Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Peaceful coexistence

**Peaceful coexistence** was a theory developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War that said that socialist and capitalist states could 'accept' each other. The idea of peaceful coexistence came from before the Communist leader Stalin’s death, as Georgy Malenkov called for it in 1952. But it was more clear after Stalin’s death in 1953 where destalinization (removing the personality and politics of Stalin) began.
# Husakism

Husakism is a political philosophy in Slovakia. It is based on the ideals of the Slovak politician Gustav Husak.

He was also the president of Czechoslovakia from 1975-89 during the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia.
# Naxalism

**Naxalism** is a type of Communism in India. It started in the 1960s from the village named naxalwadi in west bengal . they believed in armed struggle to establish communist govt. naxalism is motivated from the maoism ideology of china

Naxalism is named after the town of Naxalbari in West Bengal.

## Related pages

* Naxalite–Maoist insurgency
# Albanian Armed Forces

The **Albanian Armed Forces** were formed after the declaration of independence in 1912. There is the General Staff, the Albanian Army, the Albanian Air Force and the Albanian Naval Defense Forces.

The Albanian Army is helped by the United States, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, the United Kingdom, Greece, Turkey, Switzerland, Denmark and Belgium.

## History

Although there were earlier Albanian armies the modern forces were founded in 1912.

In 1928 it had 8.000 soldiers.

The army grew up to 511.000 soldiers during the communist era due to forced conscription.

There are 14,500 troops and 2,000 civilians, trained to NATO standards.
# Bechuanaland

Flag of the British Empire
Political map of South Africa, in 1885
**Bechuanaland** was a federation of Tswana lands stretching from the territory of the Bangwato in present day Botswana to the Batlhaping area around present day Kimberley, South Africa. The area included large parts of what is now the North West and Northern Cape provinces of South Africa.

Bechuanaland was declared a British protectorate, in 1885, and subsequently divided the territory along the Molopo River.

The areas to the South of the Molopo became British Bechuanaland and would later be handed over to the Cape Colony, which in 1910 was part of the two British colonies, Cape Colony and Natal, which united with the Boer republic's Transvaal and Orange Free State to form the Union of South Africa.

The territory of modern-day Botswana, North of Molopo became Bechuanaland Protectorate until independence in 1966.

Great Britain offered protection against the Boer Republics after the Boers invaded Bechuanaland in the early 1880s establishing Stellaland and Goshen within Bechuanaland around present day Vryburg, South Africa.

The Christian missionary John MacKenzie of the London Missionary Society convinced Bangwato ruler Khama III and other Tswana rulers to seek Protectorate status and the Warren Expedition was dispatched from the Cape in 1885 to remove the Boers from Stellaland and Goshen and proclaim Bechuanaland a British Protectorate.

It had a territory of approximately 582,000 square kilometres (225,000 sq mi).

After the British divided Bechuanaland into two, the capital of Bechuanaland Protectorate now fell outside its territory: It was the modern-day city of Mahikeng, then called Mafeking, in South Africa.
# Espoo

Location, near Helsinki and Vantaa
Espoo.
Coat of arms
**Espoo** (Swedish: *Esbo*) is the second largest city in Uusimaa, Finland. As of January 2014, more than 260,000 people lived in Espoo. Other municipalities near to it are Kauniainen, Vantaa, Kirkkonummi, Nurmijärvi, Vihti and the capital Helsinki.

## Nature

There are several lakes in the northern parts of Espoo. Example Lippajärvi, Pitkäjärvi, Nuuksion Pitkäjärvi and Velskolan Pitkäjärvi.

## Districts

('north Espoo')Pohjois-Espoo (Norra Esbo, in the other official language):

* Bodom
* Kalajärvi
* Lahnus
* Lakisto
* Luukki (Luk)
* Niipperi (Nipert)
* Perusmäki (Grundbacka)
* Röylä (Rödskog)
* Vanhakartano (Gammelgård)
* Velskola (Vällskog)

Suur-Espoonlahti (Stor-Esboviken):

* Espoonlahti (Esboviken)
* Kaitaa (Kaitans)
* Latokaski (Ladusved)
* Nöykkiö (Nöykis)
* Saunalahti (Bastvik)
* Soukka (Sökö)
* Suvisaaristo (Sommaröarna)

Suur-Kauklahti (Stor-Köklax):

* Espoonkartano (Esbogård)
* Kauklahti (Köklax)
* Kurttila (Kurtby)
* Vanttila (Fantsby)

Suur-Leppävaara (Stor-Alberga):
|list4 =

* Karakallio (Karabacka)
* Kilo
* Laaksolahti (Dalsvik)
* Leppävaara (Alberga)
* Lintuvaara (Fågelberga)
* Lippajärvi (Klappträsk)
* Sepänkylä (Smedsby)
* Viherlaakso (Gröndal)

Suur-Matinkylä (Stor-Mattby):
|list5 =

* Henttaa (Hemtans)
* Matinkylä (Mattby)
* Olari (Olars)

Suur-Tapiola (Stor-Hagalund):
|list6 =

* Haukilahti (Gäddvik)
* Keilaniemi (Kägeludden)
* Laajalahti (Bredvik)
* Mankkaa (Mankans)
* Niittykumpu (Ängskulla)
* Otaniemi (Otnäs)
* Pohjois-Tapiola (Norra Hagalund)
* Tapiola (Hagalund)
* Westend

Vanha-Espoo (Gamla Esbo):
|list7 =

* Espoon keskus (Esbo centrum)
* Gumböle
* Högnäs
* Järvenperä (Träskända)
* Karhusuo (Björnkärr)
* Karvasmäki (Karvasbacka)
* Kaupunginkallio (Stadsberget)
* Kolmperä (Kolmpers)
* Kunnarla (Gunnars)
* Kuurinniitty (Kurängen)
* Muurala (Morby)
* Nupuri (Nupurböle)
* Nuuksio (Noux)
* Siikajärvi
* Vanha-Nuuksio (Gamla Noux)

## Other websites

* Media related to Espoo at Wikimedia Commons
* Official Espoo site Archived 2014-02-08 at the Wayback Machine
* Travelling quide
# Traditional Chinese medicine

This woman is using a TCM method called fire cupping
**Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)** is a branch of traditional medicine from China. It is at least 3,500 years old. Treatments include herbal medicine, acupuncture, cupping, massage, and exercise.

TCM's methods are different from Western medicine, so it is hard to find evidence that TCM is safe and helpful.

Many of TCM's most important ideas are based on the teachings of Daoism.

## Beliefs

TCM says there are five elements in a person's body: wood, fire, earth, metal, and water. The different treatments in TCM are made to bring balance to these elements.

The yin and yang symbol. Yin is white; yang is black.
Each element also has something called *yin* and *yang*: opposite values that must exist alongside each other instead of trying to take each other over. In TCM, the way to balance the *yin* and *yang* is to strengthen an invisible force called *qi*.

Knowing the five elements, the *yin,* and the *yang* is important in TCM because each organ of the body is related to one of the five elements. It is important to strengthen a person's *qi* because balancing the *yin* and *yang* of a person's organs is important for health.

TCM also addresses how mentally stable a person is in the process of their healing.

In the 19th century, many European doctors were working as missionaries in China, and they started translating TCM documents. For example, Dr. Gottlieb Olpp helped spread the ideas of traditional Chinese medicine to Germany.

### The four temperaments

These ideas are similar to (but not the same as) the idea of the four temperaments. This was a widely believed theory in European medicine before scientific medicine was created.
# Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council

The permanent members of the United Nations Security Council
The **permanent members of the United Nations Security Council** (also known as the **Permanent Five**, **Big Five**, or **P5**) are the five sovereign states to whom the UN Charter of 1945 grants a permanent seat on the UN Security Council: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

The permanent members were all allies in World War II and are all countries with nuclear weapons.
# Finger

Female fingers
Illustration of the bones of the hand
A **finger** is a type of digit attached to the hand. Our type of fingers are similar to those of other primates. They are used for doing things and feeling things.

Humans have five digits, the bones of which are termed phalanges. The first digit is the thumb, followed by the index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger or 'pinky'. According to different definitions, the thumb can be called a finger, or not. The four fingers have three phalanges each; the thumb has two.
# Fermentation

Fermentation of cheese
**Fermentation** is when a cell uses sugar for energy without using oxygen at the same time. Fermentation is also when oxidation occurs in the absence of oxygen.

'Fermentation' also describes growing microorganisms on a growth medium. This is done to get a chemical product. French microbiologist Louis Pasteur studied fermentation and the microorganisms that cause it. The science of fermentation is known as *zymology*.

Yeast is an organism that ferments. When yeast ferments sugar, the yeast uses sugar and produces alcohol. The process uses the coenzyme NAD: In metabolism, NAD helps redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. Fermentation is a less efficient form of respiration than oxidative respiration (respiration using oxygen).

The ethyl alcohol produced by yeast is used to make beverages or biofuel. Yeast can be also used to grow bakery products like bread and cakes faster. In some cases yeast might be used to speed up the process of creation of wine.

Other cells make vinegar or lactic acid when they ferment sugar. In a different way, the fermentation process can continue and turn the alcohol into vinegar i.e. acetic acid.

## Types of fermentation

When yeast ferments, it breaks down the glucose (C6H12O6) into ethanol (CH3CH2OH) and carbon dioxide (CO2).

* Ethanol fermentation always produces ethanol and carbon dioxide. It is important in bread-making, brewing, and wine-making.
* Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid. It happens in muscles of animals when they need lots of energy fast. The pain of a cramped muscle is caused by the build-up of lactic acid. The pain eases as the product is taken away by the blood supply.

## Other websites

* Fermentation (biochemistry) -Citizendium
# Dukkha

| **Buddhism**
 |
| --- |
| **Basic terms** |
| * Three Jewels
* Four Noble Truths

---

* + Dukkha Suffering
	+ Samudaya Cause of Suffering
	+ Nirodha Cessation of Suffering
	+ Magga Noble Eight Fold Path
* Buddhahood
* Enlightenment
* Nirvana
 |
| **People** |
| * Gautama Buddha
* Dalai Lama
* Bodhisattva
* Sangha
 |
| **Schools** |
| * Theravada
* Mahayana
	+ Zen
* Vajrayana
	+ Nyingma
	+ Kagyu
	+ Sakya
	+ Gelug
 |
| **Practices** |
| * Dharma study
* Noble Eightfold Path
* Meditation
* Chanting
* Metta
 |
| This box: * view
* talk
* edit
 |

**Dukkha** is an important concept in Buddhism. It is usually translated as "suffering". It is about understanding why people are unhappy. It is one of the Four Noble Truths.
# Sumer

Sumerian cities
**Sumer** is the earliest known civilization in southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq. It may have been one of the first civilizations in the world, as were Ancient Egypt and the Indus Valley.

Sumer started around 3500 BC. Its Sumerian grew along the Tigris and the Euphrates. The land was good for growing food. Sumerian culture is famous for its written cuneiform script. Its letters were formed by pressing a triangle shaped reed into wet-clay tiles. It is also credited with creating the wheel and with dividing a day into 24 hours and an hour into 60 minutes.

The earliest texts come from the cities of Uruk and Jemdet Nasr and date back to 3300 BC. Early cuneiform script writing emerged in 3000 BC.

Sumerian communities were organized into city-states, each ruled by a priest or king, until Akkad conquered them in the third millennium BC. One of the most famous Sumerian cities was Ur (not the same city as Uruk but near it).

## Relations with the Akkadians

During the 3rd millennium BC, a close cultural symbiosis developed between the Sumerians, who spoke a language isolate, and Akkadian-speakers, which included widespread bilingualism.

The Sumerian city of Eridu, on the coast of the Persian Gulf, may have been the world's first city.

The Sumerians lost their identity with their language around 2000 BC because a large group of different people, the Amorites, moved into their region. The Sumerian language continued as a religious language taught in schools in Babylonia and Assyria for as long as cuneiform was used.

## Clothing

The Sumerians made their clothing by using the natural resources that were available to them. Clothing was made from wool or flax. which Sumerians could raise and harvest. How thick or how coarse the clothing was related to the season in which it was worn. Heavier clothing was worn in the winter, lighter clothing in the summer.

Men were bare-chested and wore skirt-like clothes that tied at the waist. Women usually wore dresses, which covered them from their shoulders to their ankles. The right arm and shoulder were left uncovered. Men were either clean shaven or had long hair and beards. Women wore their hair long but usually braided it and wrapped it around their heads. When entertaining guests, women placed headdresses in their hair.

Although both rich and poor Sumerians wore the same style of clothing, rich Sumerians wore clothing that was made out of expensive and luxurious materials. Rich women and princesses also wore clothing that was colorful and bright.

Both men and women wore earrings and necklaces. During celebrations, even more jewelry was worn. The wealthier Sumerians often wore beautiful gold and silver bracelets and earrings. Sumerians also wore necklaces with bright, precious stones. Some of these stones were lapis lazuli and carnelian.

## Related pages

* Nippur
* Ur
* Uruk
# Naan

Naan Bread| Annapurna Naan in Indian cuisine |
| Place of origin | South Asia, Central Asia |
| Region or state | India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan |
| Main ingredients | Flour |
| * Cookbook: Naan Bread
* Media: Naan Bread
 |

**Naan bread** is a type of bread made with flour. It is a flatbread that is baked in a tandoor. Naan bread often looks like a tear drop. It is often covered in herbs and spices such as garlic to change the taste.

Naan bread is made from basic bread ingredients like wheat flour, a leavening agent (either yeast, yogurt, baking powder, or all), salt, and butter or ghee. It also is made with yogurt and milk. The yogurt is what makes naan bread taste so much different than other kinds of bread.

## Gallery

* Indian cheese Naan
* Naan bread in Indian restaurant Shiva.

## Related pages

* Bread
# Styphnolobium japonicum

| *Styphnolobium* |
| --- |
|  |
| *Sophora japonica* flowers (**Styphnolobium japonicum**) |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Faboideae |
| Tribe: | Sophoreae |
| Genus: | Styphnolobium |

legumes
**Pagoda Tree** or **Chinese Scholar Tree** (*Styphnolobium*) is a genus of flowering plants in the *Fabaceae* family. After the segregation of Sophora, this genus comprises 9 species.

## Other websites

* ,
*
# Chongzhen Emperor

The **Chongzhen Emperor** was the emperor of China from 1627 until 1644, He was the last Emperor of the Ming Dynasty. Born into a life of luxury, The Chongzhen Emperor was born as Zhu Youjian, He was born in Shuntian Province,North Zhili, and his era name means “Honorable and Auspicious”He was the son of the Taichang Emperor and the younger brother of the Tianqi Emperor. When he took the Ming throne and became emperor in the second of October, 1627 after the Tianqi Emperor’s death. The Manchus would storm over China, He would not be able to defend the northern frontier against the Qing Dynasty, After the rebels lead under Li Zicheng captured Peking, the Chongzhen Emperor would commit suicide by hanging himself on a tree.
# Pollutant

**Pollutants** are compounds which are dangerous to the environment.

They can also be harmful to humans in the long-term range. They come from mineral and fossil sources or are produced by humans themselves.

Many pollutants have a poisonous effect on the body. Carbon monoxide is an example of a substance which is damaging to humans. This compound is taken up in the body instead of oxygen. That makes the body suffocate and in severe cases may lead to death.

Some pollutants became dangerous by reaction with other naturally occurring compounds. The oxides of nitrogen and sulphur are released from impurities in fossil fuels when they are burnt. They react with water vapour in the atmosphere to become acid rain. Acid rain damages buildings and makes lakes unable to support marine life, which causes fish and water plants to die.

## Related pages

* Pollution
* Poison
* Fertilizer

## Other websites

* Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
* Miriam-Webster definition of pollutes
# Performance

A **performance**, in performing arts, is an event in which one group of people (the performer or performers) behave in a particular way for another group of people (the audience).

In dance a group of people will usually go on stage to perform for the audience.
# Feng shui

**Feng Shui** (simplified Chinese: 风水; traditional Chinese: 風水) is a Chinese system of luck. It has to do with the laws which help one improve luck.

Feng Shui means "wind and water" in Chinese. It was invented by the Taoists. Feng Shui has "five elements", they are: Fire, Earth, Metal, Water, and Wood. These elements are set up in a specific way: Fire makes Earth, Earth creates Metal, Metal holds Water, Water nurtures Wood, and Wood feeds Fire. Also, Earth dams Water, Water extinguishes Fire, Fire melts Metal, Metal cuts Wood, and Wood consumes Earth.

Many people implement Feng Shui's philosophies in their everyday lives. There are multiple Feng Shui schools, such as "The Western School of Feng Shui" and "The American Feng Shui Institute"
# Anhui

Anhui in China
**Anhui** (Chinese: 安徽; pinyin: *Ān huī*; listen) is a province in the east of China. The capital is Hefei. The area of Anhui is 139,400 km2, the population of it is roughly 62,548,000 (2017).

## Administrative divisions

Anhui is divided into seventeen prefecture-level divisions:

| Map | # | Name | Capital | Hanzi Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2010) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |
| **— Prefecture-level city —** |
| 1 | Hefei | Luyang District | 合肥市 Héféi Shì | 7,457,000 |
| 2 | Anqing | Yingjiang District | 安庆市 Ānqìng Shì | 5,311,000 |
| 3 | Bengbu | Longzihu District | 蚌埠市 Bèngbù Shì | 3,164,000 |
| 4 | Bozhou | Qiaocheng District | 亳州市 Bózhōu Shì | 4,851,000 |
| 5 | Xuancheng | Xuanzhou District | 宣城市 Xuānchéng Shì | 2,533,000 |
| 6 | Chizhou | Guichi District | 池州市 Chízhōu Shì | 1,403,000 |
| 7 | Chuzhou | Langya District | 滁州市 Chúzhōu Shì | 3,938,000 |
| 8 | Fuyang | Yingzhou District | 阜阳市 Fǔyáng Shì | 7,600,000 |
| 9 | Huaibei | Lieshan District | 淮北市 Huáiběi Shì | 2,114,000 |
| 10 | Huainan | Tianjia'an District | 淮南市 Huáinán Shì | 2,334,000 |
| 11 | Huangshan | Tunxi District | 黄山市 Huángshān Shì | 1,359,000 |
| 12 | Lu'an | Jin'an District | 六安市 Lù'ān Shì | 5,612,000 |
| 13 | Ma'anshan | Yushan District | 马鞍山市 Mǎ'ānshān Shì | 2,304,000 |
| 14 | Suzhou | Yongqiao District | 宿州市 Sùzhōu Shì | 5,353,000 |
| 15 | Tongling | Tongguanshan District | 铜陵市 Tónglíng Shì | 724,000 |
| 16 | Wuhu | Jinghu District | 芜湖市 Wúhú Shì | 3,443,000 |
# 1932 Winter Olympics

III Olympic Winter Games| Host city | Lake Placid, New York, United States |
| Nations | 17 |
| Athletes | 252 (231 men, 21 women) |
| Events | 14 in 4 sports (7 disciplines) |
| Opening | February 4 |
| Closing | February 13 |
| Opened by | Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt |
| Stadium | Olympic Stadium Lake Placid |
| Winter |
|

| ← St. Moritz 1928 | Garmisch 1936 → |
| --- | --- |

 |
| Summer |
|

| ← Amsterdam 1928 | Los Angeles 1932 → |
| --- | --- |

 |

The **1932 Winter Olympics**, officially known as the **III Olympic Winter Games**, were held in 1932 in Lake Placid, New York, United States. The games started on February 4 1932. The 1932 Winter Olympic Games were going to be in Big Pines, California, but because of poor snow conditions, the games were moved to Lake Placid.

## Other websites

* IOC page for the 1932 Winter Olympics
# Diyarbakır Province

**Diyarbakır Province** is a province in Southeastern Anatolia Region. The province covers an area of 15,355 km2 and its population is 1,528,958. The provincial capital is the city of Diyarbakır. The province has a Kurdish majority and is considered part of Turkish Kurdistan.
# Operation Restore Hope

| Operation *Restore Hope* |
| --- |
| Part of the Somali Civil War |
|  UNITAF Area of Operations, February 1993 |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 9 December 1992 – 4 May 1993 (4 months, 3 weeks and 4 days) |
| Location | Somalia |
| Result |
Multinational success |

 |
| Belligerents |
|  United Nations
* Australia
* Belgium
* Canada
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* India
* Italy
* Malaysia
* Pakistan
* Saudi Arabia
* Spain
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Others
 |
United Somali Congress |
| Commanders and leaders |
|  Boutros Boutros Ghali  George H. W. Bush  Bill Clinton  Robert B. Johnston (UNITAF) |
Mohamed Farrah Aidid |
| Casualties and losses |
| **US:** 43 killed 153 wounded (Includes UNOSOM II casualties) **Italy:** 3 killed 36 wounded **Australia:** 1 killed 3 wounded **Belgium:** 3 killed 2+ wounded **Malaysia:** 1 killed **Greece:** 1 killed |
Not known |

The **Operation Restore Hope** was an operation of the United States and many of its allied countries in Somalia. The operation was protected by the United Nations. The United States was the leader of this operation. Somalia was in civil war and many people were dying from hunger in this country. The goal of this operation was creating suitable conditions and calming down the situation in Somalia for helping the Somali people who needed food in the southern part of this country.

After the killing of several Pakistani peacekeepers, the United Nations Security Council ordered the allied forces by the Resolution 837, that they can do anything for sending the humanitarian aid to the Somali people in accordance to Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. This operation was successful.
# Beauty

Venus is considered as Roman goddess of love and beauty
A red rose is often a symbol of beauty
**Beauty** is a property of certain things. Something is beautiful if it is nice to look at it, hear it, feel it, taste it, smell it or think about it. A person can also be beautiful. Beauty is also the name of a feeling that is hard to describe. The nature of this feeling varies from person to person and culture to culture. It is not known if only humans can feel it.

There are many ideas about what beauty is. Some people say that beauty is:

* The similarity between a real object and an object of art. For example, a beautiful picture might be one that looks very lifelike.
* The similarity between any object and what you think it 'should' look like. For example, a beautiful tree might be one with a straight brown trunk and lots of green leaves, or beautiful clouds might be those that are white and fluffy (like wool).
* The way an object makes us feel: happy, sad, angry, or something else (emotional). For example, a beautiful piece of music might be one which makes people feel very happy or very sad.
* The quality of an object. For example, a beautiful story might be very well written.
* In regards to writing, a piece may be beautiful through use of intricacies and depth which gives the reader a mental image or a certain feeling or feelings of emotion. Poetry is one example of writing that can be considered beautiful in the way it "paints" a picture or brings about an emotional response.

There are many other theories. Some things that people say are beautiful are not explained by any of these ideas.

## Related pages

* Aesthetics
* Physical attractiveness
* Sublime