren Mougey |
| Head coach | Aaron Glenn |
| Team history |
| * Titans of New York (1960–1962)
* **New York Jets (1963–present)**
 |
| Team nicknames |
| * Gang Green
 |
| Championships |
| **League championships (1†)AFL championships (pre-1970 AFL–NFL merger) (1)** 1968
* **Super Bowl championships (1)** 1968 (III)
 |
| **Conference championships (0)** |
| **Division championships (4)AFL East:** 1968, 1969
* **AFC East:** 1998, 2002

† – Does not include the AFL or NFL championships won during the same seasons as the AFL–NFL Super Bowl championships prior to the 1970 AFL–NFL merger |
| Playoff appearances (14) |
| * **AFL:** 1968, 1969
* **NFL:** 1981, 1982, 1985, 1986, 1991, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2010
 |
| Home fields |
| * Polo Grounds (1960–1963)
* Shea Stadium (1964–1983)
* Giants Stadium (1984–2009)
* **MetLife Stadium (2010–present)**
 |

The **New York Jets** are a professional American football team. They are a part of the National Football League abbreviation (NFL). Even though they are called the New York Jets, they play at Metlife Stadium in New Jersey. New York is right across the Hudson River from East Rutherford, so they consider New York as home. They hail from the same stadium as the New York Giants. They have many fans in New York and New Jersey. The New York Jets started playing in 1960. They have won one NFL championship in their history.

The Jets were originally called the New York Titans. They played their games in the Polo Grounds. When they moved to Shea Stadium in 1964, they were called the Jets. That was a more modern-sounding name, and it also rhymed with "New York Mets", the other team that played its games at Shea. The New York Jets have won only one Super Bowl, which was famously guaranteed by their QB, Joe Namath, in the media in the weeks leading up to the game.

## Other websites

* Official Site
# Capital (economics)

**Capital** has a number of related meanings in economics, finance and accounting.

In finance and accounting, capital generally refers to financial wealth, especially that used to start or maintain a business.

In classical economics, **capital** is one of the four factors of production. The others are land, labor and organization. Goods with the following features are capital goods as opposed to consumer goods or durable goods:

* Goods that can be used in the production of other goods (this is what makes it a factor of production).
* Goods made by humans, in contrast to "land," which refers to naturally occurring resources such as geographical locations and minerals.
* Goods not used up immediately in the process of production, unlike raw materials or intermediate goods (e.g. machinery).

The third part of the definition was not always used by classical economists. The classical economist David Ricardo would use the above definition for the term **fixed capital** while including raw materials and intermediate products are part of world life in which they can easily spend their life.

## Related pages

* Human capital
* Social capital
# Quinnipiac University

**Quinnipiac University** /ˈkwɪnɪpiːæk/ is a private, nonsectarian, coeducational university. It is in Hamden, Connecticut, United States.

The university grants undergraduate, graduate, and professional degrees through its College of Arts and Sciences; School of Business and Engineering; School of Communications; School of Health Sciences; School of Law; School of Medicine; School of Nursing and School of Education. Quinnipiac is home to the Quinnipiac University Polling Institute.

## Other websites

* Official website
* Official Athletics website Archived 2015-09-05 at the Wayback Machine
* Official QU Online website
# Propeller

Moving an EP-3E Orion's number four engine as part of pre-flight checks
A **propeller** makes an aircraft, ship, or submarine in water or air go by making a big wind or a strong stream. It does this by turning two or more wings very quick. The blades of a propeller act as rotating wings, and produce force through application of both Bernoulli's principle and Newton's third law, generating a difference in pressure between the forward and rear surfaces of the airfoil-shaped blades.

## Other websites

* Aircraft-Info.net - Propeller Aircraft Archived 2006-11-05 at the Wayback Machine
* Titanic's Propellers
# Jiang Zemin

| His Excellency Jiang Zemin |
| --- |
| 江泽民 |
| Jiang in 2002 |
|  |
| General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China |
| **In office** 24 June 1989 – 15 November 2002 |
| Deputy | Li Peng Zhu Rongji Li Ruihuan Hu Jintao |
| Preceded by | Zhao Ziyang |
| Succeeded by | Hu Jintao |
| Chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission |
| **In office** 9 November 1989 – 19 September 2004 |
| Preceded by | Deng Xiaoping |
| Succeeded by | Hu Jintao |
| 5th President of the People's Republic of China |
| **In office** 27 March 1993 – 15 March 2003 |
| Premier | Li Peng Zhu Rongji |
| Vice President | Rong Yiren Hu Jintao |
| Preceded by | Yang Shangkun |
| Succeeded by | Hu Jintao |
| Chairman of the PRC Central Military Commission |
| **In office** 19 March 1990 – 8 March 2005 |
| Preceded by | Deng Xiaoping |
| Succeeded by | Hu Jintao |
| Member of the 13,14,15 th CPC Politburo Standing Committee |
| **In office** 24 June 1989 – 15 November 2002 |
| General Secretary | Himself |
| Secretary of the CPC Shanghai Committee |
| **In office** November 1987 – June 1989 |
| Deputy | Zhu Rongji (Mayor) |
| Preceded by | Rui Xingwen |
| Succeeded by | Zhu Rongji |
| Member of the National People's Congress |
| **In office** 25 March 1988 – 5 March 2008 |
| Constituency | Shanghai At-large |
|  |
| Personal details |
| Born | (1926-08-17)17 August 1926 Yangzhou, Jiangsu |
| Died | 30 November 2022(2022-11-30) (aged 96) Shanghai |
| Nationality | Chinese |
| Political party | Communist Party of China |
| Spouse(s) | Wang Yeping |
| Children | Jiang Mianheng Jiang Miankang |
| Alma mater | Shanghai Jiao Tong University |
| Profession | Electrical engineer |

*This is a Chinese name; the family name is* Jiang*.*

|  |
| --- |
| **Lua error in Module:Infobox\_multi-lingual\_name at line 132: attempt to call field '\_transl' (a nil value).** |

**Jiang Zemin** (Chinese: 江泽民; 17 August 1926 – 30 November 2022) was a Chinese politician. He was General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1989 to 2002, Chairman of the Central Military Commission from 1989 to 2004 and President of the People's Republic of China from 1993 to 2003.

## Other websites

 Media related to Jiang Zemin at Wikimedia Commons
# Consulate

The Consulate-General of Indonesia in Houston is Indonesia's small official office in Houston, Texas, United States
A **consulate** is a small diplomatic office of one country in another country. If the first country has an ambassador in the other country, the main diplomatic office, located in the capital city is called an Embassy and in this situation, any consulates would be located in other large towns and cities. However if there is no embassy, the consulate could be in the capital city. Consulates usually do not perform all of the functions of an embassy.

Consulates usually deal with questions about passports for their own citizens, visas for foreigners wanting to visit the consulate's home country and licences for import and export.

Some larger and more important countries might also have Consulates General. These are simply bigger consulates which might do more than a smaller consulate.

People who work in any sort of consulates are called consular officers. The person in charge is called a consul, or consul general. An honorary consul does not work full-time for the government. They are usually in port towns, to speed up issuing documents for trade. An honorary consul might be a citizen of the country they work for, have another link such as parents or grandparents, or they may have married someone from there. They usually work in an office, which is considered an honorary consulate.

Consular officers have limited diplomatic immunity.
# Bain Capital

Bain Capital, LP|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Alternative investment |
| Founded | 1984 (1984) |
| Products | Venture capital, investment management, public equity, private equity, real estate and credit products |

**Bain Capital, LP** is an American investment company based in Boston, Massachusetts. It manages about $185 billion in assets. Founded in 1984 by partners from Bain & Company, it invests in many areas, such as private equity, venture capital, real estate, technology, and life sciences. Bain Capital has offices worldwide in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia.

Since it started, Bain Capital has invested in many companies, including AMC Theatres, Burger King, Domino's Pizza, Guitar Center, HCA, Sealy, Toys "R" Us, and Warner Music Group. Bain Capital has gained attention for its business strategies, especially during co-founder Mitt Romney's 2012 presidential campaign.

In 2023, Bain Capital was ranked 13th in the world by Private Equity International for its size among private equity firms.

## History

Bain Capital was started in 1984 by Mitt Romney, T. Coleman Andrews III, and Eric Kriss, who worked at Bain & Company. They applied consulting ideas to investing and growing companies. Romney was the president and later CEO, and he held many roles at the firm in its early years.
# Zhu Rongji

| Zhu Rongji |
| --- |
| 朱镕基 |
| Zhu Rongji in 1986 |
|  |
| Premier of the People's Republic of China |
| **In office** March 17, 1998 – March 16, 2003 |
| President | Jiang Zemin |
| Vice Premier | Li Lanqing Qian Qichen Wu Bangguo Wen Jiabao |
| Preceded by | Li Peng |
| Succeeded by | Wen Jiabao |
| 6th First-ranking Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China |
| **In office** March 29, 1993 – March 17, 1998 |
| Premier | Li Peng |
| Preceded by | Yao Yilin |
| Succeeded by | Li Lanqing |
| Member of the 14, 15th CPC Politburo Standing Committee |
| **In office** 19 October 1992 – November 15, 2002 |
| General Secretary | Jiang Zemin |
| 9th Governor of the People's Bank of China |
| **In office** July 1993 – June 1995 |
| Preceded by | Li Guixian |
| Succeeded by | Dai Xianglong |
|  |
| Personal details |
| Born |  (1928-10-01) 1 October 1928 Changsha, Hunan, China |
| Political party | Communist Party of China |
| Spouse(s) | Lao An |
| Children | Zhu Yunlai (son) Zhu Yanlai (daughter) |
| Alma mater | Tsinghua University |
| Profession | Electrical engineer |
|  |
| **Lua error in Module:Infobox\_multi-lingual\_name at line 132: attempt to call field '\_transl' (a nil value).** |
|  |

**Zhu Rongji** (Chinese: 朱镕基; born 1 October 1928) is a Chinese politician. He served as Mayor and Party chief in Shanghai between 1987 and 1991. He then served as Vice Premier and then fifth Premier of the People's Republic of China from March 1998 to March 2003.

## Other websites

* Profile Archived 2019-07-03 at the Wayback Machine at China Vitae